Straighterline Microbiology Final Exam-with 100% verified solutions 2024-2025, Exams of Biology

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Straighterline Microbiology Final Exam-with 100%

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phylogeny The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called ______. Last Universal Common Ancestor The three cell types discussed, eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria, all derived from ______. always harmful to their host Organisms called parasites are ______. Thermal hot springs warmed by heat from earth's interior Which of the following does not indicate microbe involvement in energy and nutrient flow? Electrons The subatomic particles that surround the nucleus are the ______. respiratory disease The number one worldwide infectious diseases are ______. saturated A fat is called _____ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens. lipid

One technique for staining bacteria for viewing under the microscope is called the Gram stain. In this technique, alcohol is used as a decolorizer because it degrades the outer membrane found in some bacteria. What chemical component of the cell does alcohol affect? 95X If a microbiologist is studying a specimen at a total magnification of 950X, what is the magnifying power of the objective lens if the ocular lens is 10X? cell size of 0.5 to 2 microns NASA has published a list of criteria for identifying fossil bacteria in samples from Mars, as part of a search for evidence of life. Which of the following is good evidence for the presence of bacterial cells? electron Which type of microscope achieves the greatest resolution and highest magnification? a solid medium Which of the following is produced by adding 1% to 5% agar to nutrient broth that is then boiled and cooled? Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease a spongiform encephalopathy of humans amphitrichous The term that refers to flagella at both poles of the cell is ______. saprobe In the condition called athlete's foot, the fungus Trichophyton consumes the keratin protein found in hair, nails, and dead skin. Which of the following descriptors does not apply to Trichophyton?

gram-negative During the Gram stain, the application of alcohol results in the decolorization of ______ cells. 80s The size of a eukaryotic ribosome is ______ Bacterial cells are typically between 1-10 μm and are blocked by the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 nm and therefore pass through. Sterilizing filters have a pore size of 0.22 μm. Which of the following statements is true? icosahedral One of the principal viral capsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners referred to as a/an _____ capsid. fecal oral Amoebic dysentery is most commonly contracted through lysogeny the viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome envelope Which of the following is not associated with every virus? palisade When bacilli in a chain fold back upon each other like a hinge, this cellular arrangement is termed a ______.

histones proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus. tropisms Viral tissue specificities are called ______. lophotrichous the term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from a single site is ______. mutualistic E. coli bacteria normally live in the human gut and produce vitamin K that the body uses. This is best termed a ______ relationship. mutualistic Termites are insects that require the protozoan Trichonympha in their gut to synthesize the enzyme cellulase to degrade the cellulose in wood. The protozoan uses the end products of the cellulose breakdown (glucose). This is a(n) ______ relationship. lag phase The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing at an exponential rate, is the ______.

hypotonic The cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting in ______ conditions. photoheterotroph This microbe is photosynthetic, but in the absence of light it can use organic compounds as an energy source. Its carbon source is an organic compound. The appropriate classification for this organism would be ______. thermoduric microbe A microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature of 37°C, but can survive short exposure to high temperatures is called a(n) ______. Noncompetitive inhibition the end product binding to enzyme in noncompetitive site catalysts for RNA splicing Ribozymes are ______. coenzymes Most electron carriers are ______.

what is the usual net production of ATP? aerobic cellular respiration Exergonic reactions occur during one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar Each nucleotide is composed of deletion and insertion A frameshift is caused by ______ mutations. genomics refers to the study of an organism's entire genome, whereas proteomics is the study of expressed proteins The fields of genomics and proteomics differ in that eukaryotes endosymbiotic theory adenine-thymine Replication of DNA begins at a/an _______ rich area.

capsid A/an _____ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus. hyphae The long, thread-like branching cells of molds are called ______. the electron transport system in which stage of aerobic respiration is water produced? generalized transduction A bacteriophage transfers a random fragment of DNA of the previous host to the current host. This is an example of capsule Which external structure protects bacteria from phagocytosis? DNA ligase Okazaki fragments are attached to the growing end of the lagging strand by _______. taxonomy Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms?

trace elements Microorganisms require small quantities of ______ for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure. host glycoproteins Viruses attach to their hosts via ______. bright-field Which type of microscope shows cells against a white background? photosystems The light-harvesting units in the thylakoid membranes are the ______. viroids Infectious naked strands of RNA that affect plants are called ______. The endospore would not form properly because it is not yet heat resistant The process of sporangium formation and endospore maturation requires 6-8 hours. What is most likely to result if the temperature of the environment was raised to 100°C about 2 hours after the process started? obligate anaerobe An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n) ______.

saturated A fat is called _____ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens. mycobacterium A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is ______. macronutrients Microorganisms require large quantities of ______ for use in cell structure and metabolism. animals Starch is the primary storage food for all of the following except ______. contain unique, waxy lipids Mycobacterium and Nocardia are different from most gram-positive bacteria in that their cell walls only one identified species of microorganism A pure culture contains contain microtubules

Eukaryotic flagella differ from bacterial flagella because only eukaryotic flagella attracted to the acidic surface of bacterial cells Basic dyes are Trypanosoma A protozoan having a flagellum would be classified in the genus ______. frameshift The most serious type of mutation is a ______ mutation. Viruses are smaller than bacterial or archaeal cells, but larger than macromolecules. Eukaryotic cells are larger than bacterial or archaeal cells; all cells are larger than macromolecules. Where do viruses fit on this scale? hydrogens and electrons FAD, NADP, NAD, and coenzyme A are all carriers of ________. primary During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis?

antisepsis The alcohol wipe used on a patient's skin before an injection is an example of ______. stem cells give rise to immature lymphocytes The embryonic yolk sac, the liver, and the bone marrow are sites where interferon Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells that need to produce antiviral proteins? a disease or morbid process The suffix -osis means ______. known antibody binding to an unknown antigen A direct immunofluorescence test involves a(n) intoxication Bacterial toxins are chemical products made by bacteria. A person ingests some honey containing Clostridium botulinum. The C. botulinum is actively growing and releases toxin in the honey. The person becomes ill from ingesting the toxin. This is an example of a/an ______ type 1 only

Atopy and anaphylaxis are hypersensitivities in the category(ies) allergic rhinitis A seasonal reaction to inhaled allergens is ______ They serve as transcription factors to initiate antibody production. Which of the following statements does not represent the role of a cell marker in the third line of defense? clavulanic acid A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is ______. helminthic Mebendazole, thiabendazole, and ivermectin are drugs used to treat _____ infections. the target organisms but not vertebrate cells. Selective toxicity refers to damage to viruses Considering the diseases and conditions described in this chapter, those transmitted by respiratory droplets are caused by ______.

Streptococcus agalactiae The organism responsible for the majority of neonatal meningitis is ______. lymphoid tissue Poliovirus initially multiplies in the ______. The virus exhibits a long incubation period, and therefore, in many cases, this provides the vaccine adequate time to have a protective effect in the patient Your friend was bitten by an aggressive dog with a history of biting without cause, and it is suspected to have rabies. The city health department recommends the rabies vaccination, even though she has already been exposed to the infectious agent. Which statement best describes why the vaccine can be given post-exposure? it is a rare disease Anthrax is not routinely diagnosed in the U.S. because eustachian (auditory) tubes Infection travels to the middle ear by way of the ______. it infects the stomach Which of the following statements regarding Campylobacter jejuni is incorrect?

Trichuris trichiura Which of the following is not a helminth that causes intestinal symptoms accompanied by migratory symptoms? can be contracted by the environment Leptospirosis Nitrifying bacteria require oxygen, and the excess water takes the place of oxygen-containing air. Why are waterlogged soils often infertile? anaerobic Methane is a significant part of the carbon cycle in ______ environments dominated by methanogens. the ability to synthesize amino acids and proteins from the ammonia produced. The advantage of nitrogen fixation to the host plant is there is microbial degradation in sewage treatment, but not in water purification. The difference between water purification and sewage treatment is Add enzymes to catalyze all required steps in the process

Which of the following is not a step in the mass production of an organic substrate in a fermentor? guanine pairs with uracil All of the following pertain to nitrogenous bases except specialized transduction The development of virulent, toxin-producing bacterial strains due to the presence of a temperate phage can occur through the process of ________ generalized transduction A bacteriophage transfers a random fragment of DNA of the previous host to the current host. This is an example of palindromes Sequences of DNA that are identical when read from the 5' to 3' direction on one strand and the 3' to 5' direction on the other strand are ______. sequence What type of DNA map is most detailed? How much donor DNA can be carried on the vector In choosing the vector used to carry human genes into a host cell, which of the following should be the important consideration?

90C

DNA strands can begin to separate at the temperature of ______. phenol The first surgical antiseptic to be used was domain archaea A new microbe has been discovered in the rumen of sheep. Microscopy shows no evidence of a nuclear membrane and biochemical studies of the cell wall demonstrate the lack of peptidoglycan. Metabolic studies show that this microbe generates methane. This microbe would most likely be classified in the: more; darker Regions of a specimen with higher electron density scatter ___________ electrons and, therefore, appear __________ in the image projected onto the screen of a transmission electron microscope. vitamins A wide variety of microorganisms are commercially used to manufacture _________ for human consumption. macronutrients Elements that are required in relatively large amounts by microorganisms are called

archaea You are working with a newly described microorganism that has flagella that are solid, 10 nm in diameter, and composed of more than one type of flagellin subunit. Based on the type of flagella, which type of organism is this? hami External structures that are found in Archaea but not Bacteria are ________ thylakoid membrane The light reactions of photosynthesis, which form ATP and NADPH, take place in the It would slow or block mitosis by interfering with the spindle apparatus function A drug, colchicine, can be added to cells in culture and it stops the polymerization of microtubules. What effect would this have on mitosis? icosahedral and helical. Two major types of symmetry found in viruses include it is not degraded by most microorganisms and solid agar remains solid until the temperature is raised to 90°C, and liquid agar remains liquid if the temperature is lowered to 45°C are correct. Agar is an excellent solidifying agent for microbiological media because

substrates and enzymes Metabolic channeling involves the localization of __________ in different parts of a cell in order to influence the activity of metabolic pathways. Embden-Meyerhof pathway Which of the following is the major glycolytic pathway used by plants and animals? Lpt Because bacterial LPS is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, a specialized transporting system, _____, is required for membrane transport and insertion anabolism Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called ______. proteins were more complex Why did scientists originally believe that proteins, rather than DNA, were the molecules that directed protein synthesis? Catabolite repression Which of the following is not a regulatory mechanism used to control the tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli?

three The genetic code is translated in groups of __________ bases. double-stranded circular molecules. The chromosomes of most bacteria are comprised of three In order to add a single amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, a grand total of __________ molecules or ATP or GTP are utilized. genetic fingerprinting The analysis of genetic relatedness by observing the DNA fragmentation patterns resulting from restriction endonuclease cleavage is referred to as ______. melting The temperature at which half of the strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule have separated from each other is called the __________ temperature. Trichonymphida Which of the following is found in the intestine of termites and produces enzymes needed to digest wood particles

as a protective mechanism against adverse changes in the environment and in transfer from one host to the next. A cyst formed by a protist functions flagella If plants originated from an organism like Chlamydomonas, then the origin of plants involved the loss of Aspergillus oryzae The fungus used in the production of saki and soy sauce is _________. decomposer The primary ecological function of fungi is that of __________. Stachybotrys chartarum Which of the following organisms is responsible for "sick building syndrome?" Minus Strand or Negative Strand is acceptable. If a single stranded RNA virus contains genomic RNA that is complementary to the mRNA that it produces, what type of virus is this categorized as? temperate

A bacteriophage that can integrate its genome into the host chromosome and not cause lysis of the host cell is said to be ________. release In which of the following stages of the viral infectious cycle do enveloped viruses usually acquire their envelopes? spirilla Rigid bacteria with a helical cell shape are called facilitated diffusion The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration with the use of a carrier molecule embedded in the membrane is called consist of a lipid monolayer. A feature unique to some archaeal plasma membranes is that they may lysosomes The food vacuoles and phagocytic vacuoles are most similar to protozoan A newly discovered unicellular microbe has a nucleus containing linear chromosomes and surrounded by a membrane. It has mitochondria, 80s

ribosomes, and is covered by cilia. There is no cell wall external to the plasma membrane. This organism most likely would be a/an thylakoid membrane. The light reactions of photosynthesis, which form ATP and NADPH, take place in the 10-400 nm. virion size ranges from Satellite virus Which of the following encodes its own capsid proteins? Eimeria Which of the following apicomplexan genera cause coccidiosis in chickens? Trichonympha The cellulase-excreting protist that can account for up to one-third of the biomass of a termite is a member of the genus macro cysts Sexual reproduction in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum involves the production of special spores called

mixotrophy The simultaneous use of both organic and inorganic forms of carbon is called _______________ Chytridomycetes What group of fungi is largely responsible for the reduction in amphibian populations worldwide? It lacks normal proofreading ability leading to many errors during replication. What is unique about reverse transcriptase that makes it different from other DNA polymerases?