Straighterline Religion 101 Final exam-with 100 verified solutions-2024.docx, Exams of Advanced Education

Download Straighterline Religion 101 Final exam-with 100 verified solutions-2024.docx and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

Straighterline Religion 101 Final exam-with 100%

Religions manifest eight possible elements: belief system, community, central myths, ritual, ethics, characteristic emotional experiences, material expression, and Sacredness The belief that all is divine is called pantheism argues that the existence of God cannot be proven. Agnosticism Anthropologist believed that religion was rooted in spirit worship. E. B. Tylor theorized that belief in a God or gods arises from the long-lasting impressions made on adults by their childhood experiences. Sigmund Freud Rudolf Otto argued that religions emerge when people experience that aspect of reality which is essentially mysterious; while believed that religion was a noble human response to the complexity and depth of reality. Carl Gustav Jung Religions express truth. For example, water can represent spiritual cleansing; the sun, health; a mountain, strength; and a circle, eternity. Symbolically In early religions, the most significant female deity was particularly associated with and motherhood and has been known by many names, such as Asherah, Aphrodite, and Freia. Fertility When we look at the world's dominant religions, we see three basic orientations in their conceptions and location of the sacred: sacramental, prophetic, and. Mystical As an academic discipline, the field of religious studies is now more than years old. 200

verified solutions-

Although there is no agreement on how to speak of ancient religious ways, they are often inadequately referred to as traditional, aboriginal, indigenous, tribal, , primal, native, oral, and basic. Nonliterate Indigenous religions exist generally within cultures, in which every object and act may have religious meaning. Holistic In many Native American religious traditions, there is little distinction between the human and animal worlds. These native religions see everything in the universe as being alive, a concept known as. Animism Sacred time is "the time of ." Among the Koyukon people of the Arctic, it is called "distant time," and it is the holy ancient past in which gods lived and worked. Among Australian Aborigines it is often called Dreamtime, and it is the subject of much of their highly esteemed art. Eternity is the doorway through which the "other world" of gods and ancestors can contact us and we can contact them. It is associated with the center of the universe and can be constructed, often in a symbolic shape such as a circle or square. Sacred space Most indigenous religions have cosmic tales of their. They frequently speak of a High God and make little distinction between a god and an ancestor. Origins In native societies, everyday religious activity and practice are significant, because their primary purpose is often to place individuals, families, and groups in "right " with gods, ancestors, other human beings, and nature. Relationships Special rituals mark a person's entry into adulthood. In Native American religions, a common ritual of early maturity is the "vision quest," or " ." dream quest A is a rule that forbids specific behavior with regard to certain objects, people, animals, days, or phases of life.

taboo A(n) acts as an intermediary between the visible, ordinary world and the spirit world. shaman The culture that flourished in the Indus River valley before 2000 bce is named the culture. Harappa The ancient scriptures of India are called the. There are four basic text collections: the Rig, the Yajur, the Sama, and the Atharva. Vedas round 500 bce, Indian civilization experienced such widespread and important changes that the period is called the Age. Axis In the Upanishads, the term refers to the experience of the sacred within nature and the external universe, while refers to the experience of the sacred within oneself. Both terms may be used interchangeably. Brahman; Atman The is part of a very long epic poem called the Mahabharata; it recalls themes from the Upanishads. Bhagavad Gita Hinduism has a(n) system with five main social classes: brahmin (priest), kshatriya (warrior-noble), vaishya (merchant), shudra (peasant), and dalit (untouchable). Caste The word yoga means " ." Union Shankara's belief that spiritual liberation was achieved when the individual personally came to understand the unity of all things is called. Monism When linked together, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are often called the. Trimurti

Mohandas Gandhi's use of techniques, including marches, hunger strikes, talks, demonstrations, and publicity, was adopted by Martin Luther King Jr. to help protest racial segregation in the United States. Nonviolent Siddhartha's encounters with an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and a wandering holy man, which prompted him to leave his luxurious and carefree life, are called the. Four Passing Sights After Siddhartha spent an entire night meditating under a full moon, he finally achieved insight into release from suffering and rebirth. Buddhists believe that he reached a profound understanding, called his. Enlightenment At the core of what is generally regarded as basic are the Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. Buddhism According to Buddhism, reality manifests three characteristics: constant change, lack of permanent identity, and the existence of. Suffering According to a view common to all forms of Buddhism, reality manifests constant change. This view is the foundation for the and the. Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path In Buddhism, as in Hinduism, suggest(s) decay and pain. Samsara Liberation from decay and pain is called. Nirvana The key notions of Buddhism are trikaya (the "three-body doctrine"), shunyata ("emptiness"), and tathata ("thatness"). Mahayana In Buddhist countries, one great celebration (Vesak) recalls the birth, the enlightenment, and the death of Buddha. It is celebrated at the time of the full moon in May. Theravada In Tibetan Buddhism, the executive head of the Gelug-pa is called the Dalai Lama, which means " ."

ocean superior one In Jainism, the greatest of all was Nataputta Vardhamana, who is usually referred to by the honorary title Mahavira. Tirthankaras As a result of his liberating experience, following twelve years of meditation, wandering, and mortification, Mahavira is called a. It is the title from which Jainism takes its name. Jina The Jain goal is to reach a state of. total freedom One of the five ethical recommendations of Jainism is. Ahimsa Although Buddhism followed a deliberate path of moderation, Jainism gloried in . Austerity The founder of Sikhism, Guru , is recognized as the first in a line of ten Sikh gurus ("spiritual teachers"). Nanak Sikhism was mostly influenced by Hinduism and. Islam Nanak accepted, as does Hinduism, a belief in reincarnation and. Karma Sikhs wear a bracelet of steel, called , which symbolizes strength. Kara The primary book of Sikh scripture is the , which is believed to contain the living spirit of the ten gurus. Adi Granth Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism have been collectively called the Three.

Doctrines The legendary founder of Daoism is , which means "old master" or "old child." Laozi The great classic of Daoism, accepted by most Daoists as a central scripture, is the . Daodejing According to Daoism, the is the origin of everything, and all individual things are "manifestations" of it. Dao One of the stimuli that influenced Daoism to take an organizational path was. Buddhism For Confucians, the Dao of primary interest is the Dao within the human world, manifested in . right relationships and a harmonious society The Five Great Relationships signify that each person must live up to his or her social status. This has been called the. rectification of names The devotion that all members have to their entire family's welfare is. Xiao The most authoritative Confucian literature is made up of the Five Classics (Wujing) and the Books (Sishu). Four The Neo-Confucianist attempted to formulate a general vision of reality by using notions found in the teachings of Confucius and Mencius. Zhu Xi The term Shinto comes from the Chinese shen-dao, which means " ." the way of the gods

In the Shinto creation myth, primeval chaos became populated by several generations of deities, or spirits, called. Kami In Shinto mythology, the sun goddess Amaterasu sent her grandson to bring order to the islands of Japan. From her grandson came Jimmu, the first of Japan. Emperor The entry of into Japan forced Shinto to define itself. They preached that their deities were already being worshiped in Japan under Shinto names. Buddhists A turning point in Japanese history was the , named after the emperor who began a deliberate process of bringing Japan into the modern world in the late nineteenth century. Meiji Restoration When ended, the Occupation forces demanded that Japan become a secular country, and state Shinto was abolished. World War II A visit to a shrine begins by passing under a torii, which looks like a ceremonial entrance or gateway. After washing their hands and mouths with water, worshipers proceed to a courtyard building, called the , where the kami is worshiped. Haiden Shinto is known for its distinctive music, called , which uses instruments that make a flutelike, reedy sound that seems close yet far away, timeless yet fresh and new. Gagaku Daily Shinto worship occurs in the home, where a small shrine called the is maintained. Kamidana One of the so-called New Religions, an offshoot of Shinto, is ("heavenly reason teaching"), which preaches healing by faith. A central notion of this religion is that physical health comes from mental health. Tenrikyo The destruction of the Second Temple of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 ce brought about the end of the ceremonial religion of Israel.

temple-based The Hebrew Bible is divided into three sections:. Torah, Nevi'im, Ketuvim is the first Hebrew patriarch. God entered into a solemn covenant with him, which involved a promise of land, protection, and descendants. Abraham In a story from Genesis, Jacob wrestles all night long with a mysterious stranger—God or God's Angel. At dawn, the fight is over, and Jacob receives from the stranger a new name, , which means "wrestles with God." Israel In Hebrew, the name for God, usually associated with the verb hayah ("to be"), is commonly written. Yahweh The Babylonian contains legal material and nonlegal anecdotes and tales. Talmud In eighteenth-century central Europe, Jewish traditionalism expressed itself in both Talmudic scholarship and the devotional movement ("devotion," "piety"). Hasidism By the end of World War II, an estimated six million Jews had been killed. This immense loss is called the (Greek: "completely burned") or Shoah (Hebrew: "extermination"). Holocaust Traditional Judaism is often called Judaism. Orthodox , the newest and smallest branch of Judaism, grew out of the thought of its founder, Mordecai Kaplan. Reconstructionist Judaism Christianity grew out of. Judaism

Almost everything we know about Jesus comes from the four gospels of the New Testament. The word gospel means " ." good news The Two Great Commandments of Jesus combine two elements:. love for God and an ethical call for kindness toward others is occasionally called the cofounder of Christianity because of the way that Jesus's teachings and his interpretation of them blended to form a viable religion with widespread appeal. Paul In the Gospel of John, the portrayal of Jesus is full of mystery. He is the of God, the divine made visible in human form. Incarnation When became emperor, he saw in Christianity a glue that could cement the fragments of his entire empire. Constantine was the dominant authority in Christian theology from the fifth century until the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. Augustine , a Dominican priest, blended the philosophical thoughts of Aristotle with Christian scripture through writings such as the Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles. Thomas Aquinas , a German priest of the late Middle Ages, was the first reformer of Western Christianity to gain a large following and to survive. The movement he founded ultimately created the Protestant branch of Christianity. Martin Luther In 1962, Pope John XXIII convened a council of bishops that proceeded to make the first major changes in Catholicism since the Council of Trent. The allowed, among other things, the use of native languages in ordinary church services. Second Vatican Council Islam literally means " ." Submission

Muslims refer to God as. The word is a contraction of two Arabic words that mean "the" and "God." Allah The is the single sentence, when recited with belief, that makes a person a Muslim. Shahadah Fasting is thought to be an important bond that unites Muslims during the period of shared fasting known as. Ramadan All Muslims, unless prevented by poverty or sickness, are expected to visit Mecca at least once in their lifetime in the religious journey (pilgrimage) known as. Hajj The name Qur'an means " ." Recitation was the father of Muhammad's youngest wife and was recognized as the first Caliph. Abu Bakr derive their name from an Arabic word that means "faction" and are the group that followed Ali. Shiites take their name from the Arabic word for "tradition," referring back to the entire body of traditional teachings that are based on the life and teachings of Muhammad, as given in the Qur'an and the authoritative hadiths. Sunnis Islamic law, called , is the entire body of laws that guides the believer in this life. Sharia The term is used to describe the mixture of various elements from different religions. Syncretic is the best-known manifestation of the Contemporary Pagan movement. It is an Old English word that suggests associations with magic, separation, and holiness. Wicca

were an elite group of ancient Celtic professionals who acted as judges, teachers, counselors, doctors, and priests. Druids , a religion that grew up in Spanish colonial Cuba, is a mixture of Yoruba religions and Catholicism. Santeria , a religion that developed in French colonial Haiti, is a mixture of Yoruba religions and Catholicism. Voodoo shows a strong interest in mystically oriented teachings from all sources—among them, Hindu Vedanta, the Jewish Kabbalah, and Gnosticism. Theosophy was founded by L. Ron Hubbard. It holds that the core of the human being is a spiritual reality, which it calls the thetan. Scientology In Falun Gong, the is believed to be an invisible spiritual wheel located in the lower abdomen that can be activated by a master. Falun is the most important early figure of Rastafarianism. Marcus Garvey The term Baha'i means follower of. The Baha'i faith is among the most universalistic of religions. Baha'u'llah The modern culture of betterment will increasingly challenge religions to produce what material cultures value. money-based Entirely new religions may frequently blend elements from several religions. For example, the Church, which began in Korea, blends Christianity and Confucianism. Unification One of the earliest examples of modern religious dialogue was the first , held in Chicago in 1893. World Parliament of Religions

In Christianity, there is growing interest in medieval female mystics such as. Hildegard of Bingen In 2003, the Church in the United States consecrated as bishop a man who is in a gay relationship; this has caused conflict with other branches of the Church of England. Episcopal The term has come to refer to a way of looking at life in which human values and rules for living are taken from experience in this world, not from divine revelation. secularism , even where it has been abandoned as an official ideology, succeeded in creating a fairly secular milieu. Communism Scottish-born naturalist helped ignite the establishment of the national park system and local nature preserves. John Muir In Europe, a contemplative interest in nature can be traced back many centuries to the nature mysticism of some medieval monks and friars, beginning with Saint. Francis of Assisi The key belief of those who embrace is the interrelatedness of all elements in the universe—a belief that is expressed in an attitude of respect and reverence for all people and creatures. eclectic spirituality Literally, philosophy in Greek means love of wisdom The approach that especially makes use of reason to find answers to religious questions is Philosophy Wilhelm Schmidt, an Austrian philologist, argued that human beings originally believed in one God The social scientist who argued that religion brought a new vitality to people's lives was William James

That area of investigation that looks for and interprets religious evidence in ancient sites, buildings, and objects is Archaeology The French thinker who recognized extraordinary structural similarities in stories told by tribal peoples of the Americas was Levi-Strauss The analytical approach that carefully investigates individual elements in cultural phenomena, rejecting the quest for universal structures that might undergird language or religion, is post-structuralism The prophetic orientation in religion emphasizes beliefs and moral codes One religion that particularly values and makes use of silence is Zen Buddhism A sacramental orientation in religion is characterized by a belief that certain rituals and ceremonies help one achieve salvation A Dutch Reformed Church clergyman left his religious calling for painting. The artist's name was Vincent van Gogh The belief that all elements of the world are inhabited by spirits or a spirit is called animism. A special ability to know or even enter the spirit world is associated with the shaman Sacred space is often constituted by a great mountain or tree Until recently, oral religions were looked at as primitive and undeveloped

Joseph Campbell, in his books, has strongly recommended reading the myths of many religions. Doing this, he says, shows us the symbolic meaning that underlies religious stories Circumcision is a rite often associated with entry into adulthood Christmas, though a Christian holy day, began as a celebration of the winter solstice Biophilia refers to a love of all forms of life The absolute or divine reality is known as Brahman A characteristic symbolic object associated with Krishna, indicative of the attractive power of the divine, is a Flute In Hinduism, dharma refers to one's social duty The ideal of causing no harm to anything that can suffer is Ahimsa Hinduism is the majority religion of Nepal The law of moral cause-and-effect is called the law of Karma Confucius's ideal society would live according to he ideals of the Five Great Relationships Which religions accept the eating of animals? Sikhism and Islam

Buddhism developed into several branches. The branch that spread into Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia is Theravada The aspect of reality that expresses itself in silence, receptivity, and darkness is called Yin Uncut hair by the Khalsa and the last name Singh represent the symbolic characteristics of what animal? Lion