Straighterline Religion 101 Final exam with 100% correct answers.docx, Exams of Biology

Download Straighterline Religion 101 Final exam with 100% correct answers.docx and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Straighterline Religion 101 Final exam with 100% correct answers Religions manifest eight possible elements: belief system, community, central myths, ritual, ethics, characteristic emotional experiences, material expression, and - answer Sacredness The belief that all is divine is called - answer pantheism __________________ argues that the existence of God cannot be proven. - answer Agnosticism Anthropologist ___________ believed that religion was rooted in spirit worship. - answer E. B. Tylor ___________ theorized that belief in a God or gods arises from the long-lasting impressions made on adults by their childhood experiences. - answer Sigmund Freud Rudolf Otto argued that religions emerge when people experience that aspect of reality which is essentially mysterious; while ___________ believed that religion was a noble human response to the complexity and depth of reality. - answer Carl Gustav Jung Religions express truth ___________. For example, water can represent spiritual cleansing; the sun, health; a mountain, strength; and a circle, eternity. - answer symbolically In early religions, the most significant female deity was particularly associated with ___________ and motherhood and has been known by many names, such as Asherah, Aphrodite, and Freia. - answer fertility When we look at the world's dominant religions, we see three basic orientations in their conceptions and location of the sacred: A ___________ is a rule that forbids specific behavior with regard to certain objects, people, animals, days, or phases of life. - answer taboo A(n) ___________ acts as an intermediary between the visible, ordinary world and the spirit world. - answer shaman The culture that flourished in the Indus River valley before 2000 bce is named the ___________ culture. - answer Harappa The ancient scriptures of India are called the ___________. There are four basic text collections: the Rig, the Yajur, the Sama, and the Atharva. - answer Vedas round 500 bce, Indian civilization experienced such widespread and important changes that the period is called the ___________ Age. - answer Axis In the Upanishads, the term ___________ refers to the experience of the sacred within nature and the external universe, while ___________ refers to the experience of the sacred within oneself. Both terms may be used interchangeably. - answer Brahman; Atman The ___________ is part of a very long epic poem called the Mahabharata; it recalls themes from the Upanishads. - answer Bhagavad Gita Hinduism has a(n) ___________ system with five main social classes: brahmin (priest), kshatriya (warrior- noble), vaishya (merchant), shudra (peasant), and dalit (untouchable). - answer caste The word yoga means "___________." - answer union Shankara's belief that spiritual liberation was achieved when the individual personally came to understand the unity of all things is called ___________. - answer monism When linked together, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are often called the ___________. - answer Trimurti Mohandas Gandhi's use of ___________ techniques, including marches, hunger strikes, talks, demonstrations, and publicity, was adopted by Martin Luther King Jr. to help protest racial segregation in the United States. - answer nonviolent Siddhartha's encounters with an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and a wandering holy man, which prompted him to leave his luxurious and carefree life, are called the ___________. - answer Four Passing Sights After Siddhartha spent an entire night meditating under a full moon, he finally achieved insight into release from suffering and rebirth. Buddhists believe that he reached a profound understanding, called his___________. - answer enlightenment At the core of what is generally regarded as basic___________ are the Three Jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. - answer Buddhism According to Buddhism, reality manifests three characteristics: constant change, lack of permanent identity, and the existence of ___________. - answer suffering According to a view common to all forms of Buddhism, reality manifests constant change. This view is the foundation for the___________ and the___________. - answer Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path Sikhs wear a bracelet of steel, called ___________, which symbolizes strength. - answer kara The primary book of Sikh scripture is the ___________, which is believed to contain the living spirit of the ten gurus. - answer Adi Granth Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism have been collectively called the Three ___________. - answer Doctrines The legendary founder of Daoism is ___________, which means "old master" or "old child." - answer Laozi The great classic of Daoism, accepted by most Daoists as a central scripture, is the ___________. - answer Daodejing According to Daoism, the ___________ is the origin of everything, and all individual things are "manifestations" of it. - answer Dao One of the stimuli that influenced Daoism to take an organizational path was ___________. - answer Buddhism For Confucians, the Dao of primary interest is the Dao within the human world, manifested in ___________. - answer right relationships and a harmonious society The Five Great Relationships signify that each person must live up to his or her social status. This has been called the ___________. - answer rectification of names The devotion that all members have to their entire family's welfare is ___________. - answer xiao The most authoritative Confucian literature is made up of the Five Classics (Wujing) and the ___________ Books (Sishu). - answer Four The Neo-Confucianist ___________ attempted to formulate a general vision of reality by using notions found in the teachings of Confucius and Mencius. - answer Zhu Xi The term Shinto comes from the Chinese shen-dao, which means "___________." - answer the way of the gods In the Shinto creation myth, primeval chaos became populated by several generations of deities, or spirits, called ___________. - answer kami In Shinto mythology, the sun goddess Amaterasu sent her grandson to bring order to the islands of Japan. From her grandson came Jimmu, the first ___________ of Japan. - answer emperor The entry of ___________ into Japan forced Shinto to define itself. They preached that their deities were already being worshiped in Japan under Shinto names. - answer Buddhists A turning point in Japanese history was the ___________, named after the emperor who began a deliberate process of bringing Japan into the modern world in the late nineteenth century. - answer Meiji Restoration When ___________ ended, the Occupation forces demanded that Japan become a secular country, and state Shinto was abolished. - answer World War II A visit to a shrine begins by passing under a torii, which looks like a ceremonial entrance or gateway. After washing their hands and mouths with water, Shoah (Hebrew: "extermination"). - answer Holocaust Traditional Judaism is often called ___________ Judaism. - answer Orthodox ___________, the newest and smallest branch of Judaism, grew out of the thought of its founder, Mordecai Kaplan. - answer Reconstructionist Judaism Christianity grew out of ___________. - answer Judaism Almost everything we know about Jesus comes from the four gospels of the New Testament. The word gospel means "___________." - answer good news The Two Great Commandments of Jesus combine two elements: ___________. - answer love for God and an ethical call for kindness toward others ___________ is occasionally called the cofounder of Christianity because of the way that Jesus's teachings and his interpretation of them blended to form a viable religion with widespread appeal. - answer Paul In the Gospel of John, the portrayal of Jesus is full of mystery. He is the___________ of God, the divine made visible in human form. - answer Incarnation When ___________ became emperor, he saw in Christianity a glue that could cement the fragments of his entire empire. - answer Constantine __________ was the dominant authority in Christian theology from the fifth century until the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. - answer Augustine __________, a Dominican priest, blended the philosophical thoughts of Aristotle with Christian scripture through writings such as the Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles. - answer Thomas Aquinas __________, a German priest of the late Middle Ages, was the first reformer of Western Christianity to gain a large following and to survive. The movement he founded ultimately created the Protestant branch of Christianity. - answer Martin Luther In 1962, Pope John XXIII convened a council of bishops that proceeded to make the first major changes in Catholicism since the Council of Trent. The ___________ allowed, among other things, the use of native languages in ordinary church services. - answer Second Vatican Council Islam literally means "___________." - answer submission Muslims refer to God as ___________. The word is a contraction of two Arabic words that mean "the" and "God." - answer Allah The ___________ is the single sentence, when recited with belief, that makes a person a Muslim. - answer Shahadah Fasting is thought to be an important bond that unites Muslims during the period of shared fasting known as ___________. - answer Ramadan All Muslims, unless prevented by poverty or sickness, are expected to visit Mecca at least once In Falun Gong, the ___________ is believed to be an invisible spiritual wheel located in the lower abdomen that can be activated by a master. - answer Falun __________ is the most important early figure of Rastafarianism. - answer Marcus Garvey The term Baha'i means follower of ___________. The Baha'i faith is among the most universalistic of religions. - answer Baha'u'llah The modern culture of ___________ betterment will increasingly challenge religions to produce what material cultures value. - answer money-based Entirely new religions may frequently blend elements from several religions. For example, the ___________ Church, which began in Korea, blends Christianity and Confucianism. - answer Unification One of the earliest examples of modern religious dialogue was the first ___________, held in Chicago in 1893. - answer World Parliament of Religions In Christianity, there is growing interest in medieval female mystics such as ___________. - answer Hildegard of Bingen In 2003, the ___________ Church in the United States consecrated as bishop a man who is in a gay relationship; this has caused conflict with other branches of the Church of England. - answer Episcopal The term ___________ has come to refer to a way of looking at life in which human values and rules for living are taken from experience in this world, not from divine revelation. - answer secularism __________, even where it has been abandoned as an official ideology, succeeded in creating a fairly secular milieu. - answer Communism Scottish-born naturalist ___________ helped ignite the establishment of the national park system and local nature preserves. - answer John Muir In Europe, a contemplative interest in nature can be traced back many centuries to the nature mysticism of some medieval monks and friars, beginning with Saint ___________. - answer Francis of Assisi The key belief of those who embrace ___________ is the interrelatedness of all elements in the universe —a belief that is expressed in an attitude of respect and reverence for all people and creatures. - answer eclectic spirituality Literally, philosophy in Greek means - answer love of wisdom The approach that especially makes use of reason to find answers to religious questions is - answer philosophy Wilhelm Schmidt, an Austrian philologist, argued that human beings originally believed in - answer one God The social scientist who argued that religion brought a new vitality to people's lives was - answer William James That area of investigation that looks for and interprets religious evidence in ancient sites, buildings, and objects is - answer archaeology The absolute or divine reality is known as - answer Brahman A characteristic symbolic object associated with Krishna, indicative of the attractive power of the divine, is a - answer flute In Hinduism, dharma refers to - answer one's social duty The ideal of causing no harm to anything that can suffer is - answer ahimsa Hinduism is the majority religion of - answer Nepal The law of moral cause-and-effect is called the law of - answer karma Confucius's ideal society would live according to he ideals of the - answer Five Great Relationships Which religions accept the eating of animals? - answer Sikhism and Islam Buddhism developed into several branches. The branch that spread into Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia is - answer Theravada The aspect of reality that expresses itself in silence, receptivity, and darkness is called - answer Yin Uncut hair by the Khalsa and the last name Singh represent the symbolic characteristics of what animal? - answer Lion The basic outlook on life, formulated by Buddhism, is contained in - answer The Four Noble Truths Concerning the origins of Daoism, scholars today point to - answer a multiplicity of possible sources that coalesced into a movement The Adi Granth is the - answer most important Sikh scripture What is most important in Zen is - answer enlightened awareness Regarding the ability of human beings to find the truth, Jainism - answer teaches that truth is relative to each person's viewpoint Guru Granth Sahib is - answer an honorary title for the sacred book of Sikhism A major goal of Buddhism is - answer inner peace The Jains consider Mahavira to be - answer the twenty-fourth "crossing-maker" The worldview of Sikhism is similar to the Hindu philosophical school called - answer Sankhya The notion of wu wei is - answer no unnecessary action A person of great compassion, willing to be reborn constantly to help others, is called - answer bodhisattva Confucianism remains a strong value system in - answer Korea with Buddhism associated with philosophy, death, and afterlife, while Shinto was called on for agriculture and fertility The moral conscience of the Hebrew people was the - answer prophets The color that symbolizes sorrow for sin and repentance and is used during Lent is - answer violet Jesus opposed divorce because - answer divorce left a woman unable to support herself The medieval nun who wrote mystical songs was - answer Hildegard of Bingen One of the major areas of debate among early Christians was about - answer whether or not they had to keep Jewish laws Shinto - answer has helped the Japanes maintain a sense of their unique identity Which book is party of the Torah or Pentateuch? - answer Leviticus Christianity grew out of - answer Judaism The Shinto shrine that is dedicated to Amaterasu and is the shrine of the imperial family is located at - answer Ise The Jewish New Year occurs at what time of year? - answer Autumn A major Shinto shrine in Tokyo is named after what emperor? - answer Meiji The basis for the Japanese writing system came from - answer China Jesus died at the time of what religious festival? - answer Passover The Torah is - answer the first five books of the Bible (Pentateuch) In 1054, what happened between the Eastern (Greek speaking) Church and the Western (Latin speaking Church)? - answer They split apart The islands of Japan, according to the creation story, are a sort of this worldly heaven because - answer humans share the islands with diving beings who live there. Mencius (Mengzi, Meng Tzu) was a - answer Confucian with a positive view of human nature During the pilgrimage, men must wear the robe of Abraham, which is - answer a two-piece robe of white cloth Islam particularly stresses - answer oneness of God All Muslims, unless prevented by poverty or sickness are expected to visit Mecca at least once in their lifetime in the religious journey (pilgrimage) known as - answer Hajj Muhammad's job was - answer caravan driver Regarding the afterlife, Muslims believe - answer In reincarnation until one reaches perfection The environmentalism movement is least strong in what regard? - answer the sacramental, ritualistic dimension Applied science is - answer science used for practical purposes It is possible to see in the comic book figure of Superman an underlying - answer messianism The view of religion as an outdated method for providing solutions to life's problems was espoused by - answer communism The founder of which of these Christian denominations was female? - answer Christian science and the Foursquare Gospel Jainism sees reality as made up of - answer life (jiva) and nonlife (ajiva). Sacred time in indigenous religions is - answer cyclical The disciple of Freud who ultimately rebelled against him was - answer Carl Jung Jainism places great emphasis on - answer ahimsa The calumet is a - answer pipe Indigenous religions - answer frequently make little or no distinction between a god and an ancestor The prophetic orientation in religion is particularly strong in - answer Protestant Christianity. One name of an early female deity was - answer Astarte During the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.), - answer Confucianism became the official philosophy of China, guiding its state policy The Daodejing is known for its - answer deliberate obscurity Indigenous religions today are especially threatened by - answer destruction of habitat A story in the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) makes fun of the silliness of human beings. It compares them to - answer monkeys Elements of Buddhism, as interpreted in Japanese woodblock prints, influenced which artist? - answer Vincent van Gogh Critics of the "Aryan invasion theory" and "Aryan migration theory" often maintain that these are - answer a continued relic of Western cultural imperialism The sociologist who emphasized that individual religions arise from and express the values of their societies was - answer Durkheim The Buddha was particularly troubled by the problem of - answer suffering and death The Scottish anthropologist who was the author of the multivolume study of mythology called The Golden Bough was - answer James Frazer The essential collection of sacred books of Buddhism is called - answer Tripitaka (Tipitaka). Sallekhana means - answer holy death A mantra is a - answer short chant The Buddha was shocked into going on a religious search by - answer the Four Passing Sights Bhakti means - answer devotion to a god African tribal masks influenced the art of - answer Pablo Picasso. The German theologian who held that religions originate in human response to the mysterious side of reality was - answer Rudolf Otto. The social period in which Confucius lived was - answer disorderly The goal of ultimate liberation from egotism and from rebirth is called - answer moksha. Zen comes from a word that means - answer meditation