Strategies and Approaches for Teaching English Language Learners, Exams of Advanced Education

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West-E (051) ELLs with Complete Solutions 2024

14th Amendment - ANSWER-addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. 1968 Bilingual Education Act - ANSWER-(aka Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments) Its passage signaled "a shift from the notion that students should be afforded equal educational opportunity to the idea that educational policy should work to equalize academic outcomes, even if such equity demanded providing different learning environments." 2019 Grad Requirement - ANSWER-2 years world language 3 Modes - ANSWER-• Interpersonal - interactive (two-way)

• Interpretive - receptive (reading, listening one-way)
• Presentational - productive (writing, speaking one-way) 4 C's of Collaboration - ANSWER-1. Conversations

2. Coaching
3. Curriculum
4. Craftsmanship 5 Proficiency Levels (old WA ELD levels) - ANSWER-• beginning

• advanced beginning
• intermediate
• advanced
• transitional Acculturation - ANSWER-the process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from blending between cultures. The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both the original (native) and newly adopted (host) cultures. Activate Prior Knowledge - ANSWER-prioritize activities that help students tap into already-existing pathways (for instance,by integrating academic subjects or creating class projects relevant to their lives) Applied Linguistics - ANSWER-offers solutions to language-related real-life problems Assessment Accommodations - ANSWER-*test in L *access to L *interpreter *dictionary

*manipulatives *extended time *oral/visual support *line guide *magnification *highlighters *breaks Assimilation - ANSWER-the process by which a person's or group's culture come to resemble those of another group. Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - ANSWER-• Army method

• behaviorist - form habits
• memorize dialogs and patterns
• rise of the "language lab"
• "drill and kill" Basic Rights - ANSWER-- 14th Amendment
• Title VI of Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 BF Skinner - ANSWER-(behaviorist) Bloom's Taxonomy - ANSWER- Bound Morpheme - ANSWER-cannot stand alone as a word Castaneda v Pickard - ANSWER-school districts in this country are required to take the necessary actions in order to provide students who do not speak English as their first language the ability to overcome the educational barriers associated with not being able to properly comprehend what is being taught to them. Challenges & limitations of assessing ELLs - ANSWER-*special needs *gifted/talented *high-stakes testing *categorization of students based on results *anxiety limited test experience Classroom-based Assessments - ANSWER-performance-based assessment: more authentic because it is based on completing real world activities *Peer & self-assessments *Formal & informal *Language-proficiency assessments *traditional assessment: often written (multiple choice, essay questions, T/F, etc.) *Variety is a must!

Co-Teaching Models - ANSWER-1. 1 teach, 1 observe

2. 1 teach, 1 assist
3. Parallel teaching
4. station teaching
5. alternative teaching
6. team teaching Collier & Thomas - ANSWER-point to evidence that "enrichment dual-language schooling closes the academic achievement gap in L2 and in first language (L1) students initially below grade level, and for all categories of students participating in this program." They go on to say, "This is the only program for English learners that fully closes the gap." Community Language Learning (CLL) - ANSWER-a language-teaching method in which students work together to develop what aspects of a language they would like to learn. It is based on the Counselling-approach in which the teacher acts as a counselor and a paraphraser, while the learner is seen as a client and collaborator. Content-based Instruction - ANSWER-• emphasis on learning to use the language, not just talk about it

• construct knowledge and develop understandings about a topic and a learning task
• use language meaningfully and purposefully
• learn about language in the context of learning through language Court Decisions - ANSWER-• Hernández v Texas: Mexican Americans and all other nationality groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment
• Lau v Nichols:the lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Castañeda v Pickard:school districts in this country are required to take the necessary actions in order to provide students who do not speak English as their first language the ability to overcome the educational barriers associated with not being able to properly comprehend what is being taught to them.
• Plyler v Doe:struck down a state statute denying funding for education to illegal immigrant children and simultaneously struck down a municipal school district's attempt to charge illegal immigrants an annual $1,000 tuition fee for each illegal alien student to compensate for the lost state funding Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) - ANSWER-the subject of a long-standing debate in linguistics and language acquisition over the extent to which the ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age (Lenneberg and Bickerton) *Johnson & Newport Study found statistical fallacies common in CPH research

Cultural Accommodation - ANSWER-individuals may take on values and beliefs of the host culture and accommodate them in the public sphere, while maintaining the parent culture in the private sphere Cultural Pluralism - ANSWER-when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society (coexist) Cultural Relativism - ANSWER-the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture Cultural Universalism - ANSWER-(aka cultural absolutism) universal criteria can be used to evaluate the morals, ideas, and actions of cultures Culturally & linguistically Responsive Teaching (CLRT) - ANSWER-*Incorporate L *Understand history & culture *Community culture in classroom *Family involvement Deductive v Inductive - ANSWER- Designer Methods - ANSWER-• Suggestopedia

• Community Language Learning
• The Silent Way
• Total Physical Response Diagnostic Test - ANSWER-a test that helps the teacher and learners identify their level of proficiency in a particular aspect of English Direct Method - ANSWER-refrains from using the learners' native language; inductive (specific examples -> rule) Diversity w/i ELL population - ANSWER-*immigrants *migrants *refugees those born in US Dual Language Immersion Bill - ANSWER-(SHB 1445) calls for the expansion of funds for dual language education programs in early-learning and K-12 schools across Washington http://lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2017-18/Pdf/Bill%20Reports/House/1445-S %20HBR%20PL%2017.pdf ELL Programs - ANSWER-Two-Way Immersion (aka Dual Language Immersion)

*Developmental Bilingual Education (aka Late-exit or maintenance bilingual program) *Transitional Bilingual Education (aka Early-exit program) *English as a Second Language (aka English for speakers of other languages -ESOL) - this is typically a push-in or pull-out model ELP Levels - ANSWER--National Proficiency Levels: Pre-Production, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency, Advanced Fluency -Old WA ELD: Beginning, Advanced Beginning, Intermediate, Advanced, Transitional **know for West-E -New WA ELP: Level 1- ELP Standards - ANSWER-An ELL can...

1. construct meaning from oral presentations and literary and informational text through grade-appropriate listening, reading, & viewing
2. participate in grade-appropriate oral & written exchanges of information, ideas, & analyses, responding to peer, audience, or reader comments & questions
3. speak & write about grade-appropriate complex literary & informational texts & topics
4. construct grade-appropriate oral & written claims & written claims & support them with reasoning and evidence
5. conduct research and evaluate and communicate findings to answer questions or solve problems
6. analyze and critique the arguments of others orally and in writing
7. adapt language choices to purpose, task, and audience when speaking and writing
8. determine the meaning of words and phrases in oral presentations and literary and informational text
9. create clear and coherent grade-appropriate speech and text
10. make accurate use of standard English to communicate in grade-appropriate speech and writing English Only - ANSWER-(aka the Official English movement) is a political movement for the use of only the English language in official United States government operations through the establishment of English as the only official language in the US. English PLUS - ANSWER-based on the belief that all U.S. residents should have the opportunity to become proficient in English PLUS one or more other languages. For non-native speakers of English, this means the opportunity to acquire proficiency in English as well as maintain proficiency in their native language. For native English speakers, this means the chance to become proficient in a language other than English, while continuing to develop English proficiency. Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 - ANSWER-a federal law that prohibits discrimination against faculty, staff, and students, including racial segregation of students, and requires school districts to take action to overcome barriers to students' equal participation.

Exiting - ANSWER-Exited students still need to be monitored by the teacher for 2 years in WA Federal Legislation - ANSWER-• NCLB

• Title III
• NCLB 2.
• Title VII ESEA funding Fluency v Accuracy - ANSWER-F - a writer's "ability to produce a lot of language (or to read) without excessive hesitations, blocks, and interruptions." A - "refers to a writer's ability to produce language that is free of language errors" Free Morpheme - ANSWER-can stand alone as a word Funds of Knowledge - ANSWER-to refer to the historically accumulated and culturally developed bodies of knowledge and skills essential for household or individual functioning and well-being Grammar-Translation (Classical Method) - ANSWER-students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language; deductive Growth Mindset - ANSWER-"Especially for students who believe they are 'not smart,' the realization that they can literally change their brains through study and review is empowering." Hernandez v Texas - ANSWER-Mexican Americans and all other nationality groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment High Leverage Teaching Practices - ANSWER-1. leading a group discussion

2. explaining & modeling content, practices, & strategies
3. eliciting & interpreting individual student thinking
4. diagnosing particular common patterns of student thinking & development in a subject-matter domain
5. implementing norms & routines for classroom discourse & work
6. coordinating & adjusting instruction during a lesson
7. specifying & reinforcing productive student behavior
8. implementing organizational routines
9. setting up & managing small-group work
10. building respectful relationships w/ students
11. talking about a student w/ parents
12. learning about students' cultural, religious, family, intellectual & personal experiences & resources for use in instruction

13. setting long & short-term learning goals for students
14. designing single lessons & sequences of lessons
15. checking student understanding during & at the conclusion of lessons
16. selecting & designing formal assessments of student learning
17. interpreting the results of student work, including routine assignments, quizzes, tests, projects, & standardized assessments
18. providing oral & written feedback to students
19. analyzing instruction for the purpose of improving it Home Language Survey - ANSWER-to help identify students who may qualify for support Impact of world events on ELLS - ANSWER-*US immigration history, patterns, policies events in student's native country Internal & External Elements of Culture - ANSWER-I: values, beliefs, expectations E: patterns of communication, social roles & status, family structure, function, socialization Interrelationship: Language & Culture - ANSWER-Language is used to maintain and convey culture and cultural ties. Different ideas stem from differing language use within one's culture... Intra- & Intergroup Differences - ANSWER-Intragroup- differences that exist within a particular cultural or linguistic community. think: Mexicans and Spaniards (both speak Spanish, can be very different!) *Intergroup- differences that exist between members of distinct cultural/linguistic communities. think: Haitians and Russian. Neither of these S share a culture or language. Jean Piaget - ANSWER-developed theory of cognitive development which explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world. He disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment. Jim Cummins - ANSWER-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills BICS(1-3 years) & Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency CALPS (5-7 years) *Also said: The level of development of children's mother tongue is a strong predictor of their second language development. Lau v Nichols - ANSWER-the lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Lev Vygotsky - ANSWER-developed the zone of proximal development (ZPD) Linguistic & cultural biases in assessment - ANSWER-Unfamiliar:

*images *references *language formats Metacognition - ANSWER-is the process of analyzing our own comprehension process, or 'thinking about thinking' Morphemes - ANSWER-smallest meaningful units of language Morphology - ANSWER-The study of the smallest meaningful units in a language Neuroplasticity (brain plasticity) - ANSWER-the brain's ability to CHANGE throughout life. The human brain has the amazing ability to reorganize itself by forming new connections between brain cells (neurons). No Child Left Behind (NCLB ) - ANSWER-a U.S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; it included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students. It supported standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education. The Act required states to develop assessments in basic skills. To receive federal school funding, states had to give these assessments to all students at select grade levels. No Child Left Behind 2.0 - ANSWER-(aka Every Student Succeeds Act- ESSA) a US law passed in December 2015 that governs the US K-12 public education policy. The law replaced its predecessor, NCLB, & modified but did not eliminate provisions relating to the periodic standardized tests given to students. Like the NCLB Act, ESSA is a reauthorization of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which established the federal government's expanded role in public education. Noam Chomsky - ANSWER-Believes that for humans language is a basic instinct (nature) Oral History - ANSWER-a method to learn about past events from the spoken stories of people who lived through them (type of interview) Performance v Proficiency - ANSWER--PER: familiar contexts, practiced & rehearsed -PRO: communicate meaningful information, spontaneous interaction Personal Variables - ANSWER-age *personality *motivation *self-esteem *affective filter *L1 proficiency

*preferred learning styles Phoneme - ANSWER-Smallest unit of sound Phonology - ANSWER-Sounds of a language and the study of those sounds. Placement Steps - ANSWER-1. The Home Language Survey

2. Determine if you need to administer placement test/screener (ELPA21)
3. Administer placement test/screener Plyler v Doe - ANSWER-struck down a state statute denying funding for education to illegal immigrant children and simultaneously struck down a municipal school district's attempt to charge illegal immigrants an annual $1,000 tuition fee for each illegal alien student to compensate for the lost state funding Pragmatics - ANSWER-(context and function) system by which a language is used in social interactions. E.g. Will you go out with me is different when two 6th graders say it vs. when two adults are talking about playing Frisbee. Process Writing - ANSWER-"[I]n process writing, students experience five interrelated phases: prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing." Purposes of Assessments - ANSWER-*diagnosis *placement *evaluation of language proficiency *evaluation of content-area knowledge *evaluation of instruction program evaluation Race v Ethnicity - ANSWER-R - physical characteristics E - culture, language, etc Scaffolds - ANSWER-"the temporary supports, provided by more capable people, that permit learners to perform a complex process before they are able to do so unassisted" Schools of Thought - ANSWER-Structuralist/Behaviorist (Nurture) *Generative Linguistics/Rationalist/Nativist (Nature) *Constructivist / Multidisciplinary / Interactionist / Functional (in the middle) Seal of Biliteracy - ANSWER-an award given in recognition of students who have studied and attained proficiency in 2 or more languages by HS graduation Semantics - ANSWER-Study of meanings expressed by a language

Sheltered Instruction - ANSWER-utilizes distinct instructional techniques to provide support to help English learners understand demanding lesson content

• SIOP - Sheltered Instruction
• GLAD - Guided Language Acquisition Design Sociocultural Variables - ANSWER-*idioms *register *dialect *genre *L1 acceptance cultural transition Sociopolitical Variables - ANSWER-Socioeconomic status (SES) *legal status *immigration previous educational background Speaking & Listening Strategies - ANSWER-Discussions *Role Play *Simulations *Information Gap *Tea Party *Brainstorming *Storytelling *Interviews *Story Completion *Reporting *Playing Cards *Picture Narrating *Picture Describing *Find the Difference Stages of SLA - ANSWER-1. Silent Period

2. Early Production
3. Speech Emergence
4. Intermediate Language Proficiency
5. Advanced Language Proficiency Standardized Assessments - ANSWER-*norm-referenced: measures in relation to average student *criterion-referenced: measures in relation to pre-established expectation Stephen Krashen - ANSWER-Comprehensible Input (i+1) Scaffold language - start with where students are, then surround them with language input (i) plus 1 (more advanced language input but not too far of a jump)

Stereotype Threat - ANSWER-when people are or feel themselves to be at risk of conforming to stereotypes about their social group Steven Pinker - ANSWER-"the effect of parents in shaping intellect and personality might even be overrated" -Pinker (nature) Suggestopedia - ANSWER-a teaching method developed Georgi Lozanov. The theory applied positive suggestion in teaching when it was developed in the 1970s. Physical surroundings and atmosphere in classroom are the vital factors to make sure that "the students feel comfortable and confident", and techniques, including art and music, are used by the trained teachers. Syntax - ANSWER-word order Tabula rasa - ANSWER-(blank slate) refers to the idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content and therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception (nurture) Teaching New Words - ANSWER-1. Activate prior knowledge

2. Offer repetitions of new word
3. Provide opportunity for deeper processing of word meaning
4. Provide explicit explanation
5. Provide explicit instruction on strategies to understand new words Technical Aspects of Assessment - ANSWER-*validity: measures what it is supposed to measure with respect to the standards *reliability: occurs when an assessment tool produces consistent and stable results The additive nature of culture - ANSWER-view teaching a second culture as an additive process, and not as replacing the culture of the home The linguistic genius of babies - ANSWER-study done by Patricia Kuhl showed babies can discriminate all sounds of all languages before 1 year The Prism Model - ANSWER-1. Academic development
6. Language development
7. Cognitive development All supported with L1 & L2 and surrounding social & cultural processes The Silent Way - ANSWER-a language-teaching method created by Caleb Gattegno that makes extensive use of silence as a teaching method. The Theoretical Model of the Natural Approach: Krashen & Terrell - ANSWER- The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis: acquisition v learning

• The Natural Order Hypothesis: Grammatical structures are acquired in a predictable order
• The Monitor Hypothesis: Conscious learning has a limited function in adult L performance as a monitor (editor) and is not used to initiate production in a second language.
• The Input Hypothesis: i+
• The Affective Filter Hypothesis: Low anxiety levels are the best situation for language learning Title III - ANSWER-a part of the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 proposed and signed into law by the George W. Bush Administration. It is specifically targeted to benefit Limited English Proficient (LEP) children and immigrant youth. Part A--Language Instruction for Limited English Proficient and Immigrant Students Part B--Strengthening Historically Black Colleges and Universities Program Title VI of Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ANSWER-prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any program or activity that receives Federal funds or other Federal financial assistance. Total Physical Response (TPR) - ANSWER-based on the coordination of language and physical movement Translanguaging - ANSWER-'... the deployment of a speaker's full linguistic repertoire without regard for watchful adherence to the socially and politically defined boundaries of named languages'." Types of Linguistics - ANSWER-*Psycholinguistics - cognitive linguistics, what's going on in the mind *Socialinguistics - looking language within social bounds Historical linguistics - looking at how languages have evolved over time Types of Rubrics - ANSWER-Rating Scales *Analytic Scales *Holistic Scales *Task-specific (can be holistic or analytic) WA State Legislation - ANSWER-As a result of the Plyler ruling, public schools may not: -Deny admission to a student during initial enrollment or at any other time on the basis of undocumented status. -Treat a student differently to determine residency. -Engage in any practices to "chill" the right of access to school. -Require students or parents to disclose or document their immigration status. -Make inquiries of students or parents that may expose their undocumented status. -Require social security numbers from all students, as this may expose undocumented status.

• ESEA Title III, Language Instruction for Limited English Proficient and Immigrant Students
• Under Title III of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, funds are made available to school districts for the implementation of instructional programs and activities for limited English proficient (LEP), Native American and/or immigrant students.
• The main purpose of Title III programs and activities is to help ensure that children and youth who are limited English proficient, Native American and/or immigrants:
• Attain English language proficiency.
• Develop high levels of academic attainment in English.
• Meet the same challenging state academic standards that all children are expected to meet.