STSC Final Exam Review Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024, Exams of Advanced Education

Download STSC Final Exam Review Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024 and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! STSC Final Exam Review Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024 Standpoint Epistemology - Correct Answer-"What is true depends on where you are standing" An individual's own perspectives are shaped by their social and political experiences. Developed from feminist theory that women's perspective must be kept in mind. All of the science-making process involved perspectives of men -- female absence from knowledge systems Military Industrial Complex - Correct Answer-The relationship between the government entities involved in military affairs and the defense industry. Private industry fueling military. This is seen as a threat to science, as in a military industrial complex, the government contracts science institutions to further military research. "Pure" science is clouded by military science. Power of money to influence science OSRD in WWII Comes from Eisenhower farewell speech in 1961 pg. 1 professoraxe l Black Boxing - Correct Answer-When examining a concept or an event, a failure to look at a certain aspect of the event and instead accepting it as a passive tenet. EX: fire storm - calculating effects of atomic bomb without accounting for the fires. U.S. used cities to determine scope of its Cold War nuclear arsenal, but left out calculation of burn damage EX: examining only the survivors EX: Manhattan Project Hegemonic Power - Correct Answer-Power given to a dominant nation (hegemon) that influences social, political, and economic conditions of other countries. "Internalized norms" EX: Americans are "ok" with drone strike bc of US hegemonic power Gender norms EX: The US (along w USSR) was a hegemonic power after WWII. The US used its hegemonic power to use military industrialized complex to influence other countries Internalization of existing power norms performed by that power's subjects pg. 2 professoraxe l System that recognizes the relationship between the human and technology Material and human consensus agreement Examples: Guns standardized and simplified Carts were improved to handle rough terrains Horses aligned side by side Technological Momentum - Correct Answer-Technology is not infinitely malleable. As a technology comes to light, society is able to control the technology. However, as the technological development rapidly expands, there is a certain point where the technology becomes enmeshed into society and no longer is responsive to outside pressures. Some people believe in social determinism, some tech determinism.....tech momentum is a combination of the two Thomas Hughes Systems gain momentum as they are implemented and succeed in their "goal-orientation." Technological momentum refers to the general property of systems that reach and maintain some "lock-in" that produces predictable interaction. Large systems, he suggests, eventually resist change. pg. 5 professoraxe l Technological Choice - Correct Answer-There is a role for users in the advancement of technology Focus on the consumers of technology Example: gun technology took different forms in different places. Used in Africa as currency to buy slaves, used by Native Americans to ambush (Malone reading) Compartmentalization - Correct Answer-A defense mechanism that was experienced by scientists as response to the dropping of the atomic bomb to deal with possible guilt "I dropped the bomb but I did not choose the target" Placing blame on others unconscious psychological defense mechanism used to avoid cognitive dissonance, or the mental discomfort and anxiety caused by a person's having conflicting values, cognitions, emotions, beliefs, etc. within Each person should be given only that data about the project that was needed in order for them to do the job that was assigned. The number of people who had any overall knowledge of what was being done was severely restricted The American Century - Correct Answer-20th century pg. 6 professoraxe l America as the global superpower (in front of USSR) Characterized by: Economic power Political power Focus on capitalism "Americanization" Military power Strong Navy Started with Spanish-American War and ended with 9/11 Non-state, cyber, and terrorist actors make absolute security impossible Neoliberalism - Correct Answer-Post WWII renewal of laissez faire-type economic liberalism Response to New Deal and creation of a "welfare state" Tenets include: Market needs to be unregulated Tax / regulation kept to a minimum Inequality is virtuous because it rewards utility and generates wealth at top Republican philosophy pg. 7 professoraxe l Forman Thesis - Correct Answer-False consciousness of scientists' knowledge weaponization Faults scientists morally for effects of their research Scientists blinded by self-delusion, so emphasizes negative role of science in world history especially during WWII From 1987 essay on science from 1940-1960 Governmentality - Correct Answer-Make people behave in a certain way to produce social norms (corporeal) Mentioned in lecture about mobilizing science for WWII, so might have to do with degree to which a sort of knowledge can be applied for government use (?) The Battle of Lepanto - 1571 - Correct Answer-The last major engagement in the Western world to be fought entirely or almost entirely between rowing vessels Holy League (a few Catholic nations) vs. Ottoman Empire Europe's largest naval warfare during 1700s Star Forts - Correct Answer-Star-shaped military fort that arose as prominence of guns increased pg. 10 professoraxe l 15th century Italy Way to avoid direct fire - not possible to get close to walls w/o threat of crossfire from the fort Marshall Islands - Correct Answer-Islands in the Pacific that were used by Americans to monitor actions of Japan US also tested 60+ nuclear weapons here "Experimental" territory By far the most contaminated place in the world Ypres - Correct Answer-Series of battles fought during WWI in Belgium in 1915. Britain v. Germany During Second Battle at Ypres, Germans were first to use gas warfare (chlorine gas) Released gas from cylinders - relying on wind to carry poison. Killed some Germans because of this Resulted in Allied race to develop and use chemical weapons King Phillip's War - Correct Answer-War between Native Americans and British colonists in late 1600s. (1675-78) First war that Natives had flintlock firearms pg. 11 professoraxe l Natives took European development (gun) and made it their own Guerrilla warfare and Native's better accuracy Rad Lab - Correct Answer-MIT Radiation Laboratory, formed in 1940 Formed by National Defense Research Committee Employed scientists to work on nuclear physics research Most of microwave radars that were used during WWII developed here Demonstrates how private academic science was co-opted for military use during WWII 4000 affiliated chemists, physicists, engineers, mathematicians, biologists, lawyers, administrators Contracts with 70 private companies to build components for radar: GE, RCA, Raytheon, Westinghouse, Sperry CHASE - Correct Answer-US government program to dispose of unwanted ammunition. Sunk ammunition with mustard gas (!) Poked holes in the bottom of the ship Off 11 states, plus in the Mississippi pg. 12 professoraxe l Mental causes: Conditions in war, experience of killing, violent memories Could manipulate the veterans care system for compensation Treatments: Pinpricks, Be cheerful, Fatherly advice, Electroshock Office of Scientific Research and Development - Correct Answer-US agency created in 1941 to coordinate scientific research for military purposes during World War II Penicillin, atomic bomb, antimalarials, etc. Basically unlimited funding / resources From 1941 - 1947, $500,000,000 spent, 2000+ contracts Science x military x government Systematic control over scientists Involved in creation of: Mass production of penicillin, Radar, Atomic bomb, Proximity fuze, Computing (ENIAC), Sleeping bags, boots, camo, marker buoys, Mine detectors, Napalm, Many kinds of rockets, torpedoes, chemical agents, Blood transfusion, water disinfection, Use of rodent viruses to kill rodents, anti-malarials, Sonar Gulf War Syndrome - Correct Answer-A group of symptoms that plagued many veterans of the Gulf War pg. 15 professoraxe l fatigue, muscle pain, cognitive problems, rashes and diarrhea, birth defects in children Exact causes, treatment unknown May be caused from psych factors, inhalation of smoke, gas, oil well fires 90,000 soldiers reported symptoms by 1997 Guernica - Correct Answer-Picasso painting completed in June 1937. The painting, which uses a palette of gray, black, and white, is regarded as one of the most moving and powerful anti-war paintings in history Response to the bombing of Spanish city Guernica by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy Helped bring attention to Spanish Civil War One of the first air raids on defenseless civilian population Norden Bombsight - Correct Answer-Bombsight used by the US during WWII. It directly measured the aircraft's ground speed and direction using a computer, which older bombsights could only measure inaccurately with lengthy in- flight procedure Allowed for accurate bombing Technical distancing pg. 16 professoraxe l RAND - Correct Answer-Intended as military planning and research center. 1948 became a non-profit with federal and foundation funding. Policy center, many elite scientists have worked there or on RAND projects Systems analysis, operations research, national security Critical node in the "fabric" of the military-industrial complex The famous Peoria Cantaloupe - Correct Answer-A strain of penicillin from a moldy cantaloupe found in a Peoria, IL market that became the superior penicillin producer. Produced 25x more penicillin than the Fleming strain, and most importantly when grown in submerged cultures. Yellow Magic - Correct Answer-Name given to penicillin Discovered accidentally from a growth of mold "Magic" because it was the first antibacterial agent Used to treat soldier's wounds in war Spurred other medical discoveries pg. 17 professoraxe l In 1982, Harold Brode calculated the damage from fire in his models, which showed that entire cities would burn at once and would generate massive amounts of dust First mass fire in history was in Hamburg, Germany during WWII Other famous fires in history were line fires - the whole city didn't burn simultaneously like in the case of Hiroshima after the atomic bomb Denial Magic - Correct Answer-Denial can be neither wholly private nor officially organized by the state Capacity to compartmentalize your role in an activity (such as in Manhattan Project) Jean Baptiste de Gribeauval - Correct Answer-French Inspector General of Artillery, 18th century Believed those who have guns should be able to manage them - revolutionized French cannon, enabled French victories in Napoleonic wars Enforced collaboration / teamwork Lighter, more uniform guns without sacrificing range for French army Proponent of interchangeable parts pg. 20 professoraxe l Sociotechnical system Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier - Correct Answer-French chemist in 18th century Had influence on use of gunpowder during French revolution Eli Whitney - Correct Answer-Incorrectly credited with inventing the idea of interchangeable parts, which he championed for years as a maker of muskets Obtained a contract in January 1798 to deliver 10,000 to 15,000 muskets in 1800 Did not do this Maurice of Nassau - Correct Answer-Leader of Dutch Republic in 16th century Organized the rebellion against Spain into a coherent, successful revolt Key war strategists of his time Enforced drill, volley fire Regarded by many as one of the "first generals" Max Weber - Correct Answer-German sociologist, 1864-1920 pg. 21 professoraxe l Believed the state stabilizes violence Violence is legitimate because it has lead to the current state Werner Heisenberg - Correct Answer-German physicist One of the leaders of German atomic bomb research during WWII (nuclear physicist) Told everyone that he made sure that Hitler did not have atomic bombs Was wrong - although the atomic bomb program under the Nazis never came to fruition, there was ample evidence that the bomb was in midst of production Neils Bohr - Correct Answer-Danish physicist - won 1922 Nobel Prize for work in quantum physics Eventually escaped Nazi-occupied Denmark and went to the US to work on Manhattan project Met with Heisenberg during WWII to discuss Germany's bomb program Carl von Clausewitz - Correct Answer-Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the "moral" aspects of war. Fog of war, friction, center of gravity pg. 22 professoraxe l Promoted investment in air power and Air Force autonomy Considered the father of the Air Force but was perceived as antagonistic during his era Thought bombs would quickly and immediately end wars Vannevar Bush - Correct Answer-1890-1974 WWII director of OSRD, the Office of Science Research and Development, which coordinated wartime military science and compromised scientists' autonomy Lead to the rise of the intensely managed contract system Deep networks in DC. Impatient and power-hungry Disappointed with post-war drop in science funding (NSF) and continued military influence over civilian science Owens reading: postwar science was exactly the opposite as Bush wanted it to be Karl Compton - Correct Answer-President of MIT during WWII; promoted engineering and redeveloped American collegiate engineering curricula to respond to needs of the times Involved with OSRD during WWII and other military projects throughout other periods of his life (connected with Vannevar Bush) pg. 25 professoraxe l Advised Truman on use of the atomic bomb High-profile advocate of need for science to support the needs of the state Rachel Carson - Correct Answer-1907-1964 American cookbook writer, marine biologist and conservationist whose 1963 book "Silent Spring" drew attention to the negative environmental effects of DDT, which was being used across America as an insecticide Long-term consequence: antibiotic resistance Hiram Maxim - Correct Answer-American-born British inventor who created the Maxim machine gun, which was the first portable, fully automatic machine gun (1883) "Weapon most associated with British Imperial conquest" Arthur Eddington - Correct Answer-1882-1944 British pacifist and Quaker Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge who advocated for Einstein's theory of relativity during a period when international relations with German scientists were essentially frozen pg. 26 professoraxe l Controversial writings on science and religion later in his life Organized 1919 expedition to Principe Island off the west coast of Africa where international scientists measured star movement during a solar eclipse Results of the expedition were published at the Royal Astronomical Society and came to represent a milestone in international scientific relations during the war J. Robert Oppenheimer - Correct Answer-Physicist and WWII- era director of Los Alamos (Project Y) although unpopular with scientists involved in the project Considered the "father" of the atomic bomb Los Alamos was steeped in secrecy and had facilities for scientists' families like daycares, laundromats, and schools Had security clearance taken away in 1954 because of suspected ties to communists Leo Szilard - Correct Answer-(1898-1964) Wrote that anyone who went to live at Los Alamos would go crazy One of the Manhattan Project's 4 "lizards", physicists who grew up in the same neighborhood in Budapest pg. 27 professoraxe l Founded PUGWASH, anti-nuclear scientific organization that helped facilitate arms control agreements through the Cold War Henry Stimson - Correct Answer-Secretary of War during WWI and WWII WWI Strong supporter of Britain and France, but also supported the nation's neutrality policy. He called for preparation of a large, powerful army Raised a volunteer infantry division WWII Push for the exclusion of all "enemy alien" Japanese from the Islands Initially opposed to the mass removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast, but he would eventually give in to the incarceration program. Oversaw use of atomic bombs against Japan Ancel Keys - Correct Answer-During WWII, Keys produced various studies related to human physical performance that were of interest to the military pg. 30 professoraxe l EX: Effects of testosterone on muscle work, vitamin supplementation as a performance enhancer on adequately fed soldiers, among many other similar studies in 1944 Keys carried out a starvation study with 36 conscientious objectors as test subjects in the Minnesota Starvation Experiment. Werner von Braun - Correct Answer-German engineer / space architect credited with inventing the V-2 rocket for Nazi Germany and the Saturn V for the US. He was one of the leading figures in the development of rocket technology in Nazi Germany. After WWII, he was moved to the United States, along with about 1,500 other scientists, technicians, and engineers, as part of Operation Paperclip, where he developed the rockets that launched the United States' first space satellite Explorer 1, and the Apollo program manned lunar landings. Worked for NASA Ishii Shiro - Correct Answer-Japanese army medical officer, microbiologist and the director of Unit 731 (biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army involved in forced and frequently lethal human experimentation during the Second Sino-Japanese War, based in Manchuria) pg. 31 professoraxe l