Download Students life during the pandemic and more Thesis Qualitative research in PDF only on Docsity! Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF PANGASINAN College of Health Sciences Nursing Department Arellano St., Dagupan City CERTIFICATION OF THE ADVISER April 12, 2022 This thesis entitled FACTORS AFFECTING EATING BEHAVIOR AMONG STUDENT NURSES prepared and submitted by Princess Caren Bustarde, Kimberly E. Agacita, Jennifer M. Biagtan, Richmond C. Bonus, Ferry Ann L. Cariño, and Katrina S. Castro in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING had been examined and found to be acceptable in content and hereby recommended for thesis proposal defense. Cedric C. Lomibao, RN. Adviser Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses FACTORS AFFECTING EATING BEHAVIOR AMONG STUDENT NURSES A Research Study Proposal Presented to The Faculty of College in Nursing University of Pangasinan - PHINMA Education Network Dagupan City In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing Submitted by: Bustarde, Princess Caren Agacita, Kimberly E. Biagtan, Jennifer M. Bonus, Richmond C. Cariño, Ferry Ann L. Castro, Katrina S. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses iii DEDICATION The completion of this research was dedicated to the people who made it possible through their prayers, contribute, and encouragement. Your names may not be enumerated in this short article but know that your contributions are sincerely appreciated and acknowledged. However, our group would like to express our gratitude particularly to the following people: To the Almighty God, who gave us strength, knowledge, wisdom, power of mind, protection and will to continue and keep us positive to finish this research. To our beloved parents. who have been our source of inspiration and gave us strength when we thought of giving up. who continually provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support, thank you. To our brothers. sisters, relatives, mentor, friends, and classmates who shared their words of advice and encouragement to finish this study. And lastly, to our research professor, Dr. Sheree G. Ganzon and our research adviser, Prof. Cedric C. Lomibao, we sincerely give thanks for the time, suggestion, encouragement, and your constant effort to work with us to improve this paper, we are more than grateful. The Researchers Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses iv TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGE Title Page Abstract i Acknowledgement ii Dedication iii Table of Contents iv CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION Background and Rationale of the Study 1 Theoretical Framework 3 Conceptual Framework 4 Statement of the Problem 5 Basic Assumptions 6 Significance of the Study 6 Scope, Delimitation, and Limitations of the Study 7 Definition of Terms 8 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES Conceptual Literature Local 9 Foreign 11 Research Literature Local 14 Foreign 16 Synthesis 19 Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses v CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design 21 Locale of the Study 21 Sources of Data 22 Sampling Types and Techniques 22 Research Instrument 23 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 23 Data Gathering Procedure 24 Tool for Data Analysis 25 Protection of Subject’s Human Rights 26 CHAPTER V. SUMMARY, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Table 1. 28 Table 2. A 29 Table 2. B 30 Table 2. C 31 Table 2. D 32 Table 2. E 33 Table 3. A 34 Table 3. B 35 Table 3. C 36 Table 3. D 37 Table 3. E 38 Table 4.A 39 Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 2 eating behavior has been found to vary not only between studies but also among individual characteristics within studies. A recent study of Lara LaCaille, that eating behavior is complex; humans make hundreds of food decisions each day that are influenced by a variety of personal, social, cultural, environmental, and economic factors. What people eat and how much they eat has a considerable influence on their health. Eating habits are a key factor in global public health interventions. According to Christie Fernandez Fizon, Academic stress, or educational stress is defined as a physical and psychological response of a student to his or her academic environment, wherein various defense mechanisms are used to manage demanding situations, that results to placing one's well-being at risk. Further studies showed that educational stress is a factor that affects the eating habits and eating attitudes of college and university students. Moving to eating habits, the presence of a stress factor to students resulted to the development of alarmingly unhealthy eating habits, which includes eating high-calorie and high-fat content food and skipping of daily meals. In short, the development of unhealthy eating habits, as a result of high levels of educational stress, has grown rampant among college students. Being a huge factor affecting the life students throughout his or her stay in college, it is hypothesized that educational stress will be significant in predicting their eating habits and attitudes. Aside from academic stress, perceived social support from family and friends were also found to affect the eating habits and eating attitudes of students. The researchers aim in conducting this study to determine the factors affecting eating behavior among student nurses. The researchers decided that it was time to Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 3 conduct a study on factors affecting eating behavior among student nurses to see how they eat in response to different events, hardships, and stress. Theoretical Framework The researchers used the theory of Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Model of Stress and Coping and Aaron Temkin Beck’s Cognitive Behavioral Theory. The transactional model takes into account both personal and environmental factors, focusing on cognitive evaluation to assess the threat posed by the interaction, which can lead to stress. It examines how significant life events and everyday hassles affect a person's emotions, how they may interpret the encounter in view of their own well-being, and how they assess their ability to cope and deal with any damage or threat that may occur. Some people are more vulnerable to stressful events than others, particularly those who have severe depressive symptoms or personality qualities like high neuroticism or low optimism. Stress can cause biological and psychological changes that result in chronic disease, addictions, anxiety, and depression. Any person's coping ability is mediated by their qualities, past experience, beliefs, and values, and is characterized by the person's relationship with the event, which may or may not be the same when experienced at different times or by other individuals. Coping strategies might include changing the person-environment interaction, controlling the emotional pain caused by the encounter, or doing both. Cognitive behavior therapy, according to Lazarus and Folkman (1984), may help an individual discover and become aware of inappropriate coping strategies that contribute to emotional discomfort, as well as acquire new ways to problem solve and cope with stressful situations. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 4 Lazarus and Folkman (1984) presented the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, which claimed that a person's ability to adapt and adjust to difficulties and issues is a result of transactions (or interactions) that occur between a person and their environment. This theory is appropriate for this study because it determines how an individual acquires or evaluates ways to solve and cope in response to stressful events. Cognitive Behavioral Theory as stated by Aaron Temkin Beck, it is a therapeutic approach that is used to deal with problems relating to cognitive behaviors. It aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health, primarily depression and anxiety disorders. Cognitive Behavioral Theory focuses on challenging and changing cognitive distortions and behaviors, improving emotional regulation, and developing personal coping strategies that target solving current problems. This theory is appropriate with this study because it is used to treat mental health conditions including anxiety, alcohol, and drug use problems, marital problems, and eating disorders. Conceptual Framework A conceptual framework is based on a specified conceptual model. It consists of specific or well-defined concepts and constructs that help clarify the overall underpinnings of the research variables in terms of how these concepts are defined and organized. The Conceptual Framework used in this study was the Input- Process -Output model as shown in the figure – on-page -. It involved, first, the act of gathering personal data which consist of age, sex, second, factors that affect student nurses to develop their eating behaviors, and third, factors that lead nursing students eating behaviors across socio-demographic profile which is included in the Input. Then, on the column was the Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 7 Nursing Education. This study will educate the other students regarding the factors affecting eating behaviors among nursing students. Nursing Research. This research is all about the factors that will lead to development of eating behaviors. Nursing Practice. In this study Nurses play a vital role as a provider of care through promotion, prevention, and therapeutic relationship. Scope, Delimitation, and Limitations of the study The researcher conducted this study to explore and know the factors that affect eating behavior among student nurses in the new commonplace. In this study, the socio- demographic profile of student nurses at PHINMA-University of Pangasinan in eating behavior was determined. Participants' age and sex are part of their socio-demographic profile. Furthermore, the level II and III of student nurses of PHINMA-University of Pangasinan, both female and male, are allowed to work. As for delimitations, the researchers did not include themselves in the study to avoid bias. Also, the level I and IV are not included since they are not the primary subject of this study. The research was only limited to student Nurses enrolled in academic year 2022- 2023 in PHINMA-University of Pangasinan, with or without disabilities excluding persons with visual difficulties. Furthermore, the participants' cooperation, the time span required to collect the data required due to the pandemic, internet access, culture, and beliefs are all constraints that may limit the researchers' capacity to explore the scope efficiently. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 8 Also, because the researchers' and participants' schedules are incompatible, the availability of the participants is an issue. Unfortunately, the terrible pandemic continues to exist during data collection. As a result, the researchers' data collection powers were limited, necessitating the assistance of the mayors of each block at II-and-III- year level in order to obtain quantitative data. The researchers will require consent to participants, to determine the willingness in the research undertaking. Only those student nurses are allowed to participate, as well as those who are fully consented to engage and not leave in the middle of data collecting. The goal will be explained by the researchers to maximize involvement. The researchers will be able to identify the factors affecting eating behavior among student nurses thanks to this technique. Definition of Terms Academic Pressure. An experience in which a student is burdened by the demands of time and energy to achieve specific academic goals. Eating Behaviors. is a complex interplay of physiologic, psychological, social and genetic factors that influence meal timing, quantity of food intake, food preference, and food selection. Factors. A fact or situation that influences the result of something. Family Pressure. Occur most often when there are imbalances of power in the relationship Psychological. Influencing or intended to influence the mind or emotions. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 9 Physical. Relating to the body as opposed to the mind. Social pressure. The combined pressures that are around you during everyday life. (“Using Citations”, 2000). Social. It is a society or an organization. Stress Eating. A pattern of eating where people use food to help them deal with stressful situations. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presented the related literature and studies after the thorough and in- depth search by the researchers for their proposal was entitled as Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses. Conceptual Literature The following concepts were taken from online articles which enriches the researcher’s study on the Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses. Local. According to Christie Fernandez Fizon, Academic stress, or educational stress is defined as a physical and psychological response of a student to his or her academic environment, wherein various defense mechanisms are used to manage demanding situations, that results to placing one's well-being at risk. Further studies showed that educational stress is a factor that affects the eating habits and eating attitudes of college and university students. Moving to eating habits, the presence of a stress factor to Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 12 over identity, image and social belonging, which is ubiquitous in adolescence. Several culture-specific key factors - perceived food safety, lack of self-control, financial autonomy, habit strength and changes in socio-cultural environment. They saw parents as gatekeepers of adolescents' poor eating habits, suggesting that parents need to act as positive role models. However, parents evoked their work commitments, the changing socio-cultural environment, schools and their children's food preferences as key influences on food choice. This concept of attribution error, blaming situational factors when justifying one's behavior, has been demonstrated previously. According to Ana Freitas, Gabriela Albuquerque, Cláudia Silva and Andreia Oliveira, eating behaviors are closely associated with appetite, and both are modulated by environmental and social factors, and by internal biological mechanisms. Appetite is a complex concept. However, from a biological perspective, it can be defined as “the internal driving force for search, choice and ingestion of food”. Alternatively, in a broader context, appetite represents a set of physiological processes coupled with psychological and environmental factors, which determine the daily eating pattern. Eating behaviors are defined as “the attitudes and psychosocial factors related to the selection and decision of which foods to eat”. Although there is some research in the areas of eating behaviors and appetite, understanding which children’s eating behaviors are associated with weight differences has been a constant challenge. This addresses how the appetite regulation process develops and determines the eating habits in early childhood, the most common methods of assessment of appetite regulation, and the impacts of appetite related eating behavior on health, particularly on weight status. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 13 A recent study of Lara LaCaille, that eating behavior is complex; humans make hundreds of food decisions each day that are influenced by a variety of personal, social, cultural, environmental, and economic factors. What people eat and how much they eat has a considerable influence on their health. Eating habits are a key factor in global public health interventions. This helps reduce obesity and encourage consumers to incorporate more healthy foods in their diet such as fruits and vegetables. Although limited success has been recorded, healthy eating habits can be achieved through educational campaigns and advertising healthy foods and eating habits (National Health Service, 2018, 2019). Through campaigns and health information, people are informed about what is seen as unsuitable or wholesome to eat. Living in a society with these norms, Lupton (1996) suggests that some people choose their food from a health perspective and not primarily in accordance with what they like. The results suggest that ‘heavy ’or ‘stodgy ’ food was considered unhealthy and ‘light ’food healthy. Foods rich in fat were considered unhealthy, especially if the fat was visible. Consumers also play a significant role in improving eating habits and ultimately improving overall health (Vladas et al., 2012; WHO, 2004; Walsh, 2014). Evidence suggests that stress the relationship between psychological stress and eating behavior has been studied for many years and thrice reviewed (Robbins and Fray 1980; Morley, Levine and Rowland 1983; Greeno and Wing 1994). Terms such as “comfort food” and “stress-eating” are commonly used in popular literature and culture to describe the changes in food preference, cravings, or amount of food eaten in response to stress. Stress may affect eating behaviors through psychological or social influences (i.e.through comfort foods, learned behaviors). The relationship between stress and Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 14 eating behavior has been found to vary not only between studies but also among individual characteristics within studies. Research Literatures The following studies are taken from online articles which enriches the researcher’s study on the Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Nursing Students of PHINMA-University of Pangasinan. In addition, it includes local and foreign concepts. Local. According to Anthony Harvey Aguilar, Mark Anthony Sandoval, Cecilia Jimeno, Elizabeth Paz-Pacheco, Eating behavior in relation to preference, selection and consumption of food. Aside from behavior, it is also influenced by psychosocial and environmental factors. in 2001 reported that eating patterns were influenced by participants' knowledge of diabetes management, dietary self-efficacy, social support and time management. Eating behavior domains which include uncontrolled, restrained and emotional eating plus two new domains that were named social and proactive eating. The known eating behaviors were adapted from questionnaires for obese patients and these three behaviors were also observed in this population. This finding was somewhat expected since uncontrolled, restrained and emotional eating had been identified as common eating behaviors based on previous studies. The newly identified eating behavior termed "social eating" was defined as increased eating in the company of familiar persons. It was a prominent idea during the interviews and group discussions since Filipinos recognize the importance of eating as a social function. Accordingly, eating with family and friends can be enhanced by around Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 17 and eating disorders can develop at any time during childhood. The family environment is where children have their first experiences with eating and the introduction of foods. The present study aimed to determine the eating behavior characteristics of young children, to determine the frequency of problematic eating behaviors, and to determine the association between the children’s eating behaviors and family sociodemographic characteristics. A recent study of Harvard Special Health Report Lose Weight and Keep It Off, suggests that eating comfort food when things get tough—also known as emotional eating or stress eating—is not a solution to life's challenges. It only works temporarily. Worse, it causes longer- term distress if it brings about weight gain. Some people cope with difficult situations by reaching for comfort food. Chowing down on ice cream or macaroni and cheese can make everything seem like it's going to be okay. Turns out, there are parts of the brain that are rewarded from eating high-fat or high-sugar foods. And more than a decade of psychological research suggests that any behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated. According to Osorio et al. (2002) the eating behavior is a "normal behavior related to eating habits, selecting foods that you eat; culinary preparations and quantities of ingestion". Eating well can become a habit and so can eating poorly. Eating poorly might help develop serious diseases such as obesity, malnourishment, among others. Food habits and obesity can barely be separated. The rationale for that is, that the way an individual eat determines her health status. Precise food behaviors or habits, regime factors, and surrounding mechanisms may be accountable for variances in global diseases (Azevedo et al. 2016). The study further showed that an average number of Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 18 deaths were preventable i.e. The deaths were the consequence of avoidable sources, consisting of suboptimal food habits with low intake of fruits and vegetables, pulses, whole grains and nuts and high quantities intake of sugar and salt. According to the World and Health Organization 2015, the variations in the worldwide food market generate opportunities for changing people's eating behaviors or habits to decrease the risk of developing various health problems such as obesity. Obesity is nonstandard or disproportionate fat growth that grants a danger to one's well-being. It is measured by the Body Mass Index (BMI). An individual with a BMI of 30 and above is normally reflected obese. Equivalent to or above 25 is measured overweight respectively. Also, overweight can be defined as an excess of weight that is more than the allowed. Neumark-Sztainer et al. (1995), noted that eating habits and mealtime arrangements which are unhealthy in diet regularly led consistently to overweight and obese students. Their research findings suggested that school-based agendas still had the potential to contribute to main anticipation dietary challenges. The report of the Food and Agriculture Organization (2013), mentions that the Czech Republic is considered as the country with the highest percentage of obese or overweight people in Europe, 28.7%. But this number contains not just students but adults of all ages. Eating as a coping mechanism in response to fret is usually reported among individuals across the load spectrum, though there's wide variability between studies with estimates of individuality. Individuals may cope or try to adapt to a stressful situation by stress eating or emotional eating. Individuals may use eating as a kind of emotion-based coping to cut back the negative emotional responses related to stress. Selye posited that stress leads to physiological responses to organize the body to deal with stress, including Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 19 activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adreno-cortical (HPA) axis (Selye, 1956). Activation of the HPA axis leads to the secretion of cortisol, a hormone that regulates eating behaviors and choices (Pacák & Palkovits, 2001). In certain individuals the results of cortisol lead to increased caloric intake, particularly of carbohydrates and fats (Duong et al., 2012; Vicennati et al., 2011; Zellner et al., 2006), which can be classified as stress or emotional eating. Without elucidation and clarification of the role and effects of such mechanisms, the utility of targeting stress as opposition potential mediators like stress eating and emotional eating is uncertain. According to Live Strong Foundation healthy eating is consist of consuming amountof foods that offer an ideal balanced diet between nutrition and energy that supports growth for children and metabolism for adults. According to Juliet A. Boghossian; a behavioral food expert and founder of foodology, “you are how you eat”. Here she mentioned that people who eat fast tends to be ambitious; someone who use their brain more than their hearts. While, a person who eats slowly tends to do things that they want without caring for others. Eating habits also differs in male and female. In a survey of 488 college students, besides showing the lack of nutrients in their diets, results also show that male and female students tend to have varied nutritional needs, hence, differs in their eating habits. Ultimately, eating habits tends to reflect one’s attitude and behavior. Synthesis The presented related literature and studies, both local and foreign, helped the researchers in having a relevant and competent body of materials supporting the study. It also contributes to the collection of data and ideas that can guide the researchers on their studies regarding the factors affecting eating behavior among student nurses. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 22 level of nursing students in the Department of College of Allied Health and Sciences. This study will be conducted virtually, we will utilizing several social media programs or applications such as messenger, g-mail and most especially, google forms for our electronic survey since we are using modern technology, it became easier for us to gather data despite the fact that we are dealing with the COVID 19 pandemic. Source of Data The participants in this study will include 313 nursing students of PHINMA- University of Pangasinan. It will be randomly selected by the researchers. All participants in this study will be volunteers, and gather through the coordination of some mayors of all year levels of nursing students in PHINMA-University of Pangasinan. Sampling Types and Techniques The researcher is expecting at least 313 participants to provide a diverse set of data. Also, in the quantitative portion of the study, the researcher will be using stratified random sampling, which divides a population into groups, then includes some members of all of the groups. This sort of sampling technique was chosen by the researcher because it is appropriate for the nature of the researcher's study: factors affecting eating behavior among nursing students. Slovin's formula was used to calculate the number of participants. It is written as follows: n = N 1 + (N x e2) Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 23 Where: n= number of participants N= total population of participants e² = margin of error (0.5%) Research Instrument The research instrument will be in the form of a questionnaire which is described and presented in the statement of the problem. A survey questionnaire will be created using Google forms, and a class group chats through messenger will be utilized to float the link of the questions. The questionnaire was organized into 2 parts: Part I consists of questions related to the demographic profile of the respondents. Part II consists of close- ended questions about the factors that affects student nurses eating behavior, which are characterized in terms of academic pressure, social pressure, and family pressure. Validity and Reliability of the Instruments Content validation of the said research instrument will be obtained through the research lecturer and other academician of PHINMA-University of Pangasinan. Reliability testing will be concluded by the research lecturer and other validators to ascertain the consistency of the results of the research questionnaires use by the researchers in conduction to the study. These questionnaires will be given to II-and-III-year levels of nursing students for them to answer and find out the possible factors that affects eating behavior in nursing students. These remarks will be carefully examined by the research group to come up with a trustworthy, reliable, extensive, and consistent instrument. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 24 In order to have trustworthy and extensive study results, the research questionnaires will also be review cautiously. Brainstorming and other analytic techniques like data triangulation will be used to identify as many appropriate research questions as possible. Pilot test was conducted to test the reliability of the questionnaire. The researchers selected 7 participants were chosen as a subject for pilot testing. Furthermore, the 7 student nurses were not included as the final participant in the study. However, their responses were tested for reliability. This study has a continuous procedure until no further questions are determined as relevant and that can give remarks. Data Gathering Procedure In this section will state the sequence of the procedure with how the researchers will gather the data. At first the researchers constructed a title and was validated to their research professor, it was also stated the general problem and specific problem to be answered through the results of the study. The researchers made use of a descriptive method. The researchers first presented a letter addressed to the Dean of College of Health and Sciences, asking for permission to conduct a study. Then, a letter was presented to the student nurses of PHINMA-University of Pangasinan to ask for their permission to conduct a survey. The researchers developed questionnaires which were validated by the experts and disseminated to the level II and III student nurses that are willing to cooperate in the study through online (g-form) to determine the factors affecting eating behavior among student nurses. Informed consent was first obtained prior to answering the form and research ethics were closely monitored. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 27 maximize the research's utility while minimizing the risk of harm to participants and researchers. Robust safeguards should be taken to minimize any potential risk or injury. Justice. Refers to the right to fair treatment and right to privacy. Selection of the types of participants desired for a research study should be guided by research questions and requirements so as not to exclude any group (Toche 2020). Research should be conducted in the same way that it is conducted between diverse members or groups in society. Equal treatment is a fundamental element of justice in research. This is another manifestation of the notion of human dignity. An injustice happens when a person is denied a benefit to which they are entitled without good reason, or when they are subjected to an undue hardship. Researchers must consider the broader societal impact of their research when selecting participants as well as the rewards and costs that result from it. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 28 CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter shows the gathered data pertaining to the factors affecting eating behaviors among student nurses. The following data are in accordance with the problem at hand. Table 1. Socio-demographic Profiles of Respondents (n=313) Table 1 shows the socio-demographic profile of the respondents surveyed in terms of age and gender. In terms of age, the largest number of respondents falls under the age of 18-20 years old having a frequency of 254 or 81% of the entire population. The second largest number of respondents falls under the age of 21-23 years old having a frequency of 53 or 17% of the entire population. The last respondents fall under the age of 24 years old having a frequency of 6 or 2 % of the entire population. According to the National DEMOGRAPHICS CHARACTERISTICS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE AGE 18-20 yrs. old 254 81% 21-23 yrs. old 53 17% 24 yrs. old 6 2% TOTAL 313 100% GENDER FEMALE 241 77% MALE 72 23% TOTAL 313 100% Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 29 Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), eating disorders typically begin between 18 and 21 years of age. Meanwhile in terms of gender, there are more female respondents than male respondents. The female respondents constitute more than half of the total respondents at 77%, while the male respondents have a percentage of 23%. According to the association (NEDA) estimates that between 10 and 20% of women and 4 to 10% of men in college suffer from an eating disorder, and rates are on the rise. Table 2. A. I tend to eat a lot when facing difficult times like upcoming exams or academic workload. (n=313) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK Very Often (4) 95 30.35% 2 Fairly Often (3) 103 32.91% 1 Sometimes (2) 88 28.11% 3 Almost Never (1) 23 7.35% 4 Never (0) 4 1.28% 5 TOTAL 313 100% Table 2.A. shows the tend to eat a lot when facing difficult times like upcoming exams or academic workload. Majority of the respondents chose fairly often, with frequency of 103 or 32.91% of the total of respondents. The second largest number of respondents falls to very often, with frequency of 95 compromising 30.35% of the respondents. To be followed by sometimes, with frequency of 88 or 28.11% of the total Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 32 more productive in their academics. According to Dave Dickinson (2019), Brain benefits from healthy eating, which also supports productivity and creativity. Essentially, each bite of food has an impact not only affects how a person's body functions, but how the mind functions as well. Making healthy food choices can improve the ability to concentrate and solve problems more effectively. Table 2. D. I feel at ease when I eat after feeling overwhelmed with my academic work. (n=313) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK Very Often (4) 115 37% 1 Fairly Often (3) 104 33% 2 Sometimes (2) 71 23% 3 Almost Never (1) 19 6% 4 Never (0) 4 1% 5 TOTAL 313 100% The Table 2.D. shows the tend to have higher intensity cravings depends on my feeling overwhelmed. Data shows that majority of the respondents very often have craving with a frequency of 115 or 37% of the respondents. The second majority chosen by respondents is fairly often with frequency of 104 or 33% of the respondents. Next is the sometime with frequency of 71 compromising 23% of the entire population. Followed by almost never with a frequency of 19 or 6% of the respondents. The last is the never has the least response with a frequency 4 or 1% of the respondents. This means that Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 33 student nurses feel at ease when they eat after overwhelmed in academic. According to (Melinda Smith, M.A., Lawrence Robinson,) eating while studying to fill emotional needs, will makes you feel worse. Table 2. E. I can't concentrate when I don't have any food to chew while doing my activity. (n=313) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK Very Often (4) 63 20% 3 Fairly Often (3) 71 23% 2 Sometimes (2) 98 31% 1 Almost Never (1) 43 14% 4 Never (0) 37 12% 5 TOTAL 313 100% The Table 2.E. shows the tend to have higher intensity cravings depends on how they cannot concentrate when they don't have any food while doing their activity. Data shows that the majority of the respondents sometimes have craving with a frequency of 98 or 31% of the respondents. The second majority chosen by respondents is fairly often with frequency of 71 or 23% of the respondents. Next is the very often with frequency of 63 compromising 20% of the entire population. Followed by almost never with a frequency of 43 or 14% of the respondents. The last is the never has the least response with a frequency 37 or 12% of the respondents. This means that student nurses eat a lot to when Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 34 doing their activities. According to (Rokham F. and Dr. Elizabeth G.) eating has a positive effect on academic performances of the students because this maintained their concentration on studying. Table 3. A. I feel pressured to gain more weight. (n=313) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK Very Often (4) 85 27% 1 Fairly Often (3) 54 17% 4 Sometimes (2) 69 22% 2 Almost Never (1) 49 16% 5 Never (0) 56 18% 3 TOTAL 313 100% Table 3.A explains the influence of social pressure on eating habits. This table shows how frequently student nurses feel under pressure to gain weight. The majority of respondents 85, or 27% of the total respondents, report feeling forced to put on weight frequently. The second majority occurs most commonly with a frequency of 69, or 22%, of all respondents. Never feel compelled to put on additional weight despite being followed by 56 people, or 17.90% of the total respondents. Following with a frequency of 54 or 17% of the total responses, there is fairly frequent pressure to put on additional weight. And lastly, 49 respondents or 16% of the total population answered almost never feel pressured to put on extra weight. Psychological research shows that stress is associated with overweight and obesity through changes in weight-related health Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 37 Table 3. D. I feel pressured to eat when I am with my friends. (n=313) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK Very Often (4) 21 6% 5 Fairly Often (3) 38 12% 4 Sometimes (2) 80 26% 2 Almost Never (1) 68 22% 3 Never (0) 106 34% 1 TOTAL 313 100% Table 3.D demonstrates how frequently nursing students feel pressured to eat when out with their friends. The majority of respondents 106, or 34% of the total population, answered that they never felt pressured to eat with their friends. The second majority, which affects 80 or 26% of the total population, most frequently experiences feeling pressured. Next, 68 respondents or 22% of the total population, answered they almost never feel pressured to eat with their friends. Next, with a frequency of 38 respondents or 12% answered they fairly often feel under pressure. Finally, 21 out of the total respondents, or 6 %, answered they frequently feel forced to eat when they are with their friends. Based in a recent study, reported that people serve themselves more in advance of a meal that they know is going to be eaten with a friend, compared with what they serve themselves when they know they are going to be eating alone suggesting that on some level they may be aware that eating with others is associated with greater intake (Ruddock et al., 2021b). Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 38 Table 3. E. Online advertisements affects my desire to eat. (n=313) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK Very Often (4) 59 19% 3 Fairly Often (3) 71 23% 2 Sometimes (2) 79 25% 1 Almost Never (1) 54 17% 4 Never (0) 50 16% 5 TOTAL 313 100% Table 3.E. presents the data about how online advertisements affect student nurses desire to eat. The majority of student nurses with a frequency of 79 respondents or 25% of the total population answered that sometimes online advertisements affect their desire to eat. The second majority of respondents is 71 or 23% of the total population answered family often. Followed by 59 respondents or 19% of the total population answered very often affects their desire to eat because of online advertisements. Next answered almost never with a frequency of 54 respondents or 17% of the total population. And lastly, answers never affect their desire to eat because of online advertisements with a frequency of 50 respondents or 16% of the total population. No based on previous research has suggested that in some situations people are willing to say that their intake is influenced by external factors, including social influences (Vartanian et al., 2017a) Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 39 Table 4. A. My parents pressure me to go on a diet. (n=313) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK Very Often (4) 30 9.6% 5 Fairly Often (3) 35 11.2% 4 Sometimes (2) 56 17.9% 3 Almost Never (1) 62 19.8% 2 Never (0) 130 41.5% 1 TOTAL 313 100% Table 4.A shows how frequently they feel pressured by their parents to go on a diet; out of 313 respondents 130 or 41.5% of the respondents answered that they had never felt pressured by their parents to go on a diet. 62 or 19.8% of the respondents had almost never been pressured to go on a diet. 56 or 17.9% of the respondents voted that they are sometimes pressured by their parents. While 35 or 11.2% of the respondents answered they were fairly pressured by their parents. And lastly 30 or 9.6% of the respondents had been pressured by their parents. According to Manjusha Nambiar (2012), children nowadays don't pay attention to what they eat and are more likely to consume unhealthy meals like burgers, cakes, and chocolates. To ensure that the child receives the optimum nutrition necessary for his or her growth and development, parents should take control of such habits by developing and adhering to a diet plan. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 42 Table 4. D. I lose control of my appetite whenever I eat with my family. (n=313) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK Very Often (4) 36 11% 5 Fairly Often (3) 77 25% 2 Sometimes (2) 50 16% 4 Almost Never (1) 69 22% 3 Never (0) 81 26% 1 TOTAL 313 100% Table 4.D presents the data about how the student nurses loses control of their appetite whenever they eat with their family. The data reveals that majority of student nurses with frequency 81 or percentage of 26% of the total respondents answered never. Next most common answered by the student nurses was the scale of fairly often, with frequency 77 or 25% of the total population. A total of 69 respondents or 22% of the entire population has experienced almost never losing control of their appetite whenever they eat with their family. While a total of 50 or 16% of the total respondents shows that they also sometimes lose control of their appetite while dining with their family. And among the total respondents, a frequency of 36 or 11% had answered that they very often experience losing control of their appetite as they eat with their family. According to Christie Fernandez Fizon (2016), perceived social support from family and friends were found to affect the eating habits and eating attitudes of students Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 43 Table 4. E. I tend to eat any food at home when my family faces difficult situations. (n=313) FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK Very Often (4) 100 32% 1 Fairly Often (3) 79 25% 2 Sometimes (2) 67 21% 3 Almost Never (1) 33 11% 5 Never (0) 34 11% 4 TOTAL 313 100% Table 4.E exhibits the data about how student nurses tend to eat any food at home when their family faces difficult situations. A high percentage of 32% or 100 respondents of the entire population which prove that majority of the student nurses had very often experienced eating any food at home as their family faces difficult situations. On the other hand, a percentage of 25% or frequency of 79 out of the total population display that they fairly often encounter this situation at home. While a percentage of 21% or 67 of the respondents presents an answer with how they sometimes come across this situation. Whereas almost 11% or a frequency of 34 student nurses out of the entire population demonstrated that they never experienced this situation at home. Finally, with one respondent lower which represents a data of 11% with frequency of 33 respondents, suggests that the student nurses almost never had experienced this state. According to Cheshire Que (2015), stress eating or emotional eating is the act of consuming food in response to one’s feelings even in the absence of hunger. If we do not get hold of our Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 44 emotion and control our response to it, we will be rendered defenseless against the temptation of mindlessly grabbing on to food in an attempt to fill that emotional void. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the study which results from analyzed and interpreted data on the factors affecting eating behavior among student nurses. Summary This dissertation aimed to determine the factors affecting eating behavior among student nurses. The overall course of the study was investigated by PHINMA-University of Pangasinan, located at Arellano Street, Dagupan City, Pangasinan, Philippines. The quantitative-descriptive research design was utilized to acquire data from the respondents. The researchers employed an electronic survey-questionnaire format with a percentage as the data gathering research instrument to accumulate the requisite data for the analysis. Findings The following were the findings accumulated of the study: • The socio-demographic profile of eating habits in terms of age is shown by an analysis of the data gathered for this study. A frequency of 254 or 81% of the population is between the ages of 18 and 20. With 241 respondents, or 77% of the total, women are the majority of responders. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 47 ● The College of Nursing may advice to enhance healthy food choices with moderate eating behavior and preparation. ● Engage any activities that will help you to relieve stress, anxieties, depression, and others and give you a healthy body, mind, and soul. ● Future researchers may help to expand the scope of the study for new findings that will be beneficial to a larger population. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 48 APPENDIX A LETTER PERMISSION TO THE COLLEGE DEAN PHINMA - University of Pangasinan College of Nursing College of Allied Health Sciences Arellano St. Dagupan City Maria Teresa R. Fajardo, RN MAN, Ed.D Dean, College of Health Sciences We, the Level III student nurses of PHINMA - University of Pangasinan, are currently conducting research entitled, “FACTORS AFFECTING EATING BEHAVIOR AMONG STUDENT NURSES” in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree on Bachelor of Science in Nursing. This study aims to generate and provide information about the factors affecting eating behavior among student nurses for it will give them awareness. In this regard, may we request your permission to conduct our interviews with our selected study participants as part of our research in order for us to properly collect needed information for proper interpretation and writing and to obtain the best result for our study. Thank you very much and God bless! Respectfully yours, Bustarde, Princess Caren Agacita, Kimberly E. Biagtan, Jennifer M. Bonus, Richmond C. Cariño, Ferry Ann L. Castro, Katrina S. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 49 APPENDIX B LETTER TO THE PARTICIPANTS PHINMA-University of Pangasinan College of Nursing College of Health Sciences Arellano St., Dagupan City Informed Consent Form Date: This informed consent will be granted to the individuals who will be a part in our research study entitled, “Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses.” This form consists of two parts: • Information Sheet • Consent Form Part 1: Information Sheet Introduction To our Participants, Greetings, We, the Level II student nurses of PHINMA- University of Pangasinan from the Department of College of Health Sciences, are currently conducting a research study entitled, “FACTORS AFFECTING EATING BEHAVIOR AMONG STUDENT NURSES.” We would like to invite you to take part in our research study. Please spend time reading the following information before you decide as it is important for you to understand why the research is conducted and what it will involve. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 52 Name: Princess Caren Bustarde Contact Number: 09614828167 Address: #129 G.H Del Pilar St. Palma, Basista, Pangasinan Email:
[email protected] Part II: Certificate of Consent By signing this consent form, you declare that you have read and understand the provided information and you understand that your participation is voluntary to be a part of this research study. Name of the Participant: Signature of the Participant: Date Signed: Respectfully yours, Bustarde, Princess Caren Agacita, Kimberly E. Biagtan, Jennifer M. Bonus, Richmond C. Cariño, Ferry Ann L. Castro, Katrina S. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 53 APPENDIX C LETTER TO THE VALIDATOR PHINMA University of Pangasinan College of Nursing College of Allied Health Sciences Arellano St., Dagupan City Name: Greetings! In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing, we, the undersigned Level III student nurse-researchers, are conducting a quantitative study entitled “FACTORS AFFECTING EATING BEHAVIOR AMONG STUDENT NURSES”. With your expertise, we are humbly asking your permission to validate our attached self- made questionnaire, for the study using the attached rating tool. Knowing that you are the most fit and capable to provide such, the undersigned would like to ask approval from your good office to be the evaluator. We are looking forward that our request would merit your positive response. Thank you very much and God bless! Respectfully yours, Bustarde, Princess Caren Agacita, Kimberly E. Biagtan, Jennifer M. Bonus, Richmond C. Cariño, Ferry Ann L. Castro, Katrina S. Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 54 Noted by: Cedric C. Lomibao, RN. Adviser, Nursing Research Approved by: Dr. Maria Teresa R. Fajardo RN, MAN Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 57 5. Online advertisements affects my desire to eat. C. Family Pressure 1. My parents pressures me to go on a diet. 2. I am influenced by my family’s food preferences. 3. I tend to eat whatever is serve at home. 4. 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Retrieved October 14, 2022, from https://www.asean- endocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES/article/view/142/583 Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 64 CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Princess Caren Bustarde Address: #129 G.H Del Pilar St. Palma, Basista, Pangasinan Contact: 09614828167 Email:
[email protected] PERSONAL INFORMATION Age : 20 Sex : Female Date of Birth : January 18, 2002 Civil Status : Single Nationality : Filipino Religion : Roman Catholic Name of Parents Father : Mother : Cheriegil B. Ramos EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Tertiary : PHINMA-University of Pangasinan Secondary SHS: Mary Help of Christians Catholic School JHS: Mary Help of Christians Catholic School Primary : Mary Help of Christians Catholic School Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 67 CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Richmond C. Bonus Address: Purok 1, Bituag, Urbiztondo, Pangasinan Contact: 09614826662 Email:
[email protected] PERSONAL INFORMATION Age : 19 Sex : Male Date of Birth : August 12, 2002 Civil Status : Single Nationality : Filipino Religion : Roman Catholic Name of Parents Father : Ramon S. Bonus Mother : Estarlita C. Bonus EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Tertiary : PHINMA-University of Pangasinan Secondary SHS: PHINMA-University of Pangasinan JHS: Mary Help of Christians Catholic School Primary : Pasibi-Bituag Elementary School Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 68 CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Ferry Ann L. Cariño Address: Damortis Rosario, La Union Contact: 09123029290 Email: fela.cariñ
[email protected] PERSONAL INFORMATION Age : 20 Sex : Female Date of Birth : July 4, 2001 Civil Status : Single Nationality : Filipino Religion : Roman Catholic Name of Parents Father : Freddie L. Cariño Mother : NovaLiza L. Cariño EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Tertiary : PHINMA-University of Pangasinan Secondary SHS: Damortis National High School JHS: Damortis National High School Primary : Damortis Elementary School Factors Affecting Eating Behavior Among Student Nurses 69 CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Katrina S. Castro Address: 22-A.P Moran St. West, Lingayen, Pangasinan Contact: 095638447275 Email:
[email protected] PERSONAL INFORMATION Age : 21 Sex : Female Date of Birth : October 11, 2000 Civil Status : Single Nationality : Filipino Religion : Roman Catholic Name of Parents Father : Roland R. Castro Mother : Susana S. Castro EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Tertiary : PHINMA-University of Pangasinan Secondary SHS: St. Columban's College Lingayen, Pangasinan JHS: Pangasinan National High School Primary : Lingayen 1 Central School