Study Guide for Anatomy and Physiology Nightingale College, Exams of Anatomy

Download Study Guide for Anatomy and Physiology Nightingale College and more Exams Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity! Study Guide for Anatomy and Physiology Nightingale College List the 4 basic types of tissue - epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve What is a "hollow organ" - A hollow organ is a visceral organ that is a hollow tube or pouch (as the stomach or intestine) or that includes a cavity (as of the heart or bladder) which subserves a vital function. What are the major endocrine glands and their function - Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, overies, and testes. As a system, the main function of each gland is the production of hormones. What are the layers of the stomach called (innermost to outer) - The mucous membrane, the submucous layer, the muscular layer, and the serous layer. What is the hypothalamus and its location in the body - It governs the pituitary gland and is in turn controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood. It is located below the thalamus, just above the brainstem. What are acids and bases - Acids are corrosive to metals; they change blue litmus paper red; they are compounds that are hydrogen or proton donors. Bases (alkaline compounds) are substances that denature proteins, making them feel very slick; they change red litmus paper blue; bases are hydrogen or proton acceptors. What is the pH scale - Is a scale that ranges from 0 to 14 and is a measure of acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a solution. 7 is neutral and lower numbers mean more acidic, and higher numbers mean more basic. Which glands of the male reproductive system produce semen - Semen is developed within the seminiferous tubules of each testis. 1 | P a g e What is the calcaneus and where is it located - It is the heel bone and is located in the foot. What are bones a storage center for - They store calcium and phosphorous. What is the mediastinum and where is it located - The mediastinum is the "middle" section of the chest cavity. The chest cavity contains the left and right lungs, which lie on either side of the heart. The heart is contained in the portion of the chest known as the mediastinum. The mediastinum is bordered by the thoracic inlet (where the organs of the neck enter the chest) on top, by the diaphragm on the bottom, the sternum (breastbone) in front, and the vertebral column (backbone) to the rear. The mediastinum is artificially divided into the anterior, middle and posterior sections. The mediastinum contains all of the chest organs except the lungs. Organs located in the mediastinum include the heart, the aorta, the thymus gland, the chest portion of the trachea, the esophagus, lymph nodes and important nerves. What are Haversian canals and their location - The haversian canals are located in the bone tissue at the center of the compact bone through which blood vessels, nerve fibers and lymph vessels pass. The canals are surrounded by concentric layers of bone matrix. What are B-lymphocytes and their purpose - B cells work chiefly by secreting substances called antibodies into the body's fluids. Antibodies ambush foreign antigens circulating in the bloodstream. Each B cell is programmed to make one specific antibody. For example, one B cell will make an antibody that blocks a virus that causes the common cold, while another produces an antibody that attacks a bacterium that causes pneumonia. When a B cell encounters the kind of antigen that triggers it to become active, it gives rise to many large cells known as plasma cells, which produce antibodies. What are the parts of the internal ear and each part's function - The inner ear contains the sensory organs for hearing and balance. The cochlea is the hearing part of the inner ear. The semicircular canals in the inner ear are part of our balance system. The cochlea is a bony structure shaped like a snail and filled with two fluids (endolymph and perilymph). The Organ of Corti is the sensory receptor inside the cochlea which holds the hair cells, the nerve receptors for hearing. 2 | P a g e What are the chemical substances that prevent a sharp change in the pH of a fluid where an acid or a base is added to it - Buffers Where in the human body are nutrients absorbed - Small intestine Which hand position describes the anatomical position of a person who is standing erect with feet forward - Palms facing forwards with the fingers extended A client has a large pituitary tumor. The nurse knows that this tumor exists in which part of the body - The pituitary is a small gland found inside the skull just above the nasal passages. What is the major function of the hypothalamus - The hypothalamus is a section of the brain responsible for hormone production. The hormones produced by this area of the brain govern body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, circadian rhythm, moods, sex drive, and the release of other hormones in the body. This area of the brain controls the pituitary gland and other glands in the body. What is the result of carbon dioxide in the body - Some carbon dioxide is carried in a solution or bound to blood proteins, but most is converted to bicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells. This reaction also releases hydrogen ions which makes carbon dioxide a regulator of blood pH. After a stroke, there is usually some damage to brain tissue. What type of neuroglia would you expect to find invading the affected area - Microglia It is a very cold day. You have left the house without adequate clothing and consequently you begin to shiver once you go outside. What muscles are involved - The smooth muscles are moving during shivering; involuntary contractions of muscles, mainly of the skin, are a response to the chilling effect of low temperatures. 5 | P a g e The buttock is on which surface of the body - The posterior body surface. This is also referred to as the dorsal surface. 6 | P a g e