Study Guide for Exam 4 - Introduction to Medical and Scientific Terminology | C C 306M, Study notes of Classical Philology

Download Study Guide for Exam 4 - Introduction to Medical and Scientific Terminology | C C 306M and more Study notes Classical Philology in PDF only on Docsity! EXAM 4 GUIDE: Medical Terminology: Chapter 5, 6 & 7 Monday, February 20th, 2012 Cardiovascular System Leonardo da Vinci's depiction of a heart Attention to realism Earlier artists were not realistic in their drawings Focus only on the ventricles Aristotle's Cardia Aristotle (384-322 BC) Cardiocentric - heart is the center of everything, emotions and sensations are in the heart, as well as thought. Blood vessels and nerves both originate in the heart Innate Heat - heat that keeps you alive, in the heart lungs used to cool the heart, prevent overheating Three-chambered heart - left and right and middle (possibly from amphibian hearts) N.B. Gr. dynamis - dynam/o - power, energy, or strength, capacity to do something e.g. hemodynamics (study of blood circulation) Raphael's School of Athens - Plato/spiritual world (metaphysics), Aristotle/physical world Three chambered hearts Incomplete septum in amphibians and turtles Complete septum in birds and mammals Galen's Cardia Galen (129 - c.310 AD) Encephalocentric - the controlling part is the brain Tripartite soul - the soul is located in the liver (nutrients and growth), the heart (innate heat, emotion), and the brain (rational thought) Right and left ventricles - all blood from the liver came to the right ventricle, arterial blood and innate heat stored in the left ventricle, believed pores in septum allowed blood transfer between the two. Leonardo da Vinci's depiction took Galen's form Heart Four chambers - two atriums, two ventricles Valves - tricuspid, aortic, mitral, pulmonary .1 Ventricle L. venter, *ventris, belly, dim. ventriculus - little stomach Ventricul/o ventricular hypertrophy: excessive development of heart (muscles) supraventricular: above the ventricles ventriculography: ventricles in other places than the heart ventriculi cerebri: ventricles of the cerebrum Atrium Atri/o atriotome: device to make an incision in the atrium atriomegaly: large heart vena atrii sinistri: vein of the left atrium Roman atrium - construction/house/place with open ceiling, symbolic meaning, first part of the house Septum L. *saeptum: wall, barrier, closure Septum, septate: has body wall atrioseptoplasty: surgical repair of the atrium wall musculus depressor septi nasi: pulling-down muscle of the nasal septum Stenotic bicuspid valve - a narrowing of the mitral valve Cusp/o - pointed (L. cuspid - point) bicuspid, tricuspid Mitre (Gr. mitra - headband, Persian headdress) In the roman catholic world, the mitre was associated with priests L. Corona - garland or crown Coronary artery looks like a crown on the heart Used for things that are circular or crown-shaped Corona dentis Coronal Coronary disease Coroner - people who work with the crown, tax collector, associated with dead bodies (autopsy) because unburied dead bodies incur taxes Aorta Gr. Aorte - what is hung up Aort/o aortoclasia - breaking up of the aorta aortomalacia - softening of the aorta .2 iii. Varix Varices iv. Varicis Varicum v. Venter ventres vi. Ventris Ventrum VI. 3rd Dec Neut i. (Var.) -a (-ia) ii. –is -um(-ium) f iii. Cor (heart) Corda iv. Cordis Cordium v. Lumen lumina vi. Luminis luminum vii Pectus pectora viii. Pectoris pectorum a. Pectus carinatum nom. Sing b. Angina pectoris gen sing c. Ateria dorsalis pedis gen sing d. Pes cavus nom sing e. Venae cordis minimae gen sing f. Cor pulmonale nom sing g. Testis nom sing h. Rete testis gen sing VII. Dr. No, has ectopia cordis which means, heart out of place VIII. You are on a medical mission in Peru. You are told to avoid a particular phlebotomus verrucarum. From its name, what do you know about this bug? Vein, incision, wart. sand fly, cut into vein and leave warts IX. Symptomatic Terms . Aneurysm (Gr. aneurysma, a widening) b. Aneurysm/o, aneurysmotomy c. Eury – (Gr. *eurys, wide) wide, broad, (think estuary) d. Eurycephalic (broad head) e. Eurytherm (animal that can survive in wide range of temps) f. Saccular (L. *saccus – bag, sack) saccus lacrimalis g. Fusiform (L. fusus* – spindle) h. Dissecting (L. dis- apart + secare, sectum – to cut) i. Bisect ii. Prosection- dissect before iii. Resection (to cut back) iv. insect? (entomology) (cut into) .5 i. A patient comes to your office c/o profuse sweating, oppressive pressure in the chest, and racing heartbeats. What are the medical terms for this patients symptoms? Palpitations j. What is the difference between myocardial infarct and myocardial ischemia? Infarct = necrosis. Stuff in artery, no blood flow to area. Ischemia (hold back) k. Infarct (l. infarcire – to stuff in) l. Ichemia (Gr. ischein = to hold back) m. Isch/o – hold back, X. Europa, Europe, and euro a. Europa (princess, zeus becomes bull, ) b. Europe named because everyone was looking for Europa XI. Obstruction a. L. ob – before, in front of b. L. struere structum – to build, pile up, arrange c. obstruent XII. Constriction a. Constringere – to draw together i.Con- together ii. Stringere, strictum, - to draw tight iii. Stricture iv. Constrictor v.Astringent (drawing towards), substringent (L. astingere) XIII. Occlusion a. Occludere b. L. ob –before c. L. Cludere, clusum = shut, close d. Fetal inclusion, malocclusion, conclusive Friday, February 24, 2012 Blood and Lymphatic Systems: Phlebotomy in Ancient Medicine - Prophylactic: preventative medicine - different weathers and seasons may cause diseases (e.g. excessive amount of blood/humor during the winter) - Therapeutic: the treating of the disease - if disease is associated with blood then get rid of that blood - Evacuation: too much blood causes too much heat, fever - Diversion: cut to divert blood away from the area; some veins you should and shouldn’t cut - Cupping o 2 vessels on side o cut an area, heat the vessel, put the “cup” over it to make a suction and draw blood from an area even more .6 o holistic Chinese medicine, mainly for chi puposes o pulling toxins from the body Phlebotomy today · not used typically; used for diagnostic purposes · phlebotomist: someone who draws blood · NOT used for therapeutic reasons anymore (except you still see some cupping with glass vases) · Hematocrit (Gr. Krinein)- to judge or separate o Spins blood around and separates its components · Components of blood o Plasma: stuff that goes around the solid portions of the blood (red blood cells) o Serum: clear fluid left over after coagulated blood o Solid: red blood cells (erythrocytes), thrombocytes—blood clots, white blood cells (leukocytes) · Blood fluid: PLASMA o Gr. Plasma*-- Anything molded or formed § Plasmapheresis: process of carrying/conveying plasma::: *taking bad plasma out of a person and putting in good plasma; for immunity § Plasmid vs. plasmin ú Plasmin: chemical connotation “-in” ú Plasmid: living thing, part of the thing “-id” · Living organism that has formed, or parts of a living organism that has formed § Neoplasm vs. protoplasm ú Neoplasm: neo=new; new growth of tissue somewhere—assoc with cancer—something you don’t want ú Protoplasm: proto=first; cellular plasma § Endoplasm vs. ectoplasm ú Endo=within or inside; endoplasm: ER; plasma inside the cell, reticulum=net, net or inner portion of plasma ú Ecto= outside; ectoplasm: outer portion of plasma · Blood fluid: SERUM (L. whey) o Ser/o: blood serum or clear bodily fluid § Serous: has clear and fluidy qualities § Seroculture : growing the microorganisms associated with serum bc you’re looking for an infection o L. Cultus: tending, tilling § Hemoculture: tilling of blood § Biopyoculture: pus, taking exedate, focus on the living-things in that pus/blood § Agriculture: land, growing or tilling land § Horticulture: gardens, tilling and tending of a garden § Silviculture: growing forest, trees o –cyte= cell § erythrocytes: red blood cells § leukocytes: white blood cells § thrombocytes - platelets .7 · Ox/o · Oxygen · Hypoxemia (too little oxygen in tissue), anoxic, hypoxia ● Laryng/o - voice box ● Trachy - rough · Alveol/o · Small cavity · Alveolar (pertaining to a cavity) · Sinus/o · Sinus · Sinusitis (inflammation of sinus) · Antr/o · Antrum (cave) · Orantral · Palat/o · Palate · Palatorrhaphy (suturing of palate), palatoschisis (division of palate) · Tonsill/o · Tonsil · Tonsillectomy, tonsillotome (device that makes an incision into a tonsil) · Uvul/o · Uvula · Uvuloptosis (downward displacement of uvula) · Staphylo · Uvula · Staphylectomy (incision of uvula), staphyloncus (uvula tumor) ● Mediastinum: space in between the lungs · Glosso · Tongue · Glottis, epiglottis, glossopharyngeal, anthropolyglot, glottology · Thorac/ o · Chest · Thoracostomy (incision that makes an opening of a chest), thoracentesis · -thorax · Chest · Pneumothorax (air in the chest), pyothorax (pus in the chest) · Pleur/o · Pleura · Pleuroclysis, pleural effusion · Lob/o · Lobe · Lobectomy, lobotomy · Phlegm · Thick mucus · · Mucus · Muc/o, muc/I, blenn/o · Mucolytic muciparous, blennogenic · sputum · Stuff that’s coughed up · Med terms 2/29/12 Wednesday, February 29, 2012 8:54 AM •Respiratory system (cont'd) ● 3 big figures in zoology: aristotle, darwin, rene ● Aristotle's biological classification ○ Hierarchical : scala noturae (Ladder of nature) : (categories and sequence) - perfection is men. .10 ● Teleological: category for purpose (every part of a body had purpose) -> cool off the soul (soul is first) ● Differentiae: blood, heart, lungs ● Anatomical terms ○ Interstitium: space that stands between 2 cells or tissues ○ Parrenchyma: functional tissue of an organ ○ Stroma: something that is spread out, structural tissue of an organ ○ Procrustean: putting things together ● Upper vs. Lower respiratory tract ○ Upper: nasal, pharynx, larynx ○ Lower: trachea, primary bronchi, lungs ● Tuberculosis: little swelling (tuber), tubercle = nodule, ● Consumption o Phthisis · Wasting illness · Nephrophthisis (wasting away of kidney) ○ Caseous necrosis: death tissue in lungs (connected to tuberculosis) ● Symptomatic term ○ Difficulty breathing (dyspnea), racing heart rate (palpitation), bluish coloration of skin (cyanosis). ○ Runny nose (rhinorrhea), voice is hoarse (dysphonia, trachyphonia), spitting up blood (hemoptysis) · Phon/o · Sound, voice · Dysphonia, trachyphonia, tracheophony · -ptysis · Spitting, expectoration · Pyoptysis, hemoptysis, plasmoptysis · Tuss/o · Cough · Tussive, pertussis ● Ancient treatment of hemoptysis: tie off the limbs ● Diagnostic terms ○ Pleural effusion: pyothorax (empyema), hemothorax, chylothorax (chyl: fast in lymph), hydrothorax ○ Mediastinal (in between) effusion: hemomediastinum (blood in the space) ● Treatment of empyema (Hippocratic): hole in the thorax (thoracostomy) ● Pneumothorax: collapsed lungs (air in lung) ● Breathing sounds ○ Crackles/rales: intermittent, nonmusical and brief, popping/velcro sound ○ Wheezes/rhonchi: continuously during inspiration or expiration, High pitched and have a shrill or squeaking quality ○ Stridor: high pitched harsh sound heard during inspiration I left 10 min early today, so fill in any gap! (below is the last 10 minutes of material covered from today:) Diagnostic Term: · Atelectasis – incomplete (atel) expansion (ectasis) or dialation. o Atel/o - imperfect, incomplete § Atelostomia – condition of incomplete formation of the mouth § Ateloglossia – imperfect formation of the tongue .11 § Atelenchephalia – (ENcephalo meaning brain, not just head) so this is incomplete formation of the brain. · Pneumoconiosis – dust in the lung · Asthma (panting) o N.B. Status asthmaticus. When you see ‘status’ you want to think condition. Meaning, the patient is in an asthmatic condition and remaining in this condition can lead to death. § Status = prolonged state of being · Emphysema ( to inflate) excessive expansion of alveoli, with loss of elasticity to shrink them back up for continued breathing. · Physa – wind - air/gas o Phosphorus-? o Physometria – dealing with uterus itself .12