Reconstruction and Post-Civil War Era: A Historical Study Guide - Prof. Wallace Cross, Study notes of World History

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Hist 2 Study Guide 2  2 constitutional issues concerning reconstruction

1. Were the rebellious states in the union or not?
2. Was congress or president responsible for directing reconstruction?  Wade-Davis bill – radical reconstruction= 50% of voters had to take allegiance & had to promise to emancipate slaves; Lincoln used pocket-veto, issue unresolved  Southern states to hold state convention must do 3 things
3. Amend constitution to make succession illegal
4. Reject confederate debt
5. Ratify the 13th^ amendment  13 th^ amendment – abolished slavery  Joint committee of 15 – composed of 6 senators & 9 representatives to examine issue of black suffrage & southern representation  New Freemans bureau bill – anyone violating civil rights of black Americans would be tried before military court; Lincoln vetoed  Civil Rights Act – gave citizenship to all black Americans & all people born in the US except Native Americans; Lincoln vetoed  Freemans Bureau – took care if the vacant lands of the South, helped the former slaves make the transition from slavery to freedom  14 th^ amendment – defined citizenship to include black Americans & guaranteed federal protection of the rights of all citizens; abolished the 3/5 clause in the constitution, for a state to return to Union must ratify this amendment  Radical Reconstruction Act of 1867 – divided South in 5 military districts, for state to be readmitted do 3 things = call for a state convention & delegates elected by manhood suffrage, convention establish state gov’t guarantee black suffrage & ratify 14th^ amendment  Tenure of Office Act – president could not remove official whose appointment had to have approval of senate, w/o consent of senate  15 th^ amendment – stated that a state could not deprive a citizen of his vote b/c of race, color, or previous condition of servitude  General Amnesty Act – restored vote to all but the most prominent confederates  Black Friday – Sept 1869, 1st^ scandal of Grant administration, Gould & Fisk who were stock speculators attempted to corner the gold market  Ku Klux Klan – 1866 , First Grand wizard = Nathan Bedford Forrest, organized in Pulaski, TN, purpose to restore white supremacy & destroy radical Republican power in South, served as a cloak for lawlessness & violence, dissolved in Nashville in 1869  Credit Mobilier Scandal – 2nd^ scandal, Credit Mobilier was a construction company that bribed congressman to get the contract to build the Union Pacific Railroad, gave a # of congressmen stock in company, billed gov’t for millions of $ for work it did not do  Horace Greeley – Liberal Republican nomination for president in 1872, went against Grant

 Panic of 1873 – money was main issue, all those debt including small farmers & Midwestern businessmen wanted the gov’t to follow a inflationary policy, allowing greenbacks to remain in circulation, bankers & wealthy merchants & intellectuals favored hard money policy  Coinage Act of 1873 – demonetized silver  Whiskey Ring – 3rd^ scandal, gov’t revenue officials conspired w/whisky distillers to defraud the fed gov’t of millions of $ of revenue of alcohol, began in St. Louis and spread to other cities, many officials involved including O. E. Babcock (Grant’s personal secretary)  William Belknap – started 4th^ scandal, was Grant’s secretary of war, caught selling the franchise of trading posts on Indian reservations to his friends  Compromise of 1876/77 (3 promises for Hayes to be supported)

1. Remove all federal troops from South
2. Appoint at least one Southerner to Hayes cabinet
3. Federal Aide for internal improvements in the South  Redeemers – new type of politician to govern south after 1877, businessmen, use white supremacy to gain power, encourage segregation  Greenback Labor Party – 1877 represent labor views & 28 states, platform: condemned the return of hard money, called for free coinage of silver, shorter work week for industrial workers, restriction on Chinese immigrants  James Garfield – republican nomination in 1880 president campaign against Blaine, won election, July 1881 shot in stomach on railroad station, died in September  Pendleton Act – provided for Civil service Reform, set up 3 man board, gov’t could not force person to endorse campaign or fire for not doing so  Grover Cleveland – democratic nomination in 1884 election against Blaine, won & was first democrat to be elected since Buchanan on 1856  Small Reservation Policy – attempted to remove Indians out of white migration path  Dawes-severalty act- passed on 1887, designed to do away w/communal ownership of land by giving the head of each native American household a small farm  Contrary to the safety valve theory, most people went west in times of prosperity; Great migration over the plains began w/ Cali Gold Rush  Land of west ended up in the hands of 4 groups
4. Land speculators
5. Large ranchers
6. Timber companies
7. Railroads  Most important obstacle to settling the west was scarcity of water  Reclamation Act/New Lands act – fed gov’t provided money for irrigating the West  Mining frontier moved from west to east  Federal Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 – halted Chinese immigration into the US for 10 yrs  Positive Aspects of Mining Boom
8. Mining contributed millions to the economy
9. Helped finance civil war & industrialization
10. Populated portions of the West

4. Led to early statehood for Indiana, Montana, & Nevada  Negative Aspects of Mining Boom
5. Invaded Indian reservations
6. Left ghost towns
7. Left scarred landscapes  5 innovations that enable American farmers to farm great plains
8. Barbed wire (fencing w/o wood)
9. Dry farming (deep plowing & use of mulch)
10. Tougher strains of wheat that would endure harsh winters
11. Scientific agriculture
12. Improved farm machinery  Jay Piermont Morgan – banking for 19th^ century, 1885 owned stock in RR, settled dispute, “trust” (monopoly), persuaded foreign clients to sign over proxies, 1912 gov’t investigated his finances, persuaded to reinvest in own companies  US offered ideal conditions for rapid industrialization in late 19th^ century
13. Abundance of cheap natural resources
14. Large pools of labor
15. Largest domestic marketing the world capital & gov’t support w/o gov’t regulations  Industrial economy of 19th^ century America based on the growth of railroads which employed thousands of people, consumed huge quantities of raw materials  Railroads did more than just supplement other forms of transportation
16. Ended rural isolation
17. Made possible regional economic specialization
18. Made possible mass production & consumption
19. Led to development of modern corporation
20. Stimulated other industries  Interstate commerce act –  Besser process of refining steel made mass production possible the use of steel brought great changes on following 4 areas
21. Transportation
22. Agriculture
23. Industry
24. architecture  Andrew Carnegie – ironmaster & philanthropist, 1872 entered steel business & became its master, 1901 company employed more than 20k & produced more steel than Great Britain  John D. Rockefeller – 1863 began to consolidate the oil business, organized the Standard Oil Co of Ohio, when it expanded changed name to Standard Oil Trust  Sherman Anti-Trust Act – gave gov’t legal authority to take action against trust/monopoly & could break them up  American technology is the child of the second half of 19th^ century

 Samuel Gompers – organized 1st^ modern labor union in 1886 called American Federation of Labor (AFL), AFL organized only skilled makes, unions impact was weakened b/c ignored women & blacks  Skyscraper became symbol of new city/street lights & street cars/ Anglo-Saxon protestants  James Nay-Smith – invented game of basketball b/c it did not need a large playing surface  John Dewey – education reformant, 1899 wrote “the School & society,” urged children should learn by doing  Booker T. Washington – said that black Americans would have to accept racism & focus on a practical vocation education  WEB Dubois – said that black Americans should have an equal opportunity & integrated education  Henry George – wrote “Progress & Poverty,” thesis: rich get richer, poor get poorer, solution: all land to be taxed, land was basis of all wealth  Stanton Coit – introduced the London Settlement house idea on NY city 1886  Hull house – in Chicago, operated by Jane Adams, most famous, objective to bring practice & classical education to urban poor  Main issue during election of 1896 was silver, d=Bryan would purchase, r=McKinley would not purchase  Sherman Silver Purchase Act – required the US Treasury to purchase 4.5 mill ounce of silver per month at market price  Presidential campaign of 1896 was probably the most education in America history, speeches & literature distributed by campaigns were the equivalent to college level seminar in economics  Cross of Gold speech – given by Bryan attacking the Gold standard  Sanford B. Doyle – in 1893 organized a committee of safety to overthrow the Hawaiian Queen  Valeriano Welyer – general sent by Spanish gov’t to put down Cuban revolt, organized concentration camps where he put rebels, sympathizers & neutrals to include women & children  Dupuy De Lome – Spanish ambassador to the Us who critized president McKinley in a letter to a friend  USS Maine – steel ship sent to protect Americans, captain Bigsby, Feb 15 1898, 9:40 am it explodes killing 260, Spanish send rescue ships  Tellar amendment – came from Henry Tellar, a CO senator, claimed we had no territorial ambitions w/ Cuba & when Spain withdrew we would give Cuba its freedom  New Us Steel Navy was ready & efficient 2k officers, 24k men, army was also big, naval battles were critical battles, Spanish navy consisted of old wooden ships  George Dewey – commander of the Adriatic squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay, received secret message from Roosevelt would seek out Spanish fleet and destroy it  Theodore Roosevelt – “Teddy” led roughriders in San Juan hill Battle  Treaty of Paris of 1898 – Dec 10, ended Spanish – American War  Provisions of the Treaty of Paris

1. US gave Spain 20mill & received the Philippines
2. Spain gave up all claims to Cuba
3. Spain assumed the Cuban Debt of 400 mill

4. US received Guam & Puerto Rico  Argument of the Imperialists
5. National prestige
6. Civilizing mission of US
7. Economic & strategic advantages
8. If US did not acquire the Philippines another country in the area/region would  Argument of the Anti-Imperialists
9. Annex the territories not bordering the US inhabited by alien peoples incapable of being assimilated would be contrary to our traditional principles of isolationism
10. Threat to Monroe Doctrine
11. Contrary to out traditional principle of self gov’t  Anti-imperialists are correlation of populists, democrats, & few New England republicans  Shurman Commission – Jacob G. Shurman, purpose to investigate the situation in the Philippines & report, repot came out & recommended ultimate independence for the Philippines but stated US should hold onto until ready for self gov’t