Surgical Technology: A Comprehensive Overview for Aspiring Professionals, Exams of Advanced Education

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CHAPTER 1: SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY

FOR THE SURGICAL TECHNOLOGIST

American College of Surgeons (ACS) - professional organization dedicated to improving the quality of care for the surgical patient by setting standards for surgical education and practice American Medical Association (AMA) - professional organization dedicated to ensuring sustainable physician practices that result in better health outcomes for patients American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - national organization that oversees the development and use of recognized standards that directly impact businesses in nearly every sector, including health care Association for Professionals of Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) - international professional organization for infection preventionists (IPs), many IPs are employed within health care institutions and also serve as educators, researchers, consultants, and clinical scientists; the mission of the organization is to promote wellness and worldwide infection prevention Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) - nonprofit organization involved in the development, management, and use of safe and effective medical technology and devices Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) - nonprofit professional organization that represents the interests of perioperative nurses by establishing standards in nursing education and clinical practice Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - U.S. government organization under the federal Department of Health and Human Services that works with states and other partners to provide a system of health surveillance to monitor and prevent disease outbreaks (including bioterrorism), implement disease prevention strategies, and maintain international health statistics Council on Surgical and Perioperative Safety (CSPS) - consists of seven health organizations, including AST, that promote excellence in surgical patient safety Emergency Services Advanced Registry for Volunteer Health Professionals (ESAR- VHP) - federal program to support states and territories in establishing standardized volunteer registration programs for disaster and public health and medical emergencies; the program, administered on the state level, verifies health professionals' identification and credentials so that they can respond more quickly when disaster strikes

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - agency of the U.S. government charged with protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services responsible for promoting public health through the regulation food safety, tobacco products, medications, blood transfusions, medical devices, and cosmetics The Joint Commission - independent, nonprofit national organization that develops standards and accredits health care organizations in the U.S. Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) - national network of volunteers organized locally to improve the health and safety of their communities; the MRC network consists of community-based units and volunteers located throughout the United States and its territories National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) - nonprofit organization focused on reducing fire hazards and dedicated to establishing consensus fire safety codes and standards National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) - U.S. federal agency within the CDC that conducts research and makes recommendations to prevent work- related injury and illness Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - agency of the U.S. Department of Labor dedicated to preventing work-related injuries, illnesses, and occupational fatalities by issuing and enforcing standards for workplace safety and health World Health Organization (WHO) - directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system; it is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries, and monitoring and assessing health trends 1959: Association of Operating Room Nurses (AORN) Board of Directors - forms survey group to study the needs of OR technicians Dec. 1967: AORN Manual Committee - A new publication: Teaching the Operating Room Technician 1972: AORT - first edition of O.R. Tech magazine 1974: The Liasion Council on Certification for Surgical Technology (LCC-ST) - LCC becomes arm of AST responsible for certification

1974: Accreditation Review Committee on Education in Surgical Technology (ARC-ST)

• ARC on Education for the ORT appointed (Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs [CAAHEP] system) 1978: AORT National Conference - AORT changes name to Association of Surgical Technologists (AST); OR Tech magazine changes to the journal The Surgical Technologist 1981: AST - Core Curriculum for Surgical Technology (1st ed.) published 1985: AST - Code of Ethics published Nov. 1990: ASA - job description for Surgical First Assistant published; revised in 2008 Mar. 1992: ASA - surgical assisting core curriculum published; revised in 2014 2006: LCC-ST - LCC-ST changes name to National Board of Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting (NBSTSA) 2006-present: AST - comprehensive "Recommended Standards of Practice for Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting" published nonsterile surgical team members - anesthesia care provider and the circulator (additional personnel may include a radiology technologist, patient care technologist, or a pathologist) anesthesia care provider - may be a physician (MD), doctor of osteopathy (DO), or a certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA); manages all phases of anesthesia, monitors patient vitals, provides supportive measures, etc. circulator - registered nurse (RN); ensures documents and reports are available, transports patient from pre-op, assists with positioning, maintains operative record, etc. sterile surgical team members - surgeon, first scrub surgical technologist, surgical first assistant surgical first assist (SFA) - may be a physician (MD or DO) or a nonphysician Certified Surgical First Assistant (CSFA); provides aid in exposure, hemostasis, closure and other intraoperative technical functions that help the surgeon carry out a safe operation, also performs preoperative and postoperative patient care duties first scrub surgical technologist - performs many nonsterile, pre- and postoperative case management duties along with sterile, intraoperative duties

second scrub surgical technologist - assists the surgeon during the operative procedure by carrying out tasks that might, in some circumstances, be performed at the same time as the first scrub role specialties - divided into 14 categories, recognized by The American College of Surgeons (ACS) and the American Board of Specialties (ABMS) emergency - a medical emergency that requires immediate surgical intervention (e.g., craniotomy for subdural hematoma or ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm) urgent - a medical condition that requires surgical intervention within a short period of time (e.g., unruptured ectopic pregnancy with stable vital signs) elective - a planned, nonemergency, nonurgent procedure that may be either required for quality of life considerations (total joint arthroplasty) or optional (rhinoplasty) three phases of surgical case management - preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative perioperative - refers to all three phases of surgery Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) - a recognized accrediting organization by the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) Accreditation Review Council on Education in Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting (ARC/STSA) - a commission on accreditation under the umbrella of CAAHEP; responsible for ensuring that accredited programs continue to meet or exceed the standards for education as established by CAAHEP National Board of Surgical Technology and Surgical Assisting (NBSTSA) - offers national certification following completion of an accredited surgical technology program; restricted to graduates of CAAHEP and Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES) accrediting programs Association of Surgical Technologists (AST) - national nonprofit organization for surgical technologists; established in 1969 and represents surgical technologists to ensure they have the knowledge and skills required to administer patient care of the highest quality AST's mission statement - "enhancing the profession to ensure quality patient care" Aeger Primo - The Patient First Level I: Entry-Level Practitioner - a recent graduate of an accredited surgical technology program who has been employed as a surgical technologist for one year or less

Level II: Proficient Practitioner - a Certified Surgical Technologist who has been employed as a surgical technologist for one year or more and who takes on greater responsibility in providing patient care then a Level I practitioner; demonstrate higher- level critical thinking and problem solving skills than do Level I practitioners Level III: Expert Practitioner - an advanced practitioner who thinks on a more global level and is more involved in endeavours related to, but outside of, the surgery department