TESOL Final Exam Study Guide (Latest 2023 – 2024) Complete Solutions By Expert, Exams of Advanced Education

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TESOL Final Exam Study Guide (Latest 2023 – 2024)

Complete Solutions By Expert

What does "TESOL" stand for? - Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages Which is part of the federal government's definition of an ELL? - Students who don't understand English well enough to be successful in an English-language classroom What are school districts required to do with regard to ELs? - Give a Home Language Survey to all students to identify ELs What does research show about the relationship between ELLs' (L1) native language oral proficiency and literacy, and their (L2) English literacy skills? - Native language (L1) oral proficiency and literacy improves English (L2) Which aspect of language takes young ELs longer to master? - CALP, or "academic language" In which type of program would ELs receive L1 support as they move into an English- speaking environment? - Transitional bilingual program How have ideas about teaching ELLs changed since the 1990s? - Newer research shows that bilingualism has benefits, and ELLs learn English better when they can maintain their L1. According to recent research, how does the brain functioning of bilingual people seem to differ from that of monolingual people? - Bilingual people have better executive functioning and problem-solving abilities. What is an EL? - An English Learner What does Dr. Metro believe about you? - You CAN gain the skills and knowledge to provide excellent instruction to ELs. What do you always have to do to have an absence excused in LTC 4460 (thus avoiding your final grade going down by one-half letter)? - Make up the work you missed within one week. When are reading questions due? - In class on the day the readings are due. In general, when and how are assignments (quizzes and projects) in LTC 4460 due? - Via Canvas, by the beginning of class time on the day they are due. What are the 4 language skills we will learn about? - Speaking, Listening, Reading, and Writing

Which text is in an academic register, with field of the eclipse, a formal tenor, and a written mode? - A total solar eclipse occurs when the Earth intersects the umbra portion of the Moon's shadow. How long does it take most ELs to develop academic (context-reduced) registers of language? - Up to 7 years. Which sentence summarizes Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural development? - Learning is a social process in which students can acquire new thinking skills by doing work within the Zone of Proximal Development. What is one critique of progressive pedagogy? - It disadvantages ELs because it doesn't provide explicit language teaching. What would be an opportunity for an EL to produce "comprehensible output" in English? - Talking with a peer in English during paired problem solving. Why is using "stretched language" important for ELs? - It allows them to develop language skills beyond those they already have. What does research suggest about the relationship between L1 (mother language) literacy and L2 literacy? - The stronger L1 literacy is, the more likely they are to be successful in learning an L2. What is a weakness of the IRE pattern in teaching ELs? - It does not allow ELs to engage in dialogues with peers or teachers. What is "message abundancy"? - Presenting information more than one way, in spoken and visual modes. Give an example of scaffolding. - Teacher-guided reporting by an EL on a scientific experiment. Which term describes rules governing word order? - syntax Which is an example of a morpheme? - -ology Which term describes how people use language to get things done in social interactions? - pragmatics Which aspect of language presents the least challenge for ELs? - literal meaning of words What is a dialect? - A form of a language that is systematically different, yet can be understood by other speakers of that language

How does a standard language come to be accepted? - It is used in media and academic contexts. According to Peregoy and Boyle (2005), what is African-American English? - A fully formed language with rules of grammar, pronunciation, and discourse According to Peregoy and Boyle (2005), what attitude should teachers take toward African- American or Black English? - Encourage African-American students to take pride in the dialects spoken in their communities. According to Peregoy and Boyle (2005), why is it important for all students to develop fluency in Standard English? - So they have access to social, economic, and political opportunities Which theory of language acquisition claims that infants' brains have a Language Acquisition Device that is activated through exposure to spoken language? - Innatist Which is one of Stephen Krashen's Five Hypotheses? - Students learn rules of language in a predictable order What does research show about the relationship between parent involvement in schools and student achievement? - Parent involvement contributes to student achievement and other positive outcomes. According to Waterman & Harry (2008), which is a barrier to EL parents' involvement in school? - They may not be familiar with the culture of US schools. According to Waterman & Harry (2008), what is one problem with school communication with EL families? - Documents may be translated in a way that is too formal and not easily understandable. What do Waterman & Harry recommend in terms of school communication with EL families? - Schools should use multiple modes of communication (phone, home visits, letters) What is a universally successful way to involve parents? - There is no universally successful way to involve parents. What kind of meetings to Waterman & Harry (2008) recommend that schools organize for EL families? - open-ended meetings in which parents can help set the agenda What does research show about minority parents' interest in being involved in school, and their success in becoming involved in school? - Minority parents are highly interested in becoming involved in school, but not successful in doing so.

According to Trumbull et al. (2001), what is the problem with many "parenting education" programs geared at parents of ELs? - They treat parents as if they don't know how to rear children. According to Trumbull et al. (2001), which point is NOT part of the information schools should seek from parents? - Whether parents are using correct parenting strategies with their children. How do Trumbull et al. (2001) define the cross-cultural parent-teacher conference? - The teacher operates from individualistic values of the school system, while the parents have a contrasting set of values. According to Trumbull et al. (2001), which is NOT a sign that parents and teachers are communicating well? - The teacher changes the subject when a parent brings up a concern. What a teacher from an individualistic school culture expect from a student? - The student should look the teacher in the eye and ask direct questions. What might a teacher from an individualistic school culture do in the classroom? - Rank students according to their behavior and achievement. Which sentence describes collectivistic values? - A student is doing well if they maintain harmony in the group. According to Trumbull et. al (2001), why are group conferences valuable? - Parents feel empowered and learn from each other. What is culturally relevant pedagogy? - Teachers help culturally and linguistically diverse students sustain their own cultures. What pedagogical strategy tends to alienate ELs? - Discussing topics focused on mainstream American culture. What pedagogical strategy positions ELs to succeed? - Making sure that ELs are well- prepared to participate in groupwork. How can teachers' positioning of ELs affect their relationships with peers? - When teachers position ELs as active participants, peers are more likely to respect ELs' contributions. Which teacher attitude does Yoon (2007) associate with success for ELs? - Classroom teachers are responsible for the success of all students, including ELs. According to Pinnow & Chval (2014), how are linguistic skills and mathematical skills related? - Students need linguistic skills in order to develop and demonstrate mathematical thinking.

What is "inequitable positioning"? - When teachers see students with a deficit mindset and position them as outsiders According to Pinnow & Chval (2014), how is teachers' positioning of ELs related to their peer-to-peer positioning? - Teachers' positioning of ELs determines peer-to-peer positioning. Which strategy would be most helpful for scaffolding ELs' understanding in math? - Introduce a concept ELs understand, let them share their experiences with that concept, then introduce an academic term for that concept. What do Pinnow & Chval (2014) suggest can help math teachers serve ELs' literacy needs?

• Think in advance about what language students will need to express a mathematical concept. According to Gibbons (2015), which is NOT a benefit of groupwork for ELs? - The teacher can clarify their meaning for them. According to Gibbons (2015), what is "literate talk"? - Talk that serves as a bridge to reading and writing. What does Gibbons (2015) mean by "amplifying language"? - Leaving a text in the academic register and providing explanations to help students understand it. In which group task is talking encouraged but not required? - Talk with your group about this picture. What does it mean for a task to be "cognitively appropriate" for learners? - The task is at the learners' thinking level, not their English language level. According to Gibbons (2015), which is an effective way to make sure all children in a group participate? - Assign roles to each group member. Which is NOT an important part of designing a groupwork task? - Giving instructions only once so students pay attention the first time. According to Gibbons (2015), which is NOT an appropriate groupwork task for ELs? - Peer Scaffolding According to Gibbons (2015), what is peer scaffolding for ELs? - When ELs can follow the example of language used by native English speaking classmates. How does Gibbons (2015) define "interpersonal language"? - How teachers and students talk about non-academic topics such routines, giving directions, and making requests.

Which is NOT a piece of advice Gibbons (2015) gives teachers about interpersonal language? - Do not use interpersonal language with ELs; they may struggle to understand it. What is the mode continuum? - A continuum that connects spoken and written language. What is an example of "nominalization"? - A process ("erode") becomes an abstract academic noun ("erosion") Why is "literate talk" important for ELs? - It helps them move from context-embedded language to academic registers. What is the sequence Gibbons (2015) recommends for a lesson? - 1. doing an experiment/having an experience; 2. introducing key vocabulary; 3. teacher-guided reporting; and 4. journal writing. According to Gibbons (2015), which is NOT a feature of "teacher-guided reporting"? - Teacher initiates and evaluates student's response to his/her question. What length of "wait time" or "thinking time" does Gibbons recommend? - As long as 8 seconds. What is the ACCESS test? - A test developed by WIDA that all ELLs take to assess their progress. What are the WIDA ELD standards? - Standards used by states including Missouri to measure the progress of ELs. What are the 5 WIDA ELD standards? - Social and Instructional Language, the Language of Language Arts, the Language of Mathematics, the Language of Science, the Language of Social Studies. What are the 6 levels at which students can perform according to the WIDA standards? - Entering, Emerging, Developing, Expanding, Bridging, Reaching According to Gibbons (2015), why do many assessments of ELs fail to measure their language capabilities? - They don't measure L1 literacy. Which is NOT a feature of a "genre" as defined by Gibbons (2015)? - It is universal for all cultures. Why is it important for ELs to learn the appropriate language for a genre? - So they can participate successfully in a second language and culture According to Gibbons (2015), which are "genres of school" that students will write? - Narrative, argument, recount, information report

Which is an example of a creative and personal genre? - Narrative According to Gibbons (2015), what does it mean to teach explicitly about writing? - Teach students how language is used for a range of purposes and audiences. What are the 4 stages in the "teaching and learning cycle" for writing? - Building the field, Modeling the genre, Joint construction, Independent writing According to Gibbons (2015), what does it mean to "build the field"? - Access prior knowledge and extend students' knowledge of a certain topic. According to Gibbons (2015), what is "meta-language"? - Language to talk about language, e.g., connectives, verbs, tense. According to Gibbons (2015), what is the first and most important criteria on which writing should be evaluated? - Overall meaning Which would be the best test of semantic knowledge? - Thanksgiving is in the month of ________. Which statement is consistent with schema theory? - Readers' in-the-head knowledge helps them understand texts. Which of Luke and Freebody's (1990) 4 Reader Roles requires students to criticize or praise the text? - Text analyst According to Gibbons (2015), ELs who rely too much on their decoding skills _____. - Need to develop their skills as text participants, text users, and text analysts According to Gibbons (2015), what is one purpose of a "before reading" activity? - To activate prior knowledge According to Gibbons (2015), which is a good example of a "during reading" activity? - Pause and Predict What is a phoneme? - An individual sound that makes a difference in meaning between words Which accurately represents one of the 4 "directions" for instruction that Gibbons (2015) suggests when teaching phonic knowledge? - From whole to part What is phonic knowledge? - The ability to match written letters with phonemes. Which is NOT a characteristic that Gibbons (2015) recommends for books for early readers who are ELs? - Illustrations unrelated to the text

According to Levine and McCloskey (2012), what is the difference between language development and literacy development? - Literacy relates primarily to written texts, while language refers to oral development only. What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up approaches to teaching reading? - Top-down approaches start with the meaning of authentic texts, whereas bottom-up approaches focus on building blocks like vocabulary and phonics. What approach do Levine & McCloskey (2012) suggest for teaching reading? - An integrated approach in which component skills of reading are taught through authentic texts. According to Levine & McCloskey (2012), how do L1 literacy skills transfer to L2 literacy skills? - Students bring phonological knowledge, background knowledge, problem-solving strategies, and inferencing skills from their L1. According to Levine & McCloskey (2012), which is an example of sociolinguistic knowledge of language? - the appropriate register of language to use in different settings According to Levine & McCloskey (2012), what would a student say in the "starting" or "preproduction" stage of language development? - Communicate nonverbally According to Levine & McCloskey (2012), what would a student be able to do in the "early literacy" stage of literacy development? - read simple texts word by word According to Levine & McCloskey (2012), what kind of texts are appropriate for students in stages early stages of literacy development (1-3)? - Texts that use rhyme, rhythm, and repetition According to Levine & McCloskey (2012), what attitude should teachers have toward the standardized testing of ELs? - These tests may not accurately measure ELs' language skills or content knowledge. According to Levine & McCloskey (2012), how could a teacher adapt a reading skills test for use with ELs? - Don't count mispronunciation as an error in fluency. According to the 1964 Civil Rights Act and "May 25 Memorandum" of 1970, which action must school districts take in relation to ELs? - Help ELs learn English. Which is NOT one of the rights that ELs' parents have? - Have a full-time paraprofessional designated to interpret for their child in school. An EL should be referred for special education testing in which of the following scenarios? - They have had effective instruction, but they are having difficulty in school and a disability is suspected.

Under Title III of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), how long do schools have to inform parents if their child will be classified as an EL? - 30 days from the beginning of the school year. Which statement describes the obligations and rights of private schools that serve ELs? - Private schools may request support in serving ELs from the public school district in which they are located. What was decided in the Supreme Court case Lau v. Nichols (1974)? - Schools must help ELs learn English at the same time as they provide content. According to the Supreme Court case Plyler v. Doe (1982), what are schools' obligations with regard to undocumented students or students whose families may be in the US illegally? - Public schools must provide an education to students regardless of their or their parents' immigration status. What is an Individualized Academic Plan? - A plan for an EL that includes their test scores, goals, transition plan, and methods of instruction. What would NOT be included in a school district's "Lau Plan" for how it will serve ELs and their families? - Be sure all ELs are classified as needing Special Education services. Which is NOT a step in how school districts in Missouri should determine if incoming students are ELs? - Keep results of the WIDA-Access Placement Test confidential from parents and teachers According to Gibbons (2015), what does it mean for a listener to be a "meaning builder"? - Listener takes an active role, using schematic knowledge to understand Which is an example of one-way listening about an informational topic? - Listening to the radio broadcast of the weather forecast. Which is an example of listening to an information-based topic? - Listening to a lecture on climate change What type of listening do ELs typically find easiest? - Two-way, interpersonal topics Why is one-way listening about information-based topics most difficult for most ELs? - They can't ask for clarification What is the main purpose of teaching listening skills? - So students can understand the meaning of what they hear Which activity that involves listening for the "overall gist" of a text? - Listening to a story to get the main idea

According to Gibbons (2015), why is it important for ELs to seek clarification when they do not understand what is being said? - If they get used to not understanding, they may tune out what they hear. When is it important for teachers to correct ELs' pronunciation? - When ELs' pronunciation interferes with listeners' comprehension According to Gibbons (2015), how does the dictogloss activity help students hone their listening skills? - By helping them listen for information to reconstruct a text together According to Gibbons (2015), in what case is it appropriate to pull ELs out of the regular classroom? - If they need to gain confidence in a sheltered setting How long does it usually take for ELs to match their English-speaking peers in the effective use of academic registers of language? - 5 to 7 years According to Gibbons (2015), what is the difference between "assessment for learning" and "assessment of learning"? - Assessment for learning drives future instruction What does Gibbons (2015) mean by "unpacking" language? - Plan language outcomes alongside content outcomes and activities Which is a language outcome (not a content outcome)? - Students will use key vocabulary such as "erosion" and "earth materials" in their lab report. According to Gibbons (2015), when are grammar exercises helpful? - When they are related to content learning and contextualized in the curriculum How is "cultural capital" relevant for ELs in the US? - US cultural capital may help them reach their goals in school and in life in the US.