Test 1 Chapter1 | PSY 235 - Social Psychology, Quizzes of Social Psychology

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What is Social Psychology

Classic Definition: the scientific study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people (real, implied, or imagined)MediaNorms/culture TERM 2

Humans are information processors with

multiple sources of inputs like

DEFINITION 2 evolutionary influences neurological/ cognitive processes economice cultural and historical factors developmental / contextual influences TERM 3

Scientific Method Theory

DEFINITION 3 Statements that connect and organize existing observations, with implications for the discovery of new knowledge TERM 4

Scientific Method Hypotheses

DEFINITION 4 Statements derived from theory that test implications of theoryMust be falsifiableGuide empirical investigations TERM 5

How do we determine an empirical

relationship between two or more variables?

DEFINITION 5 CorrelationCorrelation Coefficient

Correlation

extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another TERM 7

Correlation Coefficient

DEFINITION 7 a mathematical expression of the association between two variables(-1 to 1) TERM 8

Examples of Correlation

DEFINITION 8 Fear of crime correlated with political conservatismSmiling correlated with being likedIce cream sales correlated with drowning deaths TERM 9

Correlation does not = Causation

DEFINITION 9 Variables may be related through a 3rd Variable (confound)Variable A could cause Variable B thoVariable B could cause Variable ACorrelation suggests that a causal link may exist between two or more variablesBUT! Does not prove causationMore careful work, including experiments should be conducted TERM 10

To determine causation ___ methods are

helpful

DEFINITION 10 experimental

External Validity

the extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances TERM 17

Confound

DEFINITION 17 variable that systematically changes with IV, leading to a mistaken conclusion TERM 18

Laboratory

experiments

DEFINITION 18 direct manipulation of (independent) variables and observation of effects on the behavior of other (dependent) variables TERM 19

Advantages of Laboratory

experiments

DEFINITION 19 allow cause and effect conclusions allow control of extraneous variables TERM 20

Disadvantages of Laboratory Experiments

DEFINITION 20 Artificial situations may not represent relevant events as they naturally unfold (subjects responses may not be natural, since they know they are being observed).

Field Experiments

involve the manipulation of independent variables using unknowing participants in natural settings TERM 22

Field Experiments Advantages

DEFINITION 22 Allow cause-effect conclusions.Subjects give more natural responses. TERM 23

Field experiments

disadvantages

DEFINITION 23 Although participants dont know theyre being observed, situation still unusual.Less control of extraneous factors than in laboratory experiments. TERM 24

Demand characteristics

DEFINITION 24 cues that make subjects aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave TERM 25

Major Theoretical Persepctives

DEFINITION 25 sociocultural evolutionary social learning social cognitive

Adaptive Mate Preferences

Evolutionary TheoryFemale reproductive success limited by resources for parental investment (lactation, territory, etc)Male reproduction limited by access to fertile femalesHuman female mate value decreases earlier than males, whose value increases with access to resourcesHypothesesMales should have mate preferences biased towards women closer to life stage of high fertilityWomen should have mate preferences biased towards women closer to the life stage of high resource acquisition TERM 32

Singles Ads, Phoenix

Az

DEFINITION 32 Young men show no particular preference for younger partners, but older men prefer partners younger than themselvesWomen of all ages ask for men around their own age or olderMarriages show a similar patternThe same pattern was found on a remote island in the Philippines TERM 33

Social Learning Perspective

DEFINITION 33 a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on an individuals past learning experiences as determinants of social behavior TERM 34

Social Learning What drives social behavior

DEFINITION 34 Classically conditioned preferencesE.g. fear at sight of person who hit you.Habits rewarded by other peopleE.g. boy who regularly fights after being praised for beating up bully TERM 35

Social Learning Video Games and Violence

Study

DEFINITION 35 hypothesis: Violent video games makes aggression more common because it rewards points for harming human-like opponentsExperiment: students played violent (Experimental) or a nonviolent (Control) gameThen played competitive game in which they could retaliate against human opponents by delivering unpleasant loud noise blasts

Social Learning Video Games and Violence

Study Results

Students who played a violent video > higher levels of retaliatory aggression TERM 37

Social Cognitive Perspective

DEFINITION 37 a theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to , interpreting and remembering social experiences TERM 38

Social Cognitive what drives social behavior?

DEFINITION 38 What we pay attention toHow we interpret and judge social situationsWhat we retrieve from memoryConstraints/possibilities of information processing in the brain TERM 39

Social Cognitive memory

DEFINITION 39 Social Cog. research suggests memory processes are often biased to make ourselves look good TERM 40

Social Cognitive experiment describe yourself

today and as you were in the past

DEFINITION 40 Students described their present selves as champs, with more positive and fewer negative features than the chumps they used to be

Sociocultural intrinsic motivation example

Research: Anglo-American and Asian-American children to solve word puzzles that were chosen by :the child (individual choice)The experimenter (unfamiliar other choice)the childs mom (close other choice) TERM 47

Sociocultural intrinsic motivation results

DEFINITION 47 Personal choice enhanced motivation for Euro-Am kidsMothers choice enhanced motivation for Asian-Am kids TERM 48

Sociocultural review

DEFINITION 48 Forces in larger social groups such as: norms, fads, social class, ethnic identity TERM 49

Evolutionary review

DEFINITION 49 Evolved psychological mechanisms that promoted our ancestors survival and reproduction, e.g. parent / child bonds TERM 50

Social Learning review

DEFINITION 50 Classically conditioned preferences;Habits rewarded by others;Imitation of behavior we have seen rewarded in others

Social Cognitive review

Cognitive biases: What we pay attention to; How we interpret and judge social situations; What we retrieve from memory TERM 52

Descriptive Methods (5)

DEFINITION 52 naturalistic observation case studies archives surveys psychological tests TERM 53

Naturalistic Observation

DEFINITION 53 involves measurement as it unfolds in a natural setting TERM 54

Naturalistic Observation Advantages

DEFINITION 54 behaviors are spontaneousdoesn't rely on self reportit is what it is TERM 55

Naturalistic Observation Disadvantages

DEFINITION 55 researcher may interfere with behaviorsome behaviors are very rareobserver bias-the researcher may selectively attend to certain eventstime consuming

Archives disadvantages

some social behaviors are not recordeddifficult to establish causation TERM 62

The Survey Method

DEFINITION 62 Self-Report questionnaires or interviews about ones behavior, thoughts, and feelings TERM 63

Survey Method advantages

DEFINITION 63 Cost-effective study of difficult-to-observe behaviors, thoughts, and feelings TERM 64

Survey Method disadvantages

DEFINITION 64 Respondents not representative.Social desirability bias people say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable TERM 65

Psychological Tests

DEFINITION 65 assess an individuals abilities, cognitions, motivations, or behavior

Psychological Tests advantages

Allows measurement of chars. not always easily observable TERM 67

Psychological Tests disadvantages

DEFINITION 67 Tests may be unreliable (yielding inconsistent scores)Tests may be reliable, but not valid (not measuring the intended chars.)