Test 3 | BIOL 252 - Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Quizzes of Physiology

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Hunger

mostly physiological need for food TERM 2

Satiety

DEFINITION 2 feeling of fullnes, satisfaction TERM 3

Appetite

DEFINITION 3 physiological need for food + learned response TERM 4

Hypothalamus

DEFINITION 4 CNS (Lateral hypothalamus area); feeding center >> if gone, intake will decrease Ventromedial hypothalamus: paraventricular muceus within VMH >> shorterm and longerm satiety >> if gone, intake will increase (overeating) TERM 5

Stomach

DEFINITION 5 Ghrelin Gastric leptin

Ghrelin

stimulates neurotransmitters release (NPY) and increase food intake. Lipid in diet delays stomach emptying TERM 7

Gastric Leptin

DEFINITION 7 (_25% of blood levels) and GI stretch receptors via vagus nerve, increase satiety. during fasting, gastric leptin synthesis is reduced. CCK and secretin increase gastric leptin release TERM 8

Small intestine

DEFINITION 8 CCK Secretin gastrin apo A-IV TERM 9

PYY

DEFINITION 9 hormone secreted by intestine, suppresses intake about 12 hrs.; amt. of PYY proportional to caloric content of meal TERM 10

Glucagon

DEFINITION 10 peptide (released from duodenum- response to fat) brain appetite & energy expenditure (rats)

Pancrease

amylin TERM 12

amylin

DEFINITION 12 a peptide hormone released with insulin from -cells during meal- reduce meal size; amylin signals brain directly & the effect augmented by insulin TERM 13

Adipose Tissue

DEFINITION 13 communicate a long-term signal of fatness to the brain Increased fat stores, leptin levels (levels correlate w/ adipose mass) stimulates hypothalamus to suppress hunger; if normal wt., leptin inhibits food intake, reduces energy expenditure; if obese, leptin transport into brain or defective receptors in arcuate nucleus & dont hunger TERM 14

Adiponectin

DEFINITION 14 food intake & energy expenditure TERM 15

Leptin

DEFINITION 15 Decrease food intake, rare deficiency in 7 people rapid eight gain

Hormones

Insulin TRH, serotinon, gastrin releasing peptiede (satiety; decrease food intake) norepinephrine, dopamine, opinoids (increase intake) TERM 17

Insulin

DEFINITION 17 increased insulin > stimulates adipose leptin release > decrease in Neuropeptide Y (NPY) > suppress hunber TERM 18

External and behavioral

components

DEFINITION 18 higher region of CNS inegrates input from feding/satiety centers with cognitive and external influences (eating behavior, sensory input, other environemtnal clues, enotional factors, cognitive) TERM 19

Eating behavior

DEFINITION 19 External and behavioral component learned in a social and cultural context TERM 20

Sensory input

DEFINITION 20 External and behavioral component sight, smell, and taste in a variety of foods in children

OTher environmental

clues

External and behavioral component food advertisements TERM 22

Emotional factors

DEFINITION 22 External and behavioral component stress, mood TERM 23

Cognitive

DEFINITION 23 body awareness, self image, beliefs about particular foods (override biological controls) External and behavioral component TERM 24

Measurement of Body

composition

DEFINITION 24 o Anthropometry- Length or height, weight, skinfold thickneses o Densitometry- body volume by underwater weighing and body weight used to derive body density; o Total body water (TBW) o Total body potassium- 40K o Urinary creatinine excretion o 3- methyl-histidine excretion o Total body electrical conductance (TOBEC) o Ultrasound o Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) o Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) o Neutron activation analysis o Absorptiometry Single-photon Dual-photon Dual energy X-ray photon (DEXA) o Computerized tomography (CT) o Infrared interactance o TERM 25

Primary influences of body size and

composition

DEFINITION 25 age, gender, genetic FOLLOWED by diet physical activity and health care

Anthropometry

length or height, weight, skinfold Thickness TERM 27

Densitometry

DEFINITION 27 body volume by underwater, weighing and body wiegh used to derive body density TERM 28

Basal Metabolic Rate

DEFINITION 28 no food for 12+ hrs, lying down, completely relaxed, comfortable temperature, preferably shortly before awakening from sleep; accounts for 50-70% (average ~ 60%). Related to active cell mass (LBM)- ~60% metabolism, ~25% skeletal muscle tone; bone, glands, intestine, skin 15- 20%; ~5 % fat (if 20% of wt.) TERM 29

Resting metabolic Rate

DEFINITION 29 usually fast only 2-4 hours and thus 10% higher than BMR TERM 30

Physical activity/ exercise

DEFINITION 30 variable of all components (est. 20-40%; may average ~30%)

Thermic effect of food (specific dynamic

action; diet-induced thermogenesis)-

(est. for protein foods 20-30%, CHO 5-10%, fat 0-5%; average ~10% mixed diet). Energy required to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize and store energy from food. TERM 32

Adaptive thermogenesis

DEFINITION 32 alteration in metabolism that occurs because of environmental (temp.) or psychological (emotional stress) influences. Overall, energy needs for thermogenesis small, because most people adjust clothing for comfortable temperature. TERM 33

Assessment of Energy Expenditure

DEFINITION 33 Direct calorimetry iondirect calorimetry TERM 34

Direct Calorimetry

DEFINITION 34 person exercising inside a chamber supplying o2, removing Co2 and heat