Anatomy of Bones and Cartilages: Types, Structure, and Functions, Quizzes of Kinesiology

Download Anatomy of Bones and Cartilages: Types, Structure, and Functions and more Quizzes Kinesiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Bone & Skeletal

Tissue

N/A

TERM 2

Skeletal

Cartilage

DEFINITION 2 -High water content accounts for its resilience and ability to spring back to its original shape after being compressed -Three types of cartilage *Hyaline *Elastic *Fibrocartilage -Basic Components of Cartilage *Chondrocytes: Cells encased in small cavities in the --> *Extracellular Matrix: Contains jellylike ground substance and fibers TERM 3

Hyaline

Cartilage

DEFINITION 3 -Most common cartilage -Provide flexibility and resilience -Contain fine Collagen Fibers (not detectable microscopically) *Articular Cartilage: Covers the ends of most bones and movable joints *Costal Cartilage: Connect the ribs to sternum *Respiratory Cartilage: Form the skeleton of the Larynx and reinforce passageways *Nasal Cartilage: Support the external nose TERM 4

Elastic

Cartilage

DEFINITION 4 -Look similar to Hyaline Cartilage but contain more stretchy elastic fibers to stand up to repeated bending -Found in external ear and epiglottis TERM 5

Fibrocartilages

DEFINITION 5 -Highly compressible and have great tensile strength - Intermediate between Hyaline and Elastic -Consist of parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers - Found in Menisci of Knees, and discs between vertebrae

Classification of Bones

Axial Vs. Appendicular TERM 7

Axial Skeleton

DEFINITION 7 -Forms the long axis of the body -Mostly involved in protecting, supports, or carrying other body parts -Includes *Skull *Vertebral Column *Rib Cage TERM 8

Appendicular Skeleton

DEFINITION 8 -Mostly involved in getting our body from place to place (Locomotion) and manipulating our enviorment -Includes *Upper and Lower Limbs *Shoulder and Hip Bones (Girdles) TERM 9

Shape of Bones

DEFINITION 9 -Long Bones: Has a shaft plus two ends, Mostly all limb bones, classified by shape NOT size (fingers are long bones) -Short Bones: Cube shaped, Wrist and ankle bones *Sesamoid Bones: Special type of short bone that form in a tendon, vary in size and number in different individuals -Flat Bones: thin, flattened, and usually slightly curved, sternum, scapulae, ribs and most skull bones - Irregular Bones: Have complicated shapes that fit no class, vertebrae and hip bones are examples TERM 10

Function of Bones

DEFINITION 10 -6 Main Functions *Support *Protection *Movement *Mineral and Growth Factor Storage *Blood Cell Formation *Triglyceride (fat) Storage

Support (Function)

-Provide a framework that supports the body and its soft organs *Ex. Lower limbs act as pillars to support the body trunk while standing *Ex. Rib Cage supports thoracic wall TERM 12

Protection (Function)

DEFINITION 12 -Ex. Fused bones of the skull protect the brain -Ex. Vertebrae surrond the spinal cord -Ex. Rib Cage protects the vital organs of the thorax TERM 13

Movement (Function)

DEFINITION 13 -Muscles use bones as levers to move the body and its parts - Design of the joints determines the movement possible TERM 14

Mineral and Growth Factor Storage

(Function)

DEFINITION 14 -Stores Minerals: Calcium and Phosphate *Minerals are released into the bloodstream as needed for distribution to all the parts of the body *"Deposits" and "Withdrawals" to and from bones goes on continuously -Bone matrix stores important growth factors such as insulin like growth factors and bone morphogenic proteins TERM 15

Blood Cell Formation (Function)

DEFINITION 15 -Blood cell formation (Hematopoiesis) occurs in the marrow cavities of certain bones

Triglyceride (Fat) Storage (Function)

-Fat is stored in bone cavities and represents a source of stored energy for the body TERM 17

Bone Structure

DEFINITION 17 -Gross Anatomy -Microscopic Anatomy -Chemical Composition TERM 18

Gross Anatomy (Structure)

DEFINITION 18 -Bone Markings -Texture -Typical Long Bone Structure -Short, Irregular, Flat Bone Structure -Hematopoetic Tissue (red marrow) TERM 19

Bone Markings (Muscle and Ligament

Attachment) (Gross Anatomy)

DEFINITION 19 -Tuberosity: Large rounded projection, may be roughened -Crest: Narrow ridge of bone, Usually prominent -Trochanter: Very large blunt irregularly shaped process -Line: Narrow ridge of bone less prominent than a crest -Tubercle: Small rounded projection or process -Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle -Spine: Sharp slender, often pointed projection -Process: Any bony prominence TERM 20

Bone Markings (Forming Joints) (Gross

Anatomy)

DEFINITION 20 -Head: Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck -Facet: Smooth, nearly flat articular surface -Condyle: Rounded articular projection -Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

Bone Markings (Depressions and Openings)

(Gross Anatomy

-Groove: Furrow -Fissure: Narrow slit like opening -Foramen: Round or oval opening through a bone -Notch: Indentation at the edge of a structure -Meatus: Canal-like Passageway - Sinus: Cavity within a bone filled with air and lined with mucus membrane -Fossa: Shallow bassin like depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface TERM 22

Texture (Gross Anatomy)

DEFINITION 22 -Compact Bone: Dense external layer, smooth and solid to the naked eye -Spongy Bone: Internal layer, a honeycomb of small trabeculae *Trabeculae: open spaces between trabeculae are filled red and yellow marrow TERM 23

Long Bone Structure (Gross Anatomy)

DEFINITION 23 -Diaphysis: Shaft, forms the long axis of the bone, constructed of thick collar of compact bone that surronds a central Medullary Cavity -Epiphyses: Bone ends, exterior contains compact bone while interior is spongy bone, covered with hyaline cartilage, epiphyseal line seperates from Diaphysis -Membranes: External surface of entire bone is covered in double layer membrane called periosteum *Osteoblasts/clasts: secrete bone forming cells, secrete bone matrix elements and bone destroying cells TERM 24

Short, Irregular, Flat Bone Structure (Gross

Anatomy)

DEFINITION 24 -Contain Periosteum covered compact bone externally and endoseum covered spongy bone internally -Contain bone marrow but no significant marrow cavity is present TERM 25

Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow) (Gross

Anatomy)

DEFINITION 25 -Found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone in long bones and in the diploe of flat bones -Referred to as red marrow cavities

Microscopic Anatomy (Bone Structure)

-Cell Types -Compact Bone -Spongy Bone *Trabeculae TERM 27

Cell Types (Microscopic Anatomy)

DEFINITION 27 -Osteogenic -Osteoblasts -Osteocytes -Osteoclasts TERM 28

Compact Bone (Microscopic Anatomy)

DEFINITION 28 -Microscopic Passageways: Osteons or Haversian System *Osteons: Elongated weight bearing cylinder parallel to long axis >Multiple Lamella per Osteon >Alternating collagen fiber formation in Lamella are built to absorb stress >Osteocytes are located between each Lamella >Central Canal: Core of each osteon, contains small blood vessles and nerve fibers TERM 29

Spongy Bone (Microscopic Anatomy)

DEFINITION 29 -In Contrast to compact bone spongy bone is as poorly organized tissue -Trabeculae align precisely along lines of stress and help the bone resist stress as much as possible *Only a few cells thick they contain irregularly arrange Lamellae and Osteocytes interconnected by Canaliculi, No Osteons are present *Nutrients reach osteocytes by diffusing through the cannaliculi from capillaries in the endosteum TERM 30

Chemical Composition (Bone Structure)

DEFINITION 30 -Organic (1/3) *Cells *Osteoid (Ground Substance and Collagen Fibers): Organic part of the matrix -Inorganic (2/3) *Hydroxyapatite Crystals: mainly Calcium and Phosphate

Bone Development

1. Ossification 2. Bony Skeleton 3. Bone Growth 4. Ossification in adults mainly for remodeling and repair TERM 32

Intramembranous Ossification (Forming the

Bony Skeleton)

DEFINITION 32 8 Weeks *Formation of cranial bones of the skull and the clavicaes *Ossification begins on fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells TERM 33

Endochondral Ossification (Forming of the

Bony Skeleton)

DEFINITION 33 -All bones of the skeleton below the base of the skull -Uses hyaline cartilage formed earlier as a model 1. Bone collar is laid down around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage 2. Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies then develops cavities 3. Periosteal bud invades the internal cavities,spongy boneform 4. Diaphysis elongates, medullary cavity forms, secondary ossification occurs 5. Epiphyses ossify, hyaline cartilage remains only in plates TERM 34

Bone

Remodeling

DEFINITION 34 -At Periosteum & Endosteum -Osteocytes (Stimulated by Osteoblasts) Secrete matrix -Hormones control remodeling to regulate plasma [Ca] *PTH Up when Ca Down to stimulate osteoclasts -Bone is strongest where stress acts *Long Bone: Thickest at middle *Curved Bone: Thickest where most likely to break *Spongy Bone: Trabeculae line up along stress line *Projections: Where muscle attaches TERM 35

Bone Repair

DEFINITION 35 -Classification of Fractures *Bone end positions: Displaced or Non-Displaced? *Complete or Incomplete? *Orientation: Linear (Long Axis) or Transverse? *Skin Penetration: Open (Compound) or Closed (Simple)? *By Nature: See next notecard

Bone Repair By

Nature

-Comminuted: Bone fragments into 3 or more places - Compression: Bone is crushed -Spiral: Ragged break occurs with twisting force applied -Epiphyseal: Seperates on Epiphyseal plate -Depressed: broken bone is pressed inward - Greenstick: Bone breaks incompletely in the way a green twig breaks, Only one side of the shaft breaks, other side bends TERM 37

Bone Repair Process

DEFINITION 37

1. Hematoma formation (Swelling) 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation *New blood vessels form *Spongy bone trabeculae forms over break 3. Bony Callus formation (Spongy Bone) 4. Bone remodeling (Healed fracture) TERM 38

Hip Fractures

DEFINITION 38 -300,000 Hip Fractures annually in the U.S. *Majorily related to osteoporosis and and falls in elderly -Patients who have sustained a hip fracture *2 year mortality rate *Immobility: predisposition to 2nd fracture *Many dont regain pre-fracture mobility *Risk of subsequent fracture 2.5x *Risk of new hip fracture 5x-10x TERM 39

Osteomalachia (Homeostatic Imbalances)

DEFINITION 39 -Failure to mineralize, weak bones -Rickets in Children -Due to Ca deficiency, May be also due to Vitamin D deficiency TERM 40

Osteoporosis (Homeostatic Imbalances)

DEFINITION 40 -Resorbtion > Formation; less bone density and mass -Elderly are susceptible -Estrogen/Testosterone slow osteoclasts, stimulate blasts -Post-menapausal fall in estrogen levels

Paget's Disease (Homeostatic Imbalances)

-Disorganized (Paget) bone spongy/compact too high -Elderly are susceptible