Test 3 Chapter 8,9,10 | BIOL 1001 - GENERAL BIOLOGY, Quizzes of Biology

Download Test 3 Chapter 8,9,10 | BIOL 1001 - GENERAL BIOLOGY and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Glycolysis

harvests chemical energy by breaking down glucose to pyruvate.A catabolic pathway during which a six-carbo glucose is split into two three-carbon sugars, which are then rearranged by a stepwise process that produces two pyruvic acid moleculesoccurs in cytoplasm TERM 2

anaerobic

DEFINITION 2 takes place without O TERM 3

two types of fermentaion

DEFINITION 3

1. alcohol fermentation2. lactic acid fermentation TERM 4

bridge reaction

DEFINITION 4 the reaction that connects glycolyssi to the Krebs cycle.converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA TERM 5

Kreb's Cycle

DEFINITION 5 occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, the innermost part of the mitochondria.completes the breakdown of glucose that glcolysis started

electron transport system

located in the inner mitochondrial membrane-accepts energy in the form of electrons from NADH and FADH TERM 7

chemiosmosis

DEFINITION 7 the energy-coupling mechanism-the coupling exergonic electron flow down an electron transport chain to endergonic ATP production by the creation of a proton gradient across a membrane. TERM 8

cell division

DEFINITION 8 the process in which the genetic information of a cell is passed along to the next generation of cells-the division of a parent cell into 2 daughter cells TERM 9

interphase

DEFINITION 9 the period of the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing- 90% of the cell cycle-high metabolic activity-chromosomes and organelles are duplicated TERM 10

mitosis

DEFINITION 10 the division of the nucleus-dna is equally distributed into 2 daughter nuclei

cutokinesis

the division of the cytoplasm that forms 2 separate daughter cells, each containing a single nucleus TERM 12

chromosomes

DEFINITION 12 threadlike structures composed of chromatin, which is DNA and proteins bound to it TERM 13

centromere

DEFINITION 13 the eukaryotic chromosome has two "arms" which extend from this structure ____ TERM 14

sister chromatids

DEFINITION 14 after the DNA has replicated, there are now 2 chromosomes that are attached at the centromere TERM 15

homologoous chromosomes

DEFINITION 15 a pair of chromosomes that contain the same genes. they have the same size, centromere position and staining pattern. these are not the same as replicated chromosomes. for each pair of homologous chromosomes, youreceivedone chromosome from your mother and one from your father

diploid

the condition where cells have pairs of homologous chromosomes TERM 17

autosomes

DEFINITION 17 non-sex chromosomes TERM 18

hapoid

DEFINITION 18 some cells have only half of the self of chromosomesthe condition in which cells contain one set ofchromosomes. no pairs-found only in the gametes TERM 19

gametes

DEFINITION 19 haploid egg or sperm cells and contain half the number of chromosomes of ordinary cells TERM 20

zygote

DEFINITION 20 two haploid gametes unite duringfertilization and form this

---

mitosis

nuclear division TERM 22

metphase

DEFINITION 22 chromosomes move to andalign on the equator of the cell TERM 23

anaphase

DEFINITION 23 sister chromatids divide into separate daughter chromosomes and move toward opposite poles.- movement of the chromosome is accomplished by depolymerization of the microtubules at the kinetchore (break apart)-cell begins to elongate because the polar microtubues slide past each other and push the poles apart TERM 24

telophase

DEFINITION 24 -daughter chromosomes arrive at poles-kinetochore microtubbules disappears-polar microtubules elongate (pushing out on the ends of the cells) helps cause the formation of the cleavage furrow-daughter nuclear envelopes form-chromatin begins de-condensing TERM 25

meiosis

II

DEFINITION 25 separates the sister chromatids and puts one chromatic into each daughter nuclei

chiasmata

the regions of paired homologous chromosomes where chromatids have exchanged genetic material because of crossing over TERM 27

gene

DEFINITION 27 a unit of DNA that encodes information needed to produce proteins, cells, and entire organisms TERM 28

locus

DEFINITION 28 location of a gene on a chromosome TERM 29

homologous chromosomes

DEFINITION 29 carry the same kinds of genes for the same characteristics TERM 30

allels

DEFINITION 30 alternative versions of genes found at the same gene locus- formed by mutations

homozygous

if both homologous chromosomes carry the same allele (gene form) at a given gene locus, the organism is ______ TERM 32

heterozygous

DEFINITION 32 if two homologous chromosomes carrydifferentalleles at a given locus, the organism is ____ TERM 33

Punnett sqaure method

DEFINITION 33 predicts offspring genotypes and phenotypes from combinations of parental gametes TERM 34

genotype

DEFINITION 34 the particular combination of the two alleles carried by an individual TERM 35

females

DEFINITION 35 have two X chromosomes

Males

have an X chromosome and a Y chromosome TERM 37

nondisjunction

DEFINITION 37 the incorrect separation of chromosomes in meiosis TERM 38

5 stages of mitosis

DEFINITION 38

1. Prophase2. Prometaphase3. Metaphase4. Anaphase5. Telophase TERM 39

prophase

DEFINITION 39 the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitoticspindlebegins to form, but the nucleolus andnucleusare still intact TERM 40

prometaphase

DEFINITION 40 the second stage of mitosis, in whichdiscretechromosomes consisting ofidenticalsister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.

metaphase

the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate TERM 42

anaphase

DEFINITION 42 the fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell TERM 43

telophase

DEFINITION 43 the fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun TERM 44

cytokinesis

DEFINITION 44 the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cellsimmediatelyafter mitosis TERM 45

mitosis

DEFINITION 45 a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages.-conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei