Test Bank Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing Practice 2nd Edition, Exams of Nursing

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SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test bank

Correct answers are indicated by * Using This Testbank This testbank has been designed to be used in conjunction with Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing Practice, 2nd^ edition by Neal Cook, Andrea Shepherd and Jennifer Boore. Correct answers for multiple choice questions are indicated with asterisks.

Chapter 1: Homeostasis

1. Match the terms from the following groups:
2. Substances entering the cell
3. Waste products leaving the cell
4. Conditions which allow life to continue a. Steady temperature; pH between 7.35 and 7.45; electrolyte balance b. Oxygen; substances for building complex molecules; substances acting as energy sources c. Ammonia; carbon dioxide Ans: 1[b], 2[c], 3[a].
5. Which term is used to describe the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the cell or body? *a. homeostasis b. equilibrium c. pH balance d. oxidative phosphorylation
6. Which of the following lists the correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy of the body? a. organ, organ system, cellular, tissue, organism b. chemical, cellular, tissue, organism, organ, organ system *c. chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism d. organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cellular, chemical

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4. Consider a feedback loop where the stimulus is an increase in blood sugar. If the feedback loop is a negative feedback loop, what would be the result of such a stimulus? a. increase in blood sugar levels *b. decrease in blood sugar levels c. initial increase in blood sugar levels, followed by a decrease d. initial decrease in blood sugar levels, followed by an increase
5. What is the result of the initial stimulus in a positive feedback loop? a. The stimulus is suppressed. b. The stimulus is switched off. c. There is no effect on the stimulus. *d. The stimulus is amplified or exaggerated.
6. In systems controlled by negative feedback, the effector response returns the level of the stimulus towards its original level. *a. True b. False
7. Which of the following lists the correct sequence of messaging between the components of a control system? a. control centre, receptors, effectors *b. receptors, control centre, effectors c. receptors, effectors, control system d. effectors, control system, receptors
8. Which of the following apply to the control centre? a. It sets the limits for a specific variable. b. It integrates the information received with other information. c. It sends instructions to change the action of the effector. d. a. and c. above only

SAGE Publishing, 2021 *e. a., b. and c. above

9. Insert the missing term. Receptors and ______ communicate with the control centre to form a feedback system that regulates various internal conditions Ans: effectors
10. Match the following descriptions with the correct body system.
11. the system that processes sensory information
12. the system that delivers nutrients to body tissues
13. the system that breaks down and absorbs food
14. the system that includes the fingernails
15. the system that includes the bladder a. Urinary/renal b. Integumentary c. Digestive d. Cardiovascular e. Nervous Ans: 1 (e) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (a)

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Chapter 2: The Human Cell

1. Which of the following molecules is the primary energy store in living cells? a. DNA b. RNA c. Cyclic AMP *d. ATP
2. What would be the result if a cell lacked ribosomes? a. It would be unable to move. *b. It would be unable to synthesise proteins. c. It would be unable to synthesise DNA. d. It would be unable to metabolise sugars. e. It would be unable to divide.
3. Which compounds (1) form the inherited genetic material inside each cell and (2) relay instructions from the genes to guide protein synthesis? *a. DNA and RNA b. DNA and ATP c. RNA and ATP d. ADP and ATP
4. Which cell organelle is the main location for the production of useable energy in the form of ATP? a. ribosome b. rough endoplasmic reticulum c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. golgi apparatus *e. mitochondrion

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5. Which cell organelle contains enzymes that destroy invading microbes or other harmful substances? a. mitochondrion b. ribosome c. centriole *d. lysosome
6. Proteins are packaged by the Golgi Body into secretory granules for export by exocytosis. *a. True b. False
7. Match the names of each of the structures to the correct number on the diagram of the cell. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Rough endoplasmic reticulum, Plasma membrane, Ribosomes Secretory granules, Ans:
8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
9. Nucleus
10. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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4. Golgi apparatus
5. Secretory granules
6. Plasma membrane
7. Mitochondria
8. Ribosomes
9. What is the term used to describe fluids located outside the cell membrane? *a. extracellular b. extranuclear c. intracellular d. cytoplasmic

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Chapter 3: Genetic and Epigenetic Control of Biological Systems

1. What is the correct term for external modifications to DNA that turn genes on or off and, thus, alter particular characteristics? a. non-coding DNA *b. epigenetics c. multifactorial inheritance d. Punnett Square
2. Identify the core concepts of the three Laws of Inheritance from the list below. a. Genetic alterations *b. Dominance c. Genomics *d. Independent assortment *e. Segregation f. Punnett Square g. Acquired characteristics
3. In inheritance when each parent carries one recessive gene for a specific gene, what is the probability in each pregnancy of having a child with the condition? a. every child b. one in ten *c. one in four d. fifty per cent
4. In mitochondrial inheritance, who passes the genes concerned on to the offspring? a. father b. both parents *c. mother d. either parent

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5. Multifactorial inheritance of disease involves genetic transmission influenced by environmental factors. Which of the following apply in this situation? *a. Some ethnic groups develop particular disorders more commonly. *b. A Mendelian pattern of inheritance is not shown. *c. Concordance does not match expected Mendelian pattern in mono or dizygotic twins. d. The disorder is sex-linked.

• e. a, b and c f. all of these

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Chapter 4: The Human Microbiome and Health

1. Microbes can have a range of types of relationship within the human body. Link the following types with the appropriate description. Types: 1. Commensals
2. Pathogens
3. Opportunists
4. Transients Descriptions: a. Briefly within the microbiota but do not colonise body b. Normally harmless but can cause disease when immune system defences depressed c. In symbiosis with host, harmless and gain nutrients from host d. Cause disease, severity due to virulence of host and organism Ans: 1(c), 2(d) 3(b) 4(a)
5. Match the following names and descriptions of types of bacteria. Names: 1. Coccus
6. Vibrios
7. Spirochaetes
8. Bacillus Descriptions: a. Spiral: as individuals b. Rod: as individuals and chains c. Curved: as individuals d. Round: as individuals, pairs, chains and clusters Ans: 1 (d); 2 (c); 3 (a); 4 (b)
9. Viruses are intracellular parasites and the virome is the viruses within the microbiome. Identify the correct statements in those given below. *a. viruses multiply within their host cell b. following multiplication, viruses congregate in groups in the ECF *c. viruses consist of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein capsule

SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. individuals on similar diets can develop very different viromes *e. bacteriophages infect bacteria *f. the virome in an individual remains fairly stable

4. The human microbiome is distributed in various parts of the body. Which of the following groups of parts of the body all contain components of the microbiome? *a. stomach, skin, large intestine, rectum b. upper respiratory system, mouth, inner ear, duodenum c. skin, upper respiratory system, liver, vagina d. vagina, liver, large intestine, inner ear
5. From the following list, which actions accurately identify functions of the human microbiota? *a. Energy production by carbohydrate metabolism and formation of long chain fatty acids b. Formation of Vitamin K in the skin *c. Some drugs are metabolised by microbes in the gut d. There is no influence on pathogenic infections *e. Maturation of the gut and its immune system is promoted f. a, c, e

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Chapter 5: The Nervous System: Control of Body Function

1. Which two body systems function to regulate and control body activities? a. cardiovascular and urinary b. lymphatic and respiratory c. reproductive and gastrointestinal *d. nervous and endocrine
2. Which of the following statements about the parasympathetic nervous system is not true? *a. It is active when the person is prepared for fight or flight. b. It enhances the motility of the gastrointestinal tract. c. It reduces the respiratory rate. d. It includes the vagus nerve.
3. Which of the following Neurotransmitters perform the functions identified? Neurotransmitters: a. Acetylcholine b. Monoamines c. Amino acids (AAs) d. Neuropeptides Functions:
4. Longer effect, at lower level, than other neurotransmitters; acts in relation to analgesia, metabolism, reproduction, social behaviours, learning and memory
5. Normally excitatory function as sympathetic NS, but some parasympathetic action.
6. Synthesised from amino acids. Include adrenaline and noradrenaline, mediate emotion, arousal and cognition
7. Inhibitory or excitatory AAs: glycine ˗ inhibitory in SC, brainstem, retina; glutamate ˗ excitatory in relation to learning and memory Ans: a (2); b (3); c (4); d (1)

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4. Specify the functions associated with the four key areas in the brain central to maintaining mental health. Areas Regulating Mental Health:
5. Amygdala
6. Anterior Cingulate Cortex
7. Hippocampus
8. Prefrontal Cortex Functions of these areas: a. creates memories, lays down long term memories, promotes quality of life and learning new skills. Key in regulating mood b. coordinates cognitive functioning, problem-solving, judgement-making - linking with other parts of brain above c. fright, flight and fight response (fear). Phobic experience ˗ links fear with previous unpleasant experiences, relearning response is part of management d regulates emotional responses, including motivation, focus and realisation. Inefficiency, can cause depression, lack of motivation or drive. Dysfunction can cause behaviour disorders or schizophrenia. Ans: 1 (c); 2 (d); 3 (a); 4 (b)
9. The diencephalon is part of the forebrain consisting of three main sections and specific functions. Link the functions with the particular section. Sections of Diencephalon:
10. thalamus
11. hypothalamus
12. epithalamus Functions: a. several nuclei and tracts of nerves. Three main functions:
    • control of autonomic nervous system
    • control of neuro-endocrine system (pituitary gland links nervous and endocrine systems)
    • control of limbic system.

SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Pineal gland: regulates sleep-wake cycle by serotonin (day) and melatonin (night) Habenula (relay from limbic system) deals with sleep, pain & reinforcement c. Relay centre for impulses to and from cerebrum. All sensory impulses pass through. Processes pain, temperature and attention collaborating with reticular activating system. Ans: 1 (c); 2 (a); 3 (b)

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Chapter 6: Special and General Senses: Responding to the Environment

1. Link the following stimuli with the relevant sensory organs? Ans: Stimuli:
2. Taste (gustation)
3. Vision
4. Pain
5. Balance/equilibrium
6. Sound
7. Temperature
8. Light touch
9. Smell Sense Organs: a. cochlea b. vestibule c. free nerve endings d. eyes e. taste buds in mouth f. tactile discs and Merkel cells g. chemical sense neurons in olfactory mucosa Ans: 1(e); 2(d); 3/6(c); 4(b); 5(a); 7(f) 8(g)
10. Match the names of each of the structures to the correct number on the diagram of the eye.

SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cornea; Posterior cavity (vitreous chamber); Pupil; Retina; Iris; Sclera; Choroid; Optic disc (blind spot); Anterior cavity (contains aqueous humour) Ans:

1. Posterior cavity (Vitreous chamber)
2. Sclera
3. Retina
4. Choroid
5. Anterior cavity (contains aqueous humour)
6. Lens
7. Pupil
8. Iris
9. Cornea
10. Optic disc (Blind spot)
11. Identify the names of the three different processes involved in the stages of image formation. Processes involved:

SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. bending of light by lens and cornea b. changing shape of lens c. narrowing of the pupil Ans: a. refraction b. accommodation c. constriction

4. Match the names of each of the structures to the correct number on the diagram of the ear. Malleus, Stapes, Auditory canal, Semicircular canals, Cochlea, Tympanic membrane, Oval window, Incus, Cochlear nerve, Eustachian tube, Vestibular nerve, Vestibule Ans:
5. Auditory canal Middle ear
6. Tympanic membrane
7. Malleus
8. Incus
9. Stapes Inner Ear

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6. Semicircular canals
7. Oval window
8. Vestibule
9. Vestibular nerve
10. Cochlea
11. Cochlear nerve
12. Eustachian tube
13. Static and dynamic equilibrium are controlled by: : the vestibule consisting of (a) and (b) : the semicircular canals known as : (c), (d) and (e) Ans: a. saccule b. utricle c. anterior d. posterior e. lateral
14. Nociception is the process of transmitting noxious stimuli through five phases to cause pain. Name these phases: Ans: Transduction → Conduction → Transmission → Modulation → Perception

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Chapter 7: The Endocrine System: Control of Internal Functions

1. Identify the different modes of action of hormones named below: Modes of action of hormones:
2. Classical endocrine function
3. Paracrine
4. Juxtacrine
5. Autocrine
6. Intracrine Different types of functions: a. Hormones act on cells which make them. b. Hormones (chemical mediators) secreted into body fluids, carried around body and effects functioning of cells in other parts of body. c. Hormone is activated within the cell where formed and modifies function of that cell. d. Hormones act on other cells in the neighbourhood. e. Hormones from one cell act on immediate neighbours. Ans: 1(b); 2(d); 3(e), 4(a); 5(c)
7. What are the three types of hormones and how are hormones released? Name the three types of hormones. Ans: *1. Steroid hormones *2. Protein/polypeptide hormones *3. Modified amino-acid hormones Specify how the release of hormones are stimulated: Ans: *1. hypothalamus and pituitary gland *2. influence of factors in blood stream *3. nervous stimulation
8. Identify the main hormone functions from the list below.

SAGE Publishing, 2021 *a. Nutrient supply *b. Reproduction and Sex Differentiation *c. Stress response d. Control of body movement *e. Development and growth f. Elimination of contents of large intestine *g. Regulation of metabolism *h. Maintenance of internal environment i. Protection by the skin j. b, c, g *kj. a, b, c, e, g, h

4. Name the two components which comprise the adrenal glands situated on top of the two kidneys. *a. Adrenal Cortex *b. Adrenal Medulla
5. Match the missing labels to the numbers on the correct organs and structures of the adrenal gland.

SAGE Publishing, 2021 Zona reticularis, Site where androgens are produced, Zona glomerulosa, Adrenal Medulla, Zona fasciculata, Site where catecholamines are produced (e.g. adrenaline/noradrenaline), Site where androgens are produced, Site of cortisol production Ans:

1. Zona glomerulosa
2. Zona fasciculata
3. Zona reticularis
4. Adrenal Medulla
5. Site of aldosterone production
6. Site of cortisol production
7. Site where androgens are produced
8. Site where catecholamines are produced (e.g. adrenaline/noradrenaline)

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Chapter 8: The Digestive System: Nutrient Supply and Waste Elimination

1. Which of the following terms is used to describe the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones? a. anabolism b. synthesis c. homeostasis *d. catabolism
2. Which of the following organelles of a cell increase the surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. cilia *c. microvilli d. lysosomes
3. Identify from the following those statements that apply to the pancreas: *a. Secretions are alkaline. *b. Secretions contain enzymes that digest fat. c. Secretions are acidic. *d. Secretions contain precursors of protein-digesting enzymes. e. Secretions enter the intestine through the pyloric sphincter. *f. Release of secretions is stimulated by the acid content of chyme
4. Food entering the stomach can initiate the gastro-colic reflex, where ______. a. the contents of the colon are rapidly moved towards the rectum b. the person feels the need to defecate c. it is strongest after breakfast d. a. and c. above *e. all of these

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5. Which of the following statements about gastric action are correct? a. The sight, smell or thought of food triggers the gastric phase of gastric secretion. *b. The entry of food into the stomach triggers the gastric phase of gastric secretion. *c. A fatty meal remains longest in the stomach. d. Chyme entering the small intestine stimulates the gastric phase of gastric secretion. *e. The pyloric sphincter controls the movement of chyme into the duodenum. *f. b, c, e
6. Glycerol and fatty acids (recombined as triglycerides) take which of the following pathways into the blood? a. lacteals in villi, hepatic portal vein, liver *b. lacteals in villi, lymphatics, subclavian vein c. capillaries, lymphatics, hepatic portal vein d. lymphatics, lacteals in villi, subclavian vein
7. Digestion converts large molecules in the diet to small ones and enables their passage into the body. Match the nutrients with the products of digestion:
8. Proteins
9. Carbohydrates
10. Fats a. Monosaccharides b. Amino acids c. Glycerol and fatty acids Ans: 1. (b)
11. (a)
12. (c)
13. The stomach begins digestion and absorption of glucose, absorbs water and alcohol, and kills micro-organisms which enter the stomach

SAGE Publishing, 2021 Body, Rugae, Pyloric sphincter, Pyloric antrum, Fundus, Oesophagus Ans:

1. Pyloric antrum
2. Body
3. Rugae
4. Fundus
5. Oesophagus
6. Pyloric sphincter
7. The large intestine moves contents into the rectum by mass movements, absorbs water and electrolytes, and synthesises vitamin K Match the missing labels to the numbers on the diagram

SAGE Publishing, 2021 Tran sverse colon, Descending colon, Vermiform appendix, Rectum, Ascending colon, Hepatic flexure of colon, Caecum Ans:

1. Vermiform appendix
2. Transverse colon
3. Ascending colon
4. Descending colon
5. Hepatic flexure of colon
6. Rectum
7. Caecum
8. The small intestine carries out which of the following? a. Movement of intestinal contents towards the large intestine, protection against infection by lymphoid tissue, eliminates waste products *b. Absorption of nutrients, movement of intestinal contents towards the large intestine, protection against infection by lymphoid tissue c. Absorption of nutrients, completion of digestion of nutrients, absorbs water from chyme

SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. Protection against infection by lymphoid tissue, completion of digestion of nutrients, absorbs water from chyme

11. Which of the following are water-soluble vitamins? Ans: *a. C b. E c. K *d. Folic acid e. D f. A *g. Niacin *h. B12
12. Which of the following criteria are met by essential amino acids? Ans: *a. There are eight (nine in infants) (one of them essential only in infants) *b. They can contribute as an energy source for the body by the loss of nitrogen c. They can be formed in the body from glucose derivatives with the addition of N in the body *d. a. and b. above e. b. and c. above