TEST BANK FOR HOLE'S HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, 16TH EDITION ALL CHAPTERS.pdf, Exams of Nursing

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TEST BANK FOR HOLE'S HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, 16TH EDITION ALL CHAPTERS Sensory impulses originate at receptors in response to a) neurotransmitters b) decreasing permeability of nerve cell membranes c) subthreshold potential d) local changes in their cell membrane potentials - CORRECT ANSWER >>local changes in their cell membrane potentials What type of receptor allows a pole vaulter to keep track of his position in mid-air? a) lamellated corpuscles b) pain receptors c) proprioceptors d) baroreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER >>proprioceptors The phrenic nerve arise from what nerve plexus? a) cervical plexus b) brachial plexus c) lumbar plexus d) sacral plexus - CORRECT ANSWER >>cervical plexus A myelinated nerve is ____, whereas an unmyelinated nerve fiber is ________. a) gray; white b) white; black c) white; gray d) gray; black - CORRECT ANSWER >>white; gray The choroid plexus located in the _____ secretes most of the cerebrospinal fluid a) lateral ventricles b) third ventricle c) fourth ventricle d) cerebral aqueduct - CORRECT ANSWER >>lateral ventricles What type of sleep is dreamless and associated with decreased blood pressure and respiratory rate? a) REM sleep b) Non-REM sleep - CORRECT ANSWER >>Non-REM sleep The resulting cell membrane is more permeable to which ion? a) potassium b) sodium Following a brain injury, a soldier is now unable to speak. What area of the brain was most likely damaged? a) Broca's area b) Hippocampus c) Posterior portion of occipital lobe d) Basal nuclei - CORRECT ANSWER >>Broca's area The hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves serve the tongue in addition to other structures T or F - CORRECT ANSWER >>true The oculomotor nerve is a cranial nerve containing nerve fibers that innervate eye muscles and control eye movement. The fibers are examples of _____ a) sensory neurons b) interneurons c) motor neurons d) unipolar neurons - CORRECT ANSWER >>motor neurons What stimulates Golgi tendon organs? a) a muscle has become metabolically active b) a muscle is stretched to nearly its limit c) a muscle starts to relax after strenuous exercise d) a muscle is contracting with minimal tension - CORRECT ANSWER >>a muscle is stretched to nearly its limit What might result from injury to the reticular formation? a) hyperactivity b) increased sensory sensitivity c) lack of muscle coordination d) unconsciousness or coma - CORRECT ANSWER >>unconsciousness or coma Transmission of pain impulses within the posterior horn of the spinal cord can be inhibited by compounds called ____, released in response to signals from several areas of the brain a) enkephalins b) endorphins c) epinephrine or norepinephrine d) cannabinoids - CORRECT ANSWER >>enkephalins When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles within the synaptic knob are released in response to the presence of a) calcium ions b) sodium ions c) neurotransmitters d) neuropeptides - CORRECT ANSWER >>calcium ions What is the correct sequence of events that occurs along an axon after the membrane reaches threshold? 1. the membrane depolarizes 2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane repolarizes 4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward a) 3, 2, 4, 1 b) 2, 1, 4, 3 c) 1, 2, 4, 3 d) 4, 1, 3, 2 - CORRECT ANSWER >>2, 1, 4, 3 Olfactory receptors are examples of what class of sensory receptor? a) thermoreceptors b) mechanoreceptors c) chemoreceptors d) proprioceptors - CORRECT ANSWER >>chemoreceptors What causes the lens of the eye to thicken? a) suspensory ligaments pull on the lens capsule c) acetylcholine d) GABA - CORRECT ANSWER >>acetylcholine During the absolute refractory period, a stimulus of high intensity may trigger a nerve impulse. T or F - CORRECT ANSWER >>false Organize the following list of functions and actions according to the branch of the nucleus system that controls each one. -heart rate -walking -looking to the left -digestion -vasoconstriction -picking up a glass - CORRECT ANSWER >>somatic: walking, looking to the left, picking up a glass autonomic: heart rate, digestion, vasoconstriction What are the two major cell types found in nervous tissue? a) neurons and neuroglia b) dendrites and axons c) neurons and effectors d) astrocytes and schwann cells e) neurons and nerves - CORRECT ANSWER >>neurons and neuroglia A test organism develops a genetic mutation that causes neurons to develop without synaptic knobs. How will this impact neuronal function? a) signal transduction down the axon will be interpreted, so the signal will not "jump" the synapse and reach the postsynaptic neuron b) the dendrites of the postsynaptic neurons will have no means to attach to presynaptic axons c) no neurotransmitters will be stored or released into the synapse to signal the postsynaptic neuron d) action potentials will not travel down the axon nearly as rapidly - CORRECT ANSWER >>no neurotransmitters will be stored or released into the synapse to signal the postsynaptic neuron In Guillain-Barre syndrome, the immune system attacks and degrades the myelin sheath of PNS axons. Predict the effect this will have on nerve impulse and motor function. a) lost insulation from myelin will cause neurons of the PNS to be hyper-excitable and muscle spasms will result b) motor signals will not be sent from the brain down the efferent pathway becasue the brain vannot generate them c) the brain will slowly degrade and various brain functions will be lost, including motor functions d) lost insulation from myelin will cause neurons of the PNS to lose saltatory conduction, resulting in poor muscle function - CORRECT ANSWER >>lost insulation from myelin will cause neurons of the PNS to lose saltatory conduction, resulting in poor muscle function During a meal, the __________ nervous system stimulates digestive activity and slows heart rate. During exercise, the __________ nervous system inhibits digestion and increases heart rate. a) parasympathetic; sympathetic b) motor; sensory c) somatic; autonomic d) central; peripheral - CORRECT ANSWER >>parasympathetic; sympathetic What structure separates the two cerebral hemispheres? a) falx cerebri b) falx cerebelli The interpretation of sensory input by the brain is referred to as _____ a) reception b) sensation c) perception d) recognition - CORRECT ANSWER >>perception The ______ is suspended from the hypothalamus via an infundibulum a) thalamus b) pituitary c) pons d) pineal gland - CORRECT ANSWER >>pituitary Which cranial nerves are primarily motor nerves innervating the muscles that move the eyes? a) optic nerves (CN II), oculomotor nerves (CN III), and facial (CN VII) b) oculomotor nerves (CN III), trochlear nerves (CN IV), and abducens nerves (VI) c) facial nerves (CN VII), vagus nerves (X), and accessory nerves (CN XI) d) optic nerves (CN II), trochlear nerves (CN IV), and trigeminal nerves (CN V) - CORRECT ANSWER >>oculomotor nerves (CN III), trochlear nerves (CN IV), and abducens nerves (VI) With a subdural hematoma resulting from a blow to the head, where has the blood accumulated? a) between the dura mater and the skull b) between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater c) between the pia mater and the brain d) between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater - CORRECT ANSWER >>between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater After taking a bite of pizza, sensory receptors are stimulated in your mouth. What is the order of information flow that results? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Stimulation of sensory receptors -> impulse sent to CNS -> sensation -> perception What is the purpose of the patellar reflex? a) slows heart rate b) removes painful stimuli c) helps maintain posture d) increases running speed - CORRECT ANSWER >>helps maintain posture Which of the following connective tissue coverings surrounding a group of fascicles, and contains blood vessels within a peripheral nerve? a) endoneurium b) perineurium c) epineurium d) endomysium - CORRECT ANSWER >>perineurium Which part of the eye is the tough, white outer layer that maintains its shape and protects the inner structures? a) cornea b) sclera c) pupil d) iris - CORRECT ANSWER >>sclera The neuronal process with many branches that conducts an impulse toward the cell body can be defined as a(n): a) dendrite b) axon c) neurilemma d) collateral - CORRECT ANSWER >>dendrite d) endocrine - CORRECT ANSWER >>urinary A cell is surrounded by an extremely thin, flexible membrane. Why is the membrane selectively permeable? a) it does not allow any substances to pass through as they could damage the cell b) it allows some substances to pass through and excludes others based on size, polarity, and other factors c) it allows all substances to pass through, making it easier to absorb nutrients d) it allows all organic substances to pass through, but excludes all inorganic substances that could be harmful - CORRECT ANSWER >>it allows some substances to pass through and excludes others based on size, polarity, and other factors What is the mRNA codon that functions as an "initiation codon", indicating the start of the encoded protein? a) UUA b) UAC c) AGG d) AUG - CORRECT ANSWER >>AUG Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a hereditary disorder that affects collagen production. What type of tissue would be most affected? a) epithelial b) connective c) nervous d) muscle - CORRECT ANSWER >>connective Which of the following shows the correct complementary base pairing that occurs in DNA? a) cytosine to adenine; thymine to uracil b) cytosine to adenine; guanine to thymine c) cytosine to thymine; adenine to uracilterm-59 d) cytosine to guanine; adenine to thymine - CORRECT ANSWER >>cytosine to guanine; adenine to thymine A mutation occurs that prevents the formation of intercalated discs. Which of the following muscular structures will be directly affected? a) the legs b) the tongue c) the stomach and intestines d) the heart - CORRECT ANSWER >>the heart Which of the following processes does not help to maintain life of an individual organism? a) movement b) respiration c) reproduction d) responsiveness - CORRECT ANSWER >>reproduction Programmed cell death occurs during development, including the removal of webbing between fingers of the fetus. This process is known as ______ a) mitosis b) cell specialization c) cell differentiation d) apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>apoptosis During the anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid reacts to form glucose. T or F - CORRECT ANSWER >>false What would happen if a red blood cell was placed in a hypotonic solution? a) only permeable substances will leave, but contractions in the cell do not change b) the cell will swell and may eventually burst that it contains a connective tissue composed of large cells, or droplets. The cell walls are very thin and there is no collagen. The tissue looks like it might be good for cushioning. What type of connective tissue is this? a) areolar b) adipose c) elastic connective d) dense regular connective - CORRECT ANSWER >>adipose Which organelle contains the nucleolus? a) nucleus b) golgi apparatus c) mitochondrion d) endoplasmic reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER >>nucleus Spicy foods irritate the membrane of your mouth, which triggers goblet cells to produce a protective layer of a thick substance called mucus. What membrane must be lining the mouth? a) synovial membrane b) serous membrane c) mucous membrane d) cutaneous membrane - CORRECT ANSWER >>mucous membrane Any molecule within a cell that has a uracil group will also contain __________ a) ribose b) glucose c) deoxyribose d) glycerol - CORRECT ANSWER >>ribose Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions is correct? a) responsiveness: obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food b) circulation: the movement of substances in body fluids c) assimilation: sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them d) respiration: changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids - CORRECT ANSWER >>circulation: the movement of substances in body fluids Tara discovers a rapidly growing lump that doubles in size over a month. A doctor does a biopsy and discovers its a form of cancer. what went wrong in the cell cycle to result in the cancer? a) the cell cycle is stopped b) Mitosis is too infrequent c) The cell cycle ran backwards d) Mitosis was too frequent - CORRECT ANSWER >>Mitosis was too frequent Sickle cell disease involves a mutation that causes red blood cells to become crescent-shaped in low-oxygen conditions. They then become lodged in capillaries. This disease directly affects a connective tissue. T or F - CORRECT ANSWER >>true Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues? a) epithelial tissue b) connective tissue c) muscle tissue d) eye tissue - CORRECT ANSWER >>eye tissue The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities. T or F - CORRECT ANSWER >>true Where is a mitochondrion found in the cell? a) in the cell membrane c) the shape-coding region of the DNA sequence related to this protein is mutated d) an error in transcription occurred - CORRECT ANSWER >>peptide bonds were not able to form between the amino acid What type of epithelium would be best suited for high rates of diffusion and filtration? a) simple squamous epithelium b) stratified squamous epithelium c) pseudostratified columnar epithelium d) transitional epithelium e) stratified columnar epithelium - CORRECT ANSWER >>simple squamous epithelium What is a mutation? a) a error in a DNA sequence b) a common genetic variation c) a genetically beneficial DNA sequence d) a region of DNA that does not code for a protein - CORRECT ANSWER >>a error in a DNA sequence What is the overall function of cellular respiration? a) to produce glucose molecules that can be used for cellular fuel b) to use carbon dioxide to produce oxygen molecules c) to produce enzymes and other proteins needed for metabolic processes d) to release energy from nutrient molecules to be used as cellular energy - CORRECT ANSWER >>to release energy from nutrient molecules to be used as cellular energy The body is made up of many different cell types, from small circular red blood cells to the elongated smooth muscle cells 20x their size. Why is there such variation in size and shape? a) different cell sizes are due to nutritional differences b) variations in size and shape allow different cell types to perform unique functions c) cell size and shape does not vary among cell types d) variations in cell shape and size are due to chromosomal differences between cells - CORRECT ANSWER >>variations in size and shape allow different cell types to perform unique functions What molecule carries energy in a form that a cell can use? a) ATP b) Vitamin C c) Glycogen d) Glucose - CORRECT ANSWER >>ATP What characteristic does simple diffusion and facilitaed diffusiion have in common? a) both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without using cellular energy b) both require a special carrier molecule to move substances across the membrane c) both require cellular energy for the transport of substances d) both move water across a semipermeable membrane - CORRECT ANSWER >>both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without using cellular energy What is an important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways? a) amplification b) positive feedback c) genetic control d) negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER >>negative feedback Which connective tissue forms a delicate membrane that binds to the lining of internal organs? a) reticular b) dense irregular c) areolar d) adipose - CORRECT ANSWER >>reticular If a certain individual's phagocytes were non-functioning, what would occur during fracture repair? a) the hematoma clot and other damaged tissue would not be cleared from the area during healing b) fibrocartilage could not be produced within the gap between the sections of broken bone c) excess bone tissue would not be removed toward the end of the healing process d) a hematoma would not be able to form inside the break - CORRECT ANSWER >>the hematoma clot and other damaged tissue would not be cleared from the area during healing If the sinus cavities located within the skull were instead completely filled with bone, the skull would be much heavier. T or F - CORRECT ANSWER >>true Certain natural plant poisons and animal venoms contain substances that inhibit the function of acetylcholinesterase. If a person is poisoned by one of these substances, which of the following will be the cause of their symptoms? a) muscles will be in a constant state of contraction because acetylcholine won't be broken down and cleared from the neuromuscular junction b) muscles won't be able to contract because acetylcholine won't be properly synthesized from acetylcholinesterase c) muscles won't be able to contract because acetylcholine will be attacked and degraded immediately after release from the neuron d) muscles won't contract because no acetylcholine will be released from the neuronal membrane - CORRECT ANSWER >>muscles will be in a constant state of contraction because acetylcholine won't be broken down and cleared from the neuromuscular junction A movement that brings the foot closer to the shin is ______ of the ankle joint. a) extension b) dorsiflexion c) abduction d) plantar flexion - CORRECT ANSWER >>dorsiflexion What movements are permitted by the elbow joint located between the humerus and the ulna? a) rotation and circumduction b) adduction, flexion, and extension c) flexion and extension d) movement in any plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>flexion and extension Arrector pili muscles are attached to what feature of the skin? a) stratum corneum b) sebaceous glands c) hair follicles d) nail beds - CORRECT ANSWER >>hair follicles What separates the epidermis from the dermis? a) basement membrane b) stratum granulosum c) adipose tissue d) subcutaneous layer - CORRECT ANSWER >>basement membrane What type of muscle fiber will be more resistant to fatigue? b) to connect actin to the myosin filaments c) to store sodium ions needed to initiate an action potential at the cell surface d) to transmit action potentials (impulses) into the cell interior - CORRECT ANSWER >>to transmit action potentials (impulses) into the cell interior Where on a long bone is articular cartilage found? a) in the spaces of the spongy bone b) inside the medullary cavity c) on the outer surface of the diaphysis d) on the outer surface of the epiphysis - CORRECT ANSWER >>on the outer surface of the epiphysis Consider a muscle that originates on the anterior forearm and inserts on the palm of the hand. What is the action of this muscle? a) to flex the elbow b) to extend the elbow c) to flex the wrist d) to extend the wrist - CORRECT ANSWER >>to flex the wrist Most of the joints between the short bones in the ankle and wrist are _____ joints. a) pivot b) hinge c) condylar d) plane - CORRECT ANSWER >>plane The appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk. T or F - CORRECT ANSWER >>false Instead of using troponin to bind calcium ions, smooth muscle cells use __________. a) norepinephrine b) calmodulin c) titin d) tropomyosin - CORRECT ANSWER >>calmodulin Doing a "plank" is often part of a yoga or Pilates workout. It is done by holding the body straight in a prone position, engaging the abdominal muscles and supporting oneself on arms and toes. It is much like the "up" position of a push-up, but is held for 30 to 60 seconds. What type of contraction would be occurring in the abdominal muscles? a) isotonic contraction b) concentric contraction c) isometric contraction d) eccentric contraction - CORRECT ANSWER >>isometric contraction During Alison's coronary bypass surgery, a blood vessel from her leg was removed and used to bypass a blockage in a major artery in her heart, where it will supplement the blood supply following a heart attack. The use of her own blood vessel is called an __________. a) exograft b) isograft c) autograft d) allograft - CORRECT ANSWER >>autograft What is the source of oxygen and nutrients for articular cartilage? a) surrounding synovial fluid b) a direct blood supply c) chondrocytes d) blood vessels in underlying spongy bone - CORRECT ANSWER >>surrounding synovial fluid d) abdominal region - CORRECT ANSWER >>cranial region A muscle end attached to a less moveable or relatively fixed part is called the _____ a) articulation b) insertion c) origin d) sympysis - CORRECT ANSWER >>origin endochondral ossification _______, whereas intramembranous ossification _______ a) forms bone of the cranium; forms bone of the limbs b) inhibits osteoblast activity; increases osteoclast activity c) replaces hyaline cartilage with bone; replaces undifferentiated connective tissue with bone d) increases osteoclast activity; inhibits osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER >>replaces hyaline cartilage with bone; replaces undifferentiated connective tissue with bone Consider the classifications of bone, and examples of each. Which classification comprises bones used primarily for movement rather than protection? a) irregular bones b) long bones c) flat bones d) short bones - CORRECT ANSWER >>long bones Why are the elderly less able to maintain a stable body temperature? a) they have fewer sweat glands b) their sebaceous glands have become less active c) their skin has hardened d) they can no longer sense temperature - CORRECT ANSWER >>their sebaceous glands have become less active What neurotransmitter(s) can stimulate smooth muscle cells? a) only acetylcholine b) only norepinephrine c) only calcium d) both norepinephrine and acetylcholine - CORRECT ANSWER >>only acetylcholine In a laboratory that studies muscle function, a group of rats are bred that, due to a genetic defect, produce a non-functional version of troponin. As a result, the rats are paralyzed. What explains the impact of this defect on muscle? a) troponin, which is exposed when calcium ions bind to actin, will be unable to bind to the myosin heads of the thick filament b) troponin can't bind calcium ions and, thus, will not change shape nor cause tropomyosin to move away from the binding sites on the thin filament c) troponin, exposed when calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, will be unable to bind to the myosin heads of the thick filament d) troponin, which should alter shape when calcium ions bind to tropomyosin, will be unable to move away to reveal the binding sites on the thin filament - CORRECT ANSWER >>troponin can't bind calcium ions and, thus, will not change shape nor cause tropomyosin to move away from the binding sites on the thin filament A patient is experiencing joint inflammation and pain. They undergo an arthrocentesis and their physician discovers cloudy, pus-filled synovial fluid. Which of these conditions is most likely occurring? a) a sprain b) bacterial joint infection c) osteoarthritis d) gout - CORRECT ANSWER >>bacterial joint infection In many movements, the agonist is assisted by other muscles. A muscle that assists the agonist is called a(n) _______ a) synergist b) prime mover c) antagonist d) mediator - CORRECT ANSWER >>synergist What structures connect cardiac muscle cells together? a) motor end plates b) intercalated discs c) intervertebral discs d) neuromuscular junctions - CORRECT ANSWER >>intercalated discs Why does exposure to ultraviolet light darken the skin? a) it stimulates the synthesis of keratin b) it stimulates the proliferation of papillae c) it stimulates the synthesis of melanin d) it stimulates the production of keratinocytes - CORRECT ANSWER >>it stimulates the synthesis of melanin Bones and muscles function together as mechanical devices called __________. a) levers b) loads c) leads d) lifts - CORRECT ANSWER >>levers What is the function of the thoracic cage? a) storage b) support c) protect d) B & C - CORRECT ANSWER >>B & C (support and protect) Which of the following is not a muscle type? a) skeletal b) connective c) smooth d) cardiac - CORRECT ANSWER >>connective Albinism is a skin condition that causes someone to have light skin, hair, and eyes. How does someone get albinism? a) autoimmune disorder b) inherited c) non-hereditary d) infection - CORRECT ANSWER >>inherited Which of the following is not part of the synovial membrane? a) synovial fluid b) joint capsule c) articular cartilage d) motor end plate - CORRECT ANSWER >>motor end plate