Test Bank for Human Anatomy & Physiology, Exercises of Anatomy

Download Test Bank for Human Anatomy & Physiology and more Exercises Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb) Chapter 8 Special Senses Short Answer Figure 8.1 Using Figure 8.1, identify the following: 1) The auricle (pinna) is indicated by the letter __________. Answer: F Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294-295 2) The tympanic membrane is indicated by letter __________. Answer: I Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294-295 3) The semicircular canals are indicated by letter __________. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294-295 4) The cochlea is indicated by letter __________. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294-295 5) The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube is indicated by letter __________. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294-295 2 6) The malleus (hammer) is indicated by letter __________. Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294-295 7) The stapes (stirrup) is indicated by letter __________. Answer: H Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294-295 Fill in the blank or provide a short answer: 8) __________ glands are located on the lateral end of each eye. Answer: Lacrimal Diff: 1 Page Ref: 282 9) The six muscles attached to the outer surface of the eye that produce gross eye movements and make it possible for the eyes to follow objects are the __________. Answer: extrinsic muscles Diff: 2 Page Ref: 282 10) The area of sharpest visual acuity that normally contains only cones is the __________. Answer: fovea centralis Diff: 1 Page Ref: 286 11) Rods and cones are called __________ because they respond to light. Answer: photoreceptors Diff: 2 Page Ref: 284 12) The lens divides the eye into two segments, the __________ and the __________ segments. Answer: anterior (aqueous); posterior (vitreous) Diff: 2 Page Ref: 289 13) Aqueous humor is reabsorbed into venous blood at the sclera-cornea conjunction through the __________. Answer: scleral venous sinus or canal of Schlemm Diff: 3 Page Ref: 289 14) The eye condition resulting from the inability of the aqueous humor to drain from the eye is called __________. Answer: glaucoma Diff: 2 Page Ref: 289 15) The upside-down image formed on the retina as a result of the light-bending activity of the lens is the __________. Answer: real image Diff: 3 Page Ref: 290 16) Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain at the __________. Answer: optic chiasma Diff: 2 Page Ref: 291 5 5) Which cranial nerve is responsible for moving the eye laterally: A) cranial nerve VI (abducens) B) cranial nerve III (oculomotor) C) cranial nerve II (optic) D) cranial nerve IV (trochlear) E) cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear) Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 284 6) Inflammation of the conjunctiva involves which of the following: A) circular band surrounding the pupil B) delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the front of the eyeball C) glands that produce tears D) portion of the eye that contains the optic nerve E) extrinsic eye muscles Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 282 7) The fibrous outermost tunic seen anteriorily as the "white of the eye" is the: A) cornea B) choroid C) retina D) sclera E) fovea centralis Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 283 8) The transparent central anterior portion of the sclera through which light enters the eye is called the: A) choroid B) cornea C) iris D) pupil E) retina Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 283 9) The middle coat of the eyeball that contains pigment which prevents light from scattering in the eyeball is the: A) choroid B) cornea C) retina D) pupil E) sclera Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 283 6 10) Which layer of the eye contains rods and cones: A) sclera B) retina C) choroid D) iris E) optic nerve Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 284 11) The pigmented portion of the eye that has a rounded opening through which light passes is the: A) iris B) lens C) cornea D) sclera E) retina Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 283-284 12) The three sets of color receptors within the retina are sensitive to wavelengths of visible light that are: A) red, green, and yellow B) red, blue, and yellow C) green, yellow, and purple D) orange, green, and purple E) blue, green, and red Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 288 13) The greatest visual acuity is found at the: A) optic disc B) fovea centralis C) iris D) ciliary body E) lens Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 286 14) The aqueous humor of the eye is reabsorbed into venous blood through the: A) inferior larimal canal B) nasolacrimal duct C) scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) D) ciliary body E) pupil Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 289 7 15) Which one of the following is NOT true of color blindness: A) it is sex-linked, inherited homeostatic imbalance B) it results from lack of cones C) it occurs most often in women D) it is caused by a defect in genes on the X (female) sex chromosome E) lack of red or green receptors is the most common type Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 288 16) The gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inward is the: A) aqueous humor B) ciliary body C) choroid coat D) vitreous humor E) canal of Schlemm Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 289 17) What structure of the eye focuses light on the retina: A) iris B) sclera C) lens D) choroid E) optic chiasma Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 288 18) The inability to see distant objects is termed "nearsighted" or: A) emmetropia B) hyperopia C) myopia D) astigmatism E) presbyopia Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 292 19) Eyes suddenly exposed to bright light experience: A) convergence B) accommodation pupillary reflex C) photopupillary reflex D) eyestrain E) hemianopia Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 293 10 30) Hearing receptors within the spiral organ of Corti are called: A) hair cells B) rod cells C) cone cells D) Corti cells E) ceruminous cells Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298 31) The portion of the bony labyrinth responsible for static equilibrium is the: A) vestibule B) semicircular canals C) cochlea D) oval window E) ossicles Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 296 32) Sensorineural deafness occurs when there is damage or degeneration of receptor cells of the: A) semicircular canals B) spiral organ of Corti C) ossicles D) spiral organ of Corti or cochlear nerve E) round window Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 300 33) Gustatory hairs are to taste as olfactory hairs are to: A) sight B) hearing C) dynamic equilibrium D) smell E) both hearing and dynamic equilibrium Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 301-302 34) Which one of the following is NOT a primary taste sensation: A) sweet B) salty C) pungent D) bitter E) sour Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 302 11 35) Which one of the following nerves serves the anterior tongue: A) cochlear B) vestibular C) glossopharyngeal D) vagus E) facial Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 302 36) Which one of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in either taste or smell: A) facial nerve (VII) B) vestibular (VIII) C) glossopharyngeal (IX) D) vagus (X) E) olfactory nerve (I) Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 297 37) Stimulation of sour receptors occurs in response to: A) lemons B) beef steak C) sugar D) salt E) saccharine Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 302 38) The congenital condition of "crossed eyes" is also known as: A) hemianopia B) strabismus C) presbyopia D) myopia E) hyperopia Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 303 39) The decreased lens elasticity associated with aging that makes it difficult to focus on near objects is known as: A) hemianopia B) strabismus C) presbyopia D) myopia E) hyperopia Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 304 12 40) The only special sense that is NOT fully functional at birth is: A) taste B) smell C) vision D) hearing E) touch Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 303-304 True/False 1) The conjunctiva is another name for the sclera. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 282-283 2) Tears are secreted from lacrimal glands located on the medial end of each eye. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 282 3) The pupil is the circular opening in the iris through which light passes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 284 4) Gross eye movements are produced by five extrinsic eye muscles attached to the outer surface of each eye. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 282 5) In close vision and bright light, the pupil will dilate. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 284 6) Cones enable vision in dim light. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 286 7) The ciliary body is a smooth muscle structure to which the lens is attached. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 283; 288 8) There are two varieties of cones; one responds to red light and the other responds to green light. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 286; 288 9) An astigmatism results from unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 292 10) The normal resting eye is generally "set" for distant vision. Answer: TRUE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 290 15 Match the following ear structures to their appropriate descriptions: 10) Pinna A) links the inner ear and the cochlea Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294 B) stirrup 11) Tympanic membrane C) eardrum Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294 12) Auditory tube D) anvil Diff: 1 Page Ref: 294 E) outer ear 13) Malleus F) contains the receptors for static equilibrium Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295 14) Incus G) hammer Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295 15) Stapes H) contains the ossicles Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295 I) middle ear 16) Cochlea J) links the middle ear and the throat Diff: 1 Page Ref: 295 17) Spiral organ of Corti K) snail-like subdivision of the osseous labyrinth Diff: 1 Page Ref: 298 18) Semicircular canals L) contains the cochlea Diff: 1 Page Ref: 297 M) saddle horn 19) Vestibule N) contains the hair cells Diff: 1 Page Ref: 296 O) contains the receptors for dynamic equilibrium P) wedge Q) contains receptors for dynamic equilibrium 10) E 11) C 12) J 13) G 14) D 15) B 16) K 17) N 18) Q 19) F 16 Match the following taste sensations: 20) Sugar, saccharine A) bitter receptors Diff: 1 Page Ref: 302 B) sweet receptors 21) Oranges, tomatoes C) salty receptors Diff: 1 Page Ref: 302 22) Amino acid glutamate D) umami receptors Diff: 2 Page Ref: 302 E) sour receptors 23) Alkaloids Diff: 1 Page Ref: 302 24) Metal ions in solution Diff: 2 Page Ref: 302 25) Hydrogen ions in solution Diff: 2 Page Ref: 302 20) B 21) E 22) D 23) A 24) C 25) E Match the following eye disorders with their descriptions: 26) Nearsightedness A) glaucoma Diff: 1 Page Ref: 292 B) myopia 27) Increased pressure within the eye C) cataracts Diff: 2 Page Ref: 289 D) astigmatism 28) Blurry images due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens E) night blindness Diff: 2 Page Ref: 292 F) presbyopia 29) Eyeball is "too short" G) hyperopia Diff: 1 Page Ref: 292 H) conjunctivitis 30) Inflammation of the conjunctiva Diff: 1 Page Ref: 282 31) Prolonged vitamin A deficiency results in deterioration of the neural retina Diff: 3 Page Ref: 286 26) B 27) A 28) D 29) G 30) H 31) E 17 Essay 1) Describe the pathway of light through the eyeball and the process of light refraction. Answer: Light travels through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor before being focused on the retina during normal vision. Refraction by the cornea and humors is constant, whereas the lens changes its shape to be either more or less convex as needed. The greater the convexity, the more light is bent. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 290 2) Describe the path of the optic fibers from the optic nerve to the occipital lobe of the brain. Answer: Optic fibers from each eye leave the back of the eyeball through the optic nerve. At the optic chiasma, the medial fibers of each eye cross over to the opposite side. The resultant optic tracts contain fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye. The optic fibers synapse with neurons in the thalamus, which then continue on to the occipital lobe of the brain. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 291 3) Describe the role of the lens in vision. Name and explain the disease caused by the hardening of the lens. Answer: 1. The lens is the only structure in the eye that can change shape to refract light. The lens becomes more or less convex in order to properly focus light on the retina. 2. Cataracts are caused when the lens becomes increasingly hard and opaque. Vision becomes hazy and blindness can occur in the affected eye. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 288-289 4) Explain the mechanism of hearing. Answer: Sound waves enter the pinna and are transmitted down the external auditory canal until they hit the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate. Vibration of the tympanic membrane then causes the ossicles of the middle ear to vibrate, which in turn presses on the oval window of the inner ear. Vibration of the oval window sets the fluids of the inner ear in motion. Movement of the cochlear fluids then stimulate the hair cells of the organ of Corti, which in turn transmit impulses along the cochlear nerve to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, where interpretation of sound occurs. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 298-300