The Diverse Roles and Training of Clinical Psychologists, Study notes of Clinical Psychology

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Clinical and Counseling Psychology Study Review Notes

1. mental illness: Pattern of behavior, thinking, or feeling that causes significant personal

distress and interference in daily functioning

2. Clinical Psychology provides:: Assessment and behavioral health care Consultation

with agencies and communities Training, education, supervision, research to inform of its practices Relies on clinical psychologists

3. Clinical Psychologist: They understand the symptoms of mental health and provide

treatment Assess, diagnose, and treat those with emotional, behavioral, and/or cognitive difficulties

4. clinical psychologist may be involved in:: Psychotherapy Teaching

Research Consultation Administration

5. Psychiartists: They are licensed physicians who:

• Diagnose
• Assess
• Treat -Study mental health problems and disorders -Attribute biological causes (and brain abnormalities) to mental health problems They use medical approaches for treating patients Medication Electrical or magnetic stimulation of particular brain regions

6. Social Workers: -Provide psychological treatment to individuals and groups

-Focus on familial and sociocultural factors underlying psychopathology -Involved with everyday lives, stresses of patients -Visit environments where patients spend the bulk of their lives: homes, workplaces, etc.

7. Psychiatric Nurses: -Specializing in treating psychiatric patients

-Diagnose, create, and implement treatment plans -Skills overlap with clinical psychologists/psychiatrists -Work in research, teaching, administration

-Can prescribe medication

8. Marriage and Family Therapists: -Licensed; diagnose, treat mental, behavioral, emotional

problems -Tend to marital/couples' conflict, parent-child conflict, substance abuse, sexual dysfunction, grief, dementia, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia -Focus on individual's behavior in relationships As couples, or in families Involve family members in goal-oriented interventions

9. "Psychotherapist," "Life Coach," and Other Unregulated Terms: "Therapist," "Psychotherapist",

and "life coach" are unregulated titles; do not require: -Documentation of appropriate professional training -Passing a licensing exam -Maintaining current knowledge (continuing education) Unregulated services are not the same as professional and paraprofessional ser- vices

10. Psychologists: "Subdisciplines" with or without training to practice psychology:

Developmental Psychologists Change of psychological processes over the lifespan Social Psychologists Individual and group interaction Cognitive Psychologists Mental processes Behavioral Neuroscientists Biology of behavior Quantitative Psychologists Statistical procedures

11. Counseling psychologist: Counseling Psychology

Work with healthy individuals, or those with adjustment problems Work in counseling centers on university campuses or within communities Address social relationships, career decisions, mild to moderate anxiety, eating disorder risks Measure academic abilities, personality, interests, vocational aptitude

12. School psychologist: School Psychologists Work in

primary and educational school settings

Work with students, educators, parents, school administrators Promote intellectual, social, and emotional well-being May conduct assessments (giftedness, intellectual/learning disabilities, or ADHD) Develop learning programs, behavior modification programs

13. How do Clinical Psychologists Seek to Integrate a Diversity or Multicul- tural Perspective?: -By

creating culturally informed resources to sensitively assist members of all diverse groups -By increasing the representation of diverse clinical psychologists in training, lead- ership positions -By incorporating diversity factors in decision-making processes when assessing and treating patients -By including diverse, underrepresented populations in research

14. Activities of Clinical Psychologists: -Conduct research

-Work as a university professor -Provide psychological services in hospitals -Consult for corporations -Perform administrative functions in corporations or academic institutions

15. Major Activities of Clinical Psychologists: Intervention - providing psycholog- ical treatments;

one-to-one, or to groups; guided by research Diagnosis/Assessment - diagnose the problem, and assess the success of treat- ment using tests Research - prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, intervention effectiveness, assessments Teaching - at colleges, universities, and undergraduate courses Clinical supervision - of trainees Consultation - to companies, legal system, physicians Administration - managing client records, serving on university or departmental committees

16. The Scientist-Practitioner Model (The Boulder Model): Clinical Psycholo- gists shall:

-Pursue training in university departments -Achieve competence in psychological assessment and treatment -Receive training as researchers -Be required to complete a clinical internship -This earns them a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

17. The basis for the Scientist-Practitioner Model:: A systematic union between clinical skill and

logical empiricism of science

Graduates able to read, understand, contribute to, critique, and utilize science when considering treatment decisions in mental health Clinicians contribute to clinical knowledge by translating experiences into testable hypotheses Clients' progress evaluated scientifically Treatments selected using empirical evidence

18. Critiques of the Scientific-Practitioner Model emphasize:: -Training in prac- tice should be

prioritized over research training -Research conducted in graduate school seems trivial More focus on statistics, theories of conditioning, or principles of biological neuro- science Less focus on diagnosis, assessment, psychotherapy Clinical psychology seen as an "art" not science

19. The Practitioner-Scholar Model (The Vail Model): An alternative to the Boul- der model; critics

of latter met in Vail, Colorado in 1973 The model emphasizes more practice, less science The model rejected by academic clinical psychologists who adopted the scien- tist- practitioner approach Led to the creation of a new doctoral degree Doctor of Psychology (PsyD); similar to PhD programs in first two years of training Years 3-4 more therapeutic experience and assessment

20. Emergence of Professional Schools: High tuitions, few waivers, larger facul- ty-student ratios

Differences between PhD and PsyD training paths -PsyD acceptance rate: 41%, PhD acceptance rate: 15% -PsyD faculty have less expertise in evidence-based psychological interventions -PsyD students accrue more student loan debt -PsyD students less likely to match to clinical internships -PsyD students less likely to successfully pass a national licensing exam

21. Argosy: a system of 22 for-profit career colleges

Established in 2001 Housed one of the largest PsyD programs in the United States 8800 students taught in person and online 2019: Government denied students financial aid For- profit schools' flaws exposed in Argosy fail

22. What led to the formation of the Academy of Psychological Clinical Sci- ence: The Clinical-

Scientist Model The popularity of the Vail model and PsyD disturbed science-minded clinical psy- chologists In 1991, a prominent clinical psychologist McFall opposed some in his profession: Practitioners employed ineffective treatments not supported by research or clinical studies They relied on unreliable and invalid assessment techniques, questioning positive outcomes McFall reasoned the legitimacy of science in training and the practice of clinical psychologists 1995: Academy of Psychological Science formed; affiliated with Association for Psychological Science (APS)

23. Academy of Psychological Clinical Science: Training-To foster the training of students for

careers as clinical psychological scientists who will produce/apply scientific knowledge Research and Theory- To advance the full range of clinical science research/theory and their integration with other relevant sciences Resources and Opportunities- To foster the development of and access to re- sources/opportunities for training, research, funding, and careers in clinical science Application- To foster the broad application of clinical science to human problems in responsible and innovative ways Dissemination- To foster the timely dissemination of clinical science to policy-making groups, psychologists, and other scientists, practitioners, and consumers

24. Components of Doctoral Training: No undergraduate requirements for gradu- ate training in

clinical psychology Competencies required for graduate school entrance articulated by APA: -The knowledge base in psychological principles, theories -Scientific inquiry and critical thinking capacity -Psychologists' ethical, social responsibility awareness -Communication skills

25. Path to Obtain a Doctoral Degree in Clinical Psychology: -Undergraduate education required

-Some relevant (research) experience -Master's degree is part of doctoral program -Doctoral programs are federally regulated -Curriculum undergoes standard accreditation through APA and PCSAS

-Doctoral programs include coursework, research, supervised practical training, a competitive predoctoral internship -Culminates in a computerized national match

26. Pros of Graduate School: Graduates of unaccredited programs and predoc- toral

internships help reduce the shortage of required professionals in the field of clinical psychology

27. Cons of Graduate School: -Unaccredited programs may not meet competency requirements

outlined by regulators -Such programs may have no funding from the government, compromising program quality -The training experience of students can vary in richness depending on where it takes place

28. Licensing and Credentialing: Clinical psychologists require a license to prac- tice

2000 hours of Postdoctoral fellowship supervised clinical experience Passing: Two national licensing exams, Examination of Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) A state, or province, or territory-specific jurisprudence exam determined by the state or provincial board of psychology

29. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct: The principles are not enforceable

rules or obligations — are guidelines; cannot be used as punishment for unethical practice

30. Five General Principles for the Practice of Clinical Psychology: -Benefi- cence and

Nonmaleficence -Fidelity and Responsibility

• Integrity
• Justice -Respect for People's Rights and Dignity Specific ethical standards enforceable rules of conduct, when: Psychologists are APA members Violation may result in reprimand or censuring from APA, or termination from APA

31. Competence: Clinical Psychologists must:

-Practice within the bounds of their competence -Represent their training accurately -Be sensitive to the personal attributes of clients -Not allow personal problems to interfere with treatments

-Receive clients' informed consent to treatment -Adhere to ethical standards' guidelines

32. Privacy and Confidentiality: Confidentiality is chief to client-psychologist rela- tionship

Clinical psychologists can act against wishes of client: -In instances when someone may be at harm/risk -When a client has been harmed -When a client may attempt fatal harm to self -When client is a minor Precedent set by Tarasoff case guides clinical psychologists They will break confidentiality if there is imminent harm to victim Guidelines are fuzzy: Legal precedents differ in various states Unclear qualifier for "imminent" time frame Ideations of homicide, suicide can be vague

33. Reporting becomes challenging when:: Some clients may not want to be reported

Perpetrator is present

34. Privacy and Confidentiality - Working with Youth: -Confidentiality is not of- fered to minor

clients -Parents can request all details regarding therapy -Therapists discuss the benefits of confidentiality in the presence of minor clients -Agree to disclose life-threatening issues

35. dual relationship: A dual relationship develops with their clients

-Any affiliation outside of the therapeutic context -Therapy no longer helps clients -Treatment is not consistent with diagnoses -Clients decide therapy is no longer required -Charging for unnecessary services violates ethical guidelines

36. Consenting: Therapeutic relationship with clients begins with obtaining in- formed

consent Inform clients about the treatment process Addressing their fears, myths about treatment A consent form is read together

Psychologist explains all sections (clauses) Answer client questions

37. How Do Clinical Psychologists Adhere to Ethical Principles During Re- search?: -They need

informed consent from participants -Keep participant data confidential -Exercise extreme care if using deception -Debriefing at the end of research -Not obtain fraudulent data in any way

38. Ethics and Clinical Psychology Research: -Institutions must approve re- search

beforehand -Obtain informed consent from participants -Use experimental deception as last resort -Do not coerce participation -Don't fabricate data -Inform participants of data; share research with other researchers -Erase any patient misconceptions -Treat animal subjects lawfully and humanely

39. Informed Consent: Researchers must:

-Obtain formal participants' informed consent -Inform them of any risks, discomforts, or limitations on confidentiality -Inform them of compensation -Guarantee participants' privacy and safety Participants: -Have the freedom to withdraw from study -Should know the general purpose of the study -Should be aware of procedures of conducting the study

40. Confidentiality: Researchers must:

Keep participant data and responses confidential Use code numbers instead of names Obtain consent before disclosing confidential information

41. What Situations Require a Confidentiality Breach: -Some psychological ex- periments

necessitate temporary deception to obtain the most accurate data -Ethics support important social and moral values

42. Psychological Assessment: the process of collecting and synthesizing infor- mation to

understand the client's thoughts and behavior -Classify their problems -Develop intervention plans -Measure intervention effects -Conduct research to better understand psychological phenomena

43. Major Steps in Conducting a Psychological Assessment: 1. Determine the reason for referral

and present problem

2.Choose what to assess

3.Select the method of assessment

4.Gather the assessment data

5.Consider the data and draw conclusions

6.Convey the conclusions to the appropriate parties

44. The Referral and Presenting Problem: Client provides reason for referral to clinician

-Why psychological services are sought Presenting problem initiates assessment -What needs evaluation -Assessment instruments to use -Goals of assessment

45. What needs to be assessed is guided by:: -Goals in the referral

-Understanding of the presenting problem -Professional psychologists must make accurate judgments of these

46. Psychometric evaluation: Looking at the different psychotic features that a client

demonstrates

47. Evidence-based assessment: Has had repeated testing done Factual data

that backs up that test

48. Reliability: consistency with which test measures variables (anxiety, intelli- gence, etc.)

49. Test-retest reliability: shows the stability of the test

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50. Interrater reliability: shows the degree of diagnostic agreement between inter- viewers

51. Internal consistency: shows whether test questions measure the same char- acteristic

52. PsY: less research/no research

53. PhD: more research based

54. The first step in every interaction with a clinical psychologist typically involves a discussion of

ethics and the solicitation of from a client to begin assessment or treatment: informed consent

55. Require a doctoral degree (such as a PHD) activities include research, clinical practice,

teaching, consultation, administration trained scientifically and practically regarded to be very knowledgeable critical thinkers: clinical psychologists

56. Is what initiates an assessment. It helps with thinking about what needs to be evaluated,

assessment tools used, goals to be worked on: presenting problem

57. Licenses physicians: diagnose, assess, treat, study mental health prob- lems and disorders

attribute biological causes (and brain abnormalities) to mental health problems. Use medical approaches for treating patients: psychi- atrist

58. Clinicians should be clear and open about matters of and the

conditions under which it could be breaches: confidentiality

59. Allows individuals at imminent risk to be held against will between 48 and 72 hours promotes

safety and monitoring clinical psychologists encourage clients to receive evaluations: baker act

60. is a form of teaching that involves close one on one work with an individual or small group

trainees: clinical supervision

61. pattern of behavior, thinking, or feeling that causes

-significant personal distress -interference in daily functioning: mental illness

62. psychologists are required to avoid , which are defined as in- stances

when a psychologist has any type of affiliation with the client outside the therapeutic context: dual relationship

63. when World War II broke out, the military called upon clinical psychologists to address the

symptoms of that were observed among veterans engaged in combat: psychological trauma

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64. They are licensed to diagnose and treat mental, behavioral, and emotional problems within the

context of marriage, relationships, and family systems: - marriage and family therapist

65. Most clinical psychologists ensure that they are practicing within the bounds of their :

competence

66. The formed in 1988 by an academic-scientific contingent whose goals included

advancing the discipline of psychology, preserving its scientif- ic base, and promoting public understanding of the field and its applications- : Association for Psychological Science

67. Provide psychological treatment to individuals, groups focus on familial and sociocultural factors

underlying psychopathology involved with everyday lives, stresses of patients visit environments where patients spend bulk of lives homes, workplaces, etc.: social worker

68. field of psychology devoted to research, teaching, and services relevant to the applications of

principles, methods, and procedures for understanding predicting social and behavioral maladjustment: clinical psychology

69. Work with educators to promote the intellectual, social and emotional growth of school age

children. Evaluating children and consulting with teach- ers and administrations about school policy: school psychologist

70. Generally, psychologists are only permitted to practice in states where they hold an active

: license

71. The training model encourages rigorous training in empirical research methods

and integration of scientific principles into clinical prac- tice: scientist-practitioner

72. A landmark 1976 case, ruled therapist was legally remiss for not informing all parties of the

client's intention to harm. Established " duty to protect": - Tarasoff case

73. The consistency of test scores across some period of time: test-retest reliability