The Diversity of Life: Classifying Organisms, Exams of Biology

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BIOLOGY 2 TEST EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS

1.Angiosperms are most closely related to .: gymnosperms

2. Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the

dominant animals?: gymnosperms

3. This is an image of a(n).

There is a plant which has thin green leaves and a thin green stem. Leaves are whorled, long and narrow. The plant has no flowers or any reproduction organs.:

charophycean

4. Plants evolved from green algae approximately million years ago.: -

5. are an example of seedless vascular plants: ferns

6. The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the

.: bryophytes

7.Fungi release digestive enzymes into their .: surroundings

8.Basidia produce spores by a process known as .: meiosis

9. Some scientists are conducting research on the "saliva" of bed bugs. Which of the

following is the most logical medical benefit from this research?: Using the

anticoagulant to prevent blood clots in humans

10.taxonomy: branch of biology used for classifying organisms 11.species: members of a group that can interbreed 12.evolutionary history of a species: phylogeny 13.classification system in order: domain,kingdom,phylum,class,order,fami-

ly.genus,species

14.what are the two types of prokaryotes: arachae and bacteria 15.what are the different types of eukaryotes: animals, plants, fungi and protis 16.how many named species are their: 1.6 million 17.how many new species are identified annually?: 15, 18.how many species do scientist think exists?: 8.7 million 19.What are the domains of life?: prokaryotes and eukaryotes 20.How are organisms named and classified?: they are given a scientific named

based on their genus and species

21.what were earths first organisms: prokaryotes 22.what are the three common shapes of prokaryotes: spherical, rod-

like,corkscrew-shaped

23.how are bacteria and archae different: bacteria have peptidoglycan in their

cell wall archaea does not

24.what are the two types of bacteria: gram -

gram +

25.how do prokaryotes move?: with their flagella

26.the branch of biology concerned with reconstructing phylogeny and with name

clades: systematics

27.what does systematics seek to reconstruct?: the tree of life 28.what does systematics look closely at?: similarities in both external body

structures and internal body structures

29.a group that includes all the organisms descended from a common ances- tor , but

no other organisms: clade

30.the diversity of living organisms measured as the variety of different species , the variety of different alleles in species gene pools or the variety of different communities and nonliving environments in an ecosystem or in the entire biosphere:

biodiversity

31.Which of the following statements best describes the end result of bacte- rial

conjugation?: One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept

one copy for itself.

32. From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation?-

: the donor cell

33.True or False. During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-

stranded loop of DNA.: true

34.what are some characteristics of porifera sponges: -lacks tissues, -found in

aquatic environments (mostly in salt waterocean) -adult forms live attached

to rocks

-come in a variety of shapes and sizes

-most are hermaphroditic

-typically reproduce sexually

-have three

major cell

types:

1.Epithelial cells 2.Collar cells 3.Amoeboid cells 35.what are some characteristics of Nematoda: -roundworms are everywhere

-play a role in breaking down matter

-mostly microscopic

-lack circulatory and respiratory systems

-most reproduce sexually

-Some are harmful

to humans

36.what are some examples of Nematoda: Ex. Hookworms-bore

into human feet and travel

to the intestines

Ex. Trichinella causes

trichinosis by eating

improperly cooked

infected pork

Ex. Parasitic Heart

worms- pose a threat

to unprotected pets

37.what are some examples of Arthropoda: -includes the insects,

arachnids, myriapods, and

crustaceans

-~1 million species discovered

-have appendages

and exoskeleton

38.what are some characteristics of insects: -~850,000 species

-undergo metamorphosis

-Ex. Butterflies, moths,

bees, ants, wasps, and

beetles

-the only flying invertebrates

-single pair of antennae

-3 pairs of legs

39.what are some characteristics of Arachnids: -lack antennae

-most are predatory

meat eaters

-have eight walking legs

-Ex. Spiders, mites, ticks,

and scorpions

40.what are some characteristics of Myriapods: -have many legs

-have one pair of antennae

• Ex. Centipedes

and millipedes

41.What are some characteristics Crustaceans: -Ex. Crabs, crayfish, lobsters,

shrimp, and barnacles

-have two pairs of antennae

42.what are some examples of Echinodermata: Ex. Sand dollars, sea

urchins, sea stars,

sea cucumbers,

and sea lilies

-no distinct brain

-simple

nervous

system

-lack

circulatory

system

43.Chordata: -some are also

vertebrates

-of the

invertebrates are

included the sea

squirts and

lancelets

44. Why would it be beneficial for a parasitic

flatworm to be hermaphroditic?: To be able to reproduce if no other flatworms

are around with

which to mate

45. Among myriapods, what differentiates a

millipede from a centipede?: Millipedes have more legs.

46. How do arthropods grow while being contained in

an exoskeleton, which is a rigid, heavy structure?: Arthropods molt, or shed,

their exoskeleton and replace it with a

bigger one

47.why do classifications change: classifications are subjected to reversion as

new information is discovered some species boundaries are hard to define

(asexu- ally reproduction)

48. To say that species A is more closely related to species B than to species C is to say that A and B

A)have a more ancient common ancestor than do A and C.

B)have a more recent common ancestor than do A and C.

C)are more similar in appearance than are A and C.

D)live in the same area, but C does not live there.: B

49. To be informative for reconstruction phylogeny of a group of taxa, charac- teristic must be

A)present in all the taxa due to its presence in a common ancestor.

B)present in all the taxa due to convergent evolution.

C)an anatomical feature.

D)DNA sequence.: A

50. In modern systematics , classifications are expected to

A)group organisms that share similar appearance.

B)include Linnaean taxonomic ranks.

C)reflect evolutionary history.

D)never change once established.: C

51.Which of the following includes all the domains that consist of prokaryotic

organisms?: Bacteria and archae

52. The science of naming and classifying organisms is called .: -

taxonomy

53.The related science of reconstructing and depicting evolutionary history is called

.: systematics

54.A group consisting of all organisms descended from a particular common ancestor

is a(n) .: clade

55. A scientific name consists of a(n) name followed by a(n) name. Both parts of a scientific name are in (a language). The first letter of the first word in a scientific name is always , and both parts of the name are printed in letters.: -

genus, species; Latin; capitalized, italic

56. In Linnaean classification, the eight major taxonomic ranks, in descending order of inclusiveness, are , , , , , , , and. The three domains of

life are , , and .: domain, kingdom,

phylum, class, order, family, genus, species; Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

57.Systematists determine the evolutionary relationships among species mainly on the basis of similarities in and .:

anatomy, DNA sequence

58.The number of named species is about , but the actual number of

species on Earth is estimated to be about or higher.: 1.6 million,

8.7 million

59. What contributions did Linnaeus and Darwin make to modern taxonomy?: 60. What features would you study to determine whether a dolphin is more closely related to a fish or to a bear?:

61. What techniques might you use to determine whether the extinct cave bear is more closely related to a grizzly bear or to a black bear?: 62. Only a small fraction of the total number of species on Earth has been scientifically described. Why?: 63. Why are species designations of asexually reproducing organisms more likely to differ among different systematists than are the species designations of sexually reproducing organisms?: 64. The name of the process by which DNA is transferred from one prokaryote to another via a cytoplasmic bridge is A)conjugation. B)prokaryotic fission. C)meiosis.

D)bioremediation.: A

65. A community of prokaryotes surrounded by slime and adhering to a sur- face is called a(n) A)plasmid.

B)flagellum.

C)endospore.

D)biofilm.: D

66. Which of the following statements about archaea is not true?

A)Some archaea can survive and thrive at temperatures above the boiling point of

water.

B)The cell walls of archaea contain peptidoglycan.

C)Archaea are not closely related to bacteria.

D)Archaea are not known to cause any disease of plants or animals.: B

67. Viruses are usually A)photosynthetic. B)consist of a single cell.

C)consist of DNA or RNA and a protein coat.

D)consist of ATP and a lipid coat.: C

68. Applying fertilizer near an oil spill to increase the population of oil-con- suming bacteria is an example of A)bioremediation. B)conjugation.

C)genetic engineering.

D)lateral gene transfer.: A

69. have peptidoglycan in their , but do not.: -

bacteria, cell wall, arcahe

70.Prokaryotic cells are (larger/smaller) than eukaryotic cells. The most com- mon

shapes of prokaryotes are , , and .: 1Bacteria, cell walls, archaea

71. Many prokaryotes use to move about. Some prokaryotes se- crete slime that protects them when they aggregate in communities called. Other prokaryotes can survive long periods and extreme

conditions by producing protective structures called .: flagella;

biofilms; endospores

72. bacteria inhabit environments that lack oxygen. bacteria cap-

ture energy from sunlight.: Anaerobic; Photosynthetic

73.Prokaryotes reproduce by and may sometimes exchange genetic

material through the process of .: prokaryotic fission, conjugation

74.The plant nutrient ammonium is produced by bacteria in the soil and in nodules. Prokaryotes that live in the digestive tracts of cows and rabbits break

down in the leaves that those mammals eat.: nitrogen-fixing;

cellulose

75.Cholera, gonorrhea, and pneumonia are some of the diseases caused by pathogenic. Harmful strains of E. coli can be transmitted to humans by

consumption of , , or .: bacteria; meat, eggs, produce (order not

important)

76.A virus consists of a molecule of or surrounded by a(n) coat. A virus cannot reproduce unless it enters a(n) cell. A virus that infects bacteria is

known as a(n) .: DNA, RNA (order not

important), protein; host; bacteriophage

77. Which of the following statements about protists is False? A)Some protists are photosynthetic.

B)All protists are eukaryotes.

C)Although protists are diverse, they form a single clade.

D)Protists include both unicellular and multicellular species.: C

78. The harmful protist blooms known as "red tides" are produced by A)apicomplexans.

B)dinoflagellates.

C)red algae.

D)foraminiferans.: B

79. The organism that causes malaria belongs to which of the following groups?

A)alveolates B)slime molds C)ciliates

D)apicomplexans: D

80. The finger-like extensions of the cell membrane that some protists use for feeding or locomotion are called A)pseudopods. B)cilia.

C)flagella.

D)food vacuoles.: A

81. A person who develops severe diarrhea after drinking untreated water on a camping trip is likely to have been infected by A)Plasmodium, an apicomplexan. B)Ulva, a chlorophyte. C)Paramecium, a ciliate.

D)Giardia, a diplomonad.: D

82.Protists that absorb nutrients from their surroundings may act as

of dead organic matter or as harmful of larger living organisms.: decom-

posers, parasites

83.Photosynthetic protists are collectively known as ; nonphoto- synthetic, single-celled protists are collectively known as .:

algae; protozoa

84.Protist chloroplasts surrounded by four-layer membranes arose evolu- tionarily through , in which an ancestral nonphotosynthetic protist

engulfed but did not digest a(n) .: secondary endosymbiosis,

pho- tosynthetic protist

85.The disease-causing protist that causes malaria is a member of the group, and the protist that causes sleeping sickness is a member of the group

.: apicomplexan (or alveolate); kinetoplastid (or euglenozoan)

86.The plant diseases downy mildew and late blight are caused by protists in the

group. Slime molds are members of the group.: water mold (or

oomycete or stramenopile); amoebozoan

87.Protists that make up a large proportion of Earth's phytoplankton include and. The protist group containing the species most likely to one day be cultivated for biofuel

production is .: dinoflagellates, diatoms; chlorophytes

88. In an alternation of generations life cycle, spores develop into that produce gametes that fuse to give rise to.

A)haploid gametophytes; diploid sporophytes

B)diploid gametophytes; haploid sporophytes

C) haploid sporophytes; diploid gametophytes

D)diploid sporophytes; haploid gametophytes: A

89. Which of the following are not nonvascular plants? A)mosses B)liverworts C)ferns

D)hornworts: C

90. Which of the following structures is present in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms? A)cones B)fruits C)seeds

D)xylem: B

91. In which of the following is the gametophyte stage larger and more promi- nent than the sporophyte stage? A)nonvascular plants B)seed plants C)angiosperms

D)gymnosperms: A

92. 1Which of the following is not an adaption that helps plants resist gravity and/or dry conditions on land? A)xylem B)lignin C)cuticle

D)photosynthesis: D

93. Scienti sts hypothesize that the ancestors of plants were. There are two major types of plants; those that lack conducting cells are called and those with conducting cells are called. All plants produce

multicellular and exhibit a complex life cycle called .: green algae;

nonvascular plants (bryophytes), vascular plants (tracheophytes); embryos,

alternation of generations

94. Plant adaptations to life on land include a(n) which reduces evaporation of water, and , which open to allow gas exchange but close when is scarce. In addition, the bodies of vascular plants gain increased support from and impregnated with the polymer ; these structures also help and move

within the plant body.: 2. cuticle, stomata, water; xylem and phloem (order

not important), lignin, water, nutrients

95.Seedless vascular plants must reproduce when conditions are wet be- cause their sperm must. Two adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce more efficiently on dry land are and. The seed plants fall into two major categories: the_nonflowering and the flowering. Flowers were favored by natural selection because they. Fruits were favored by

natural selection because they .: 3. swim to the egg; seeds, pollen;

gymnosperms, angiosperms; attract pollinators; facilitate seed dispersal

96. Three groups of nonvascular plants are , , and . Three groups of seedless vascular plants are , , and. Today, the most diverse group of plants is the

.: 4. hornworts, liverworts, mosses; club mosses, horsetails,

ferns; an- giosperms

97. Fungi have cell walls composed primarily of A)lignin. B)cellulose. D)chitin.

E)glucose.: C

98. Which of the following diseases is not caused by a fungus?

A)valley fever B)Dutch elm disease C)histoplasmosis

D)malaria: D

99. A symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi is known as a lichen. mycorrhiza. sporangium.

chytrid.: B

100. The alcohol in beer and wine is a by-product of by . infection; Candida albicans respiration; rumen fungi fermentation; yeast decomposition;

saprophytes: C

101. is an ecologically important function of fungi. Photosynthesis Decomposition

Alcohol production

Antibiotic production: B

102. The portions of a fungus that are visible to the naked eye are often structures specialized for. These structures release tiny , which are dispersed to produce new

fungi.: reproduction; spores

103. The fungal body is a(n) and is composed of microscopic threads called that may be subdivided into many cells by. The cell walls of fungi are strength- ened by .:

mycelium, hyphae, septa; chitin

104. In fungi, asexual spores are produced by cell division and have set(s) of chromosomes. Sexual spores are produced by cell division in a(n) and have set(s) of

chromosomes.: mitotic, one; meiotic, zygote, one

105. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the common names of fungal taxonomic groups. Almost all live in intimate association with plant roots. Flagellated, swimming spores are produced by. Mushrooms and puff- balls are

reproductive structures of .: glomeromycetes; chytrids, rumen fungi, and

blastoclades; basidiomycetes

106. are symbiotic associations of fungi and green algae. are symbiotic, mu- tually beneficial associations of fungi and plant roots. Some fungi are that live inside the

aboveground tissues of plants.: Lichens; Mycorrhizae; endophytes

107. Fungi are the only decomposers that can digest. The fungi that cause

breads to rise and wines to ferment are. Human ailments caused by fungi include

and .: wood (cellulose and lignin); yeasts; athlete's foot, jock itch, vaginal

infections, ringworm, histoplasmosis, valley fever (many possible answers)

108. Which of the following groups contains radially symmetrical organisms? A)arthropods B)cnidarians C)mollusks

D)roundworms: B

109. To acquire nutrients, sponges

A)filter microorganisms from water brought in through pores.

B)use stinging cells to capture small prey.

C)parasitize larger animals. D)suck nutrients from prey after injecting enzymes that dissolve prey tissues.-

: A

110. A coelom is a body cavity that is

a)partially lined with tissue derived from mesoderm.

B)a body cavity that is completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm.