The Endocrine System: Hormones and Their Functions, Quizzes of Anatomy

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Anatomy 2 Lesson 4 Prep Study Questions

1. Location of Thyroid gland: Lies inferior to thyroid cartilage of larynx
2. how many lobes does the Thyroid gland have?: 2
3. how are the lobes of the thyroid gland connected?: isthmus
4. Thyroid follicles: Hollow spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium
5. Thyroid follicle cells surround: the follicle cavity
6. thyroid follicles are surrounded by a network of: capillaries that: -Deliver nutrients and regulatory hormones -Accept secretory products and metabolic wastes
7. Thyroglobulin is synthesized by: follicular cells
8. thyroglobulin contains: amino acid tyrosine
9. thyroglobulin is secreted into: thyroid follciles and forms T3 and T
10. Triiodothyronine (T3): contains 3 Iodide ions
11. Thyroxine (T4): also called tetraiodothyronine contains 4 iodide ions
12. Thyroid binding globulins: Plasma proteins that bind about 75 percent of T4 and 70 percent of T 3 entering the bloodstream
13. Transthyretin and albumiin bind: Bind most of the remaining thyroid

2 hormones

14. what % of T3 and T4 are unbound: 0.3 and 0.03 thyroid hormone is a biogenic amine (amino acid derivative)
15. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) absence causes: Absence causes thy- roid follicles to become inactive -Neither synthesis nor secretion occurs
16. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) binds to: membrane receptors
17. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) activates: Activates key enzymes in thyroid hormone production
18. absense of iodine causes goiters.. why?: thyroid cells stimulated by TSH, when not enough iodine there no negative feedback to stop TSH
19. Thyroid Hormones Enter target cells by: transport system
20. thyroid hormones affest: most cells in body
21. thyroid hormones bind to receptors in:: 1. Cytoplasm 2.Surfaces of mitochondria 3.Nucleus
22. In children, thyroid hormones are essential to normal development of: - Skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems

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23. Calorigenic effect: Cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation
24. Calorigenic effect is responsible for: Is responsible for strong, immediate, and short lived increase in rate of cellular metabolism
25. Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Peripheral Tissues: 1. Elevates rates of oxygen consumption and energy consumption; in children, may cause a rise in body temperature 2.Increases heart rate and force of contraction; generally results in a rise in blood pressure 3.Increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation 4.Maintains normal sensitivity of respiratory centers to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations 5.Stimulates red blood cell formation and thus enhances oxygen delivery 6.Stimulates activity in other endocrine tissues 7.Accelerates turnover of minerals in bone
26. Congenital hypothyroidism: intellectual disability/stunted bone growth ( cre- tinism. Typically Born with
27. Adult hypothyroidism: swelling of face, slow heart rate, low body temp, sensi- tivity to cold, dry

4 skin/hair, muscle weakness, weight gain myxedema

28. Hyperthyroidism: Excessive release of thyroid hormone. Can be caused by Graves disease
29. Graves disease: autoimmune disorder where your immune system's antibodies mimic TSH
30. C cells are also called: parafollicular cells
31. C Cells produce: calcitonin
32. Calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels.... Tone it down
33. How does calcitonin decrease blood calcium levels: 1. Inhibits osteoclasts, which slows the rate of Ca2+ release from bone 2.Stimulates Ca 2+ excretion by the kidneys (the excess Ca 2+ is removed from body in urine)
34. the 4 parathyroid gland are embedded in: posterior surfaae of the thyroid gland
35. parathyroid hormone is produced by: parathyroid (chief) cells in response to low concentrations of Ca 2+
36. Parathyroid is the antagonist of: calcitonin

5 -PTH increases Ca+ levels in blood when ca is low

37. effects of PTH: 1. It stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts --Accelerates mineral turnover and releases Ca2+from bone --Reduces rate of calcium deposition in bone 2.It enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ at kidneys, reducing urinary losses 3.It stimulates formation and secretion of calcitriol by the kidneys --Effects complement or enhance PTH --Also enhances Ca2, PO43- absorption by digestive tract
38. The adrenal Gland lies along: the superior border of each kidney
39. The adrenal Cortex is controlled by: ACTH
40. The adrenal Cortex stores: lipids, especially cholesterol and fatty acids
41. The adrenal cortex manufactures: steroid hormones
42. The adrebal Medulla is controlled by: sympathetic division of ANS
43. Adrenal medulla produces: epi and Nor epi
44. Adrenal medullas metabolic changes persist for: several minuites
45. What corticosteroids does the adrenal cortex produce: - Mineralocorticoids (Ex: the hormone Aldosterone)

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• Glucocorticoids (Ex: cortisol (hydrocortisone) and cortisone, corticosterone)
• Androgens --Production under stimulation by ACTH
• • Hypersecretion can cause virilization (excessive hair growth) and amenorrhea (loss of menstruation) in women

46. Androgen production is under stimulation by: ACTH
47. Hypersecretion of Androgens can cause: virilization (excessive hair growth) and amenorrhea (loss of menstruation) in women
48. Aldosterone stimulates: conservation of sodium (Na+) ions and elimination of potassium (K+) ions
49. Aldosterone increases: sensitivity of salt receptors in tatse buds
50. Aldosterone causes: Increase in sodium and decrease in potassiu,
51. Excess aldosterone: alsoteronism -Increase body weight due to Na+ and H2O retention and low blood K+
52. Glucosorticoids secretion is regulated by: negative feedback

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53. Some circulating cortisol is converted to....: cortisone by liver
54. Glucocorticoids has an inhibitory effect on the production of: Corti- cotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in hypothalamus

• ACTH in adenohypophysis

55. Relationships when glucocorticoids increase: CRH decreases, ACTH de- creases, Glucose increases, glycogen increases
56. Glucocorticoids accelerates: glucose synthesis and glycogen formation
57. Glucocorticoids has what kind of inflammation effects?: anti0inflammatory, inhibits WBC do not use to treat open wounds
58. Addison's disease: hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone

• Tiredness, loss of appetite, low Na+, high K+

59. Cushing's syndrome: hypersecretion of cortisol

• Breakdown of muscle proteins, spindly arms and legs, rounded face and back (moon face and buffalo hump)

60. The adrenal medulla contrains two types of: secretory cells
61. what kind of secretory cells does the adrenal medulla contain?: ganglionic neurons of

8 the sympathetic division

62. what do the secretory cells of the adrenal medulla produce?: one prodcues epinephrine -more common secretion other produces norepi
63. increased epi causes: decrease in glucose, increase in ATP, decrease in fats, decrease in glycogen, increased heart rate
64. activation of adrenal medullae in skeletal muscle:: epinephrine and norepi- nephrine trigger mobilization of glycogen reserves
65. activation of adrenal medullae accelerates the breakdown of: glucose to provide atp -increases muscular strength and indurance
66. activation of adrenal medullae in adipose tissue: stored fats are broken down into fatty acids which are released into the bloodstream for other tissues to use for ATP production
67. activation of adrenal medullae in liver: glycogen molecules are broken down and the resulting glucose molecules are released into the bloodstream (primarily for use by neural tissue, which cannot shift to

9 fatty acid metabolism)

68. activation of adrenal medullae in heart: the stimulation of beta 1 receptors triggers an increase in the rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction
69. the pineal gland lies in: posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle
70. pineal gland contains: pinealocytes
71. the pineal gland secrets: melatonin
72. melatonin functions: 1. Inhibit reproductive functions (slows maturation of sperm, oocyte, reproductive organs in some mammals. In humans, premature puberty can be caused by lack of melatonin). 2.Protect against damage by free radicals (effective antioxidant) 3.Influence circadian rhythms
73. the pancreas lies between: inferior border of stomach and proximal to small intestine
74. the pancreas contains: exocrine and endocrine cells
75. Exocrine Pancreas consists of: clusters of gland cells called Pancreatic acini and their attached ducts

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76. what are Pancreatic acini?: cells that produce digestive enzymes
77. What is the majority of the pancreas: pancreatic acini and ducts
78. Pancreatic glands and duct cells secrete: alkaline, enzyme rich fluid
79. The fluid of the Pancrease reach the lumen of the digest tract through: net- work of secretory ducts - releases pancreatic fluid into the duodenum of the small intestine
80. where does the pancreatic fluid release into: the duodenum
81. Endocrine pancrease consists of: cells that form clusters known as pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans
82. types of endocrine pancreatic cells: 1. Alpha cells produce glucagon
83. Beta cells produce insulin
84. When Blood glucose levels rise:: Beta cells secrete insulin, Increase in Insulin causes an increase in Glucose, decreasing blood glucose
85. When blood glucose levels decline:: Alpha cells release glucagon. Increased Glucagon increases glucose from liver, elevating Blood glucose levels
86. Describe insulin: peptide hormone released by beta cells
87. how does Insulin affect target cells?: -Accelerates glucose uptake

• increased glucose utilization and enhances ATP production

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• increased glycogen formation (in skeletal muscle and liver cells)
• increased amino acid absorption and protein synthesis
• increased triglyceride formation in adipose tissue

87. Glucagon is released by: alpha cells
88. Glucagon mobilizes: energy reserves
89. how does glucagon affect target cells?: -breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver cells

• breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
• Increase of glucose production in liver (gluconeogenesis)

90. Diabetes Mellitus-type 1: cant produce insulin 5-10% of cases, developed in childhood Hyperglycemia
91. Hyperglycemia: abnormally high glucose levels in the blood in general. As a result, glucose appears in the urine, (glycosuria) and urine volume generally becomes excessive (polyuria)

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92. Glucose appearing in urine: Glycosuria
93. Excessive urine volume: polyuria
94. Diabetes Mellitus - Type 2: most common form produce normal insulin but tissues do not respond properly obesity
95. complications of Diabetes: kidney degeneration; retinal damage; early heart attacks; peripheral nerve problems; peripheral nerve damage
96. examples of organs that have secondary endocrine functions: - Intestines (digestive system)

• Kidneys (urinary system)
• Heart (cardiovascular system)
• Thymus (lymphatic system and immunity)
• Gonads (reproductive system)

97. The intestiines produce: hormones important to coordination of digestive ac- tivities (gastrin, secretin, CCK)
98. The kidneys produce: hormones Calcitriol (ca+ absorption) and Erythropoietin (RBC production)
99. The kidneys produce the enzyme: renin

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100. Renin converts: angiotensinogen to angiotensin I -which is then converted to angiotensin 2
101. Angiotensin II causes: aldosterone (adrenal cortex) and ADH (post. pit.) release to increase H2O reabsorption in kidneys
102. The heart produces: natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP)
103. when does the heart produce ANP and BNP: When blood volume becomes excessive

• Action opposes angiotensin II

104. What is the result of producing ANP and BNP: reduction in blood volume and blood pressure
105. The Thymus produces: Thymosins
106. Thymosins help: develop and maintain normal immune defences
107. Thymosins promote: development and maturation of lymphocytes
108. Testes produce: androgens in interstitials cells
109. testes secrete: inhibin in nurse cells

• Support differentiation and physical maturation of sperm--

110. the ovaries produce: estrogen

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111. principal estrogen is: estradiol
112. after ovulation follicle cells in an ovary: -Reorganize into corpus luteum

• Release estrogens and progestins, especially progesterone

113. Adipose tissues release: leptin as fat tissue absorbs glucose and lipids
114. Leptin is a feed back control for?: appetite -suppresses appetite
115. Leptin controls: normal levels of GnRH, gonadotropin synthesis
116. Hormones interact to produce: Coordinated Physiological Responses
117. outcomes of a cell receiving instructions from two hormones at the same time: 1. Antagonistic effects 2.Synergistic effects 3.Permissive effects 4.Integrative effects
118. Antagonistic effects: one hormone opposes the action of another

• insulin/glucagon

119. Synergisitc effects: additive ("glucose

15 sparing" caused by GH and glucocorticoids)

120. Permissive effects: One hormone is necessary for other to produce effect -epinephrine changes cell energy consumption only in presence of TH
121. Integrative effects: hormones produce different and complementary results -Calcitriol and PTH
122. Hormones important to growth: -Growth hormone (GH)

• Thyroid hormones
• Insulin
• PTH and calcitriol
• Reproductive hormones

123. in adults growth hormone: -Maintains normal blood glucose concentrations

• Mobilizes lipid reserves
• Excessive amounts after puberty = acromegaly

124. If thyroid hormones are absent during fetal development or for first year:: -Nervous system fails to develop normally

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• Intellectual disability results

125. If T4 concentrations decline before puberty: normal skeletal development will not continue
126. Insulin allows passage of: of glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes
127. without insulin: glucose and amino acid transport into cells is dramatically reduced
128. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitriol Promote: absorption of calcium salts for deposition in bone

• Inadequate levels cause weak and flexible bones

129. Androgens in males, and estrogens in females stimulate: cell growth and differentiation in target tissues

• Produce gender-related differences in:
• Skeletal proportions
• Secondary sex characteristics

130. The hormonal Responses to stress: general Adaption Syndrome
131. General Adaption Syndrome: aka stress response hpw the body responds to stress factors
132. Phases of General Adaption Syndrome: 1. Alarm phase

17 2.Resistance phase 3.Exhaustion phase

133. Alarm phase: releases glucose (energy). Epi is primary hormone of this phase
134. Resistance phase: if stress is more than few hours, -mobalize lipids and amino acids for energy -spare glucose for neural tissue (glucose sparing) -Glucocorticoids are domanant hormone
135. Exhaustion phase: After weeks or months of stress: -Homeostatic mechanisms break down and organ system failure imminent. -inability to sustain endocrine and metabolic adjustments of resistance phase.
136. Hormone changes can alter: intellectual capabilities, memory, learning, and emotional states
137. Hormone changes affect behavior when: endocrine glands are oversecret- ing or undersecreting
138. precocious puberty: production of sex hormones as early as 5-

18 years old, causes early onset of secondary sex characteristics and behavior

139. Aging and hormone production: -Causes few functional changes

• Some tissues may become less sensitive to hormones(reduced ADH and glucos- teroids) why gparents pee alot -decline in: ----GH ----Reproductive hormones