The Fourth Amendment and Law Enforcement Practices, Exams of Law

Download The Fourth Amendment and Law Enforcement Practices and more Exams Law in PDF only on Docsity! Explain the relationship between a SPO and a test question ✔✔A test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may be the basis of a test question Explain the ultimate reason for law enforcement training ✔✔To be able to protect the life and property of yourself and the public List a peace officer's main goals ✔✔- Enforce the laws - Preserve the peace, - Prevent crime - Protect civil rights and liberties - Provide services Explain items to consider when exercising discretion ✔✔- Use sound judgment to determine which laws are to be formally enforced - Determine if there is a more constructive remedy without arrest or citation OPOTA LATEST UPDATE 2025 Exam WITH VERIFIED Questions and Answers 100% Pass Explain the factors necessary for the commission of crime ✔✔Desire - the motivation behind criminal behavior Victim - potential target, unaware of surroundings Opportunity - crime prevention strategies State the core concepts of community policing ✔✔-partnership between community and police -crime prevention -organizational change of agency -problem solving approach to police role is proactive Considerations for off duty situations ✔✔Behavior - social media, uphold ethics Situational Awareness- be alert, pre plan, off duty weapon policy, be a good witness State the purpose of Bill of Rights ✔✔protect a individual's freedoms -prevent government from interfering in protected rights Describe the major components of the criminal justice system ✔✔Law Enforcement Courts - hold fair & impartial trials, guilt or innocence, Impose sentences circumstances when filming police officers is permissible ✔✔-one party consents -as long as it does not interfere with officers carrying out their duties Race ✔✔modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable physical characteristics Genetically influenced traits ✔✔Skin color, hair, eye shape, blood type, intelligence connection between in / out groups, and police legitimacy ✔✔some people interpret their encounters with police in terms of their group's societal position rather than immediate circumstances of the police contact Types of Racism ✔✔individual, interpersonal, institutional, structural Individual Racism ✔✔internalized, unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race Interpersonal Racism ✔✔occurs between individuals, public expressions of racial prejudice and hate institutional racism ✔✔discriminatory policies and treatment by institutions Structural Racism ✔✔Collective way of history, culture, power inequality, unequal access to opportunities Components of bias ✔✔stereotypes, prejudice, attitude Stereotypes ✔✔generalizations about the perceived typical characteristics of a social category Prejudice ✔✔a often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age Attitude ✔✔positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups Bias-based profiling ✔✔-Racial/illegal profiling -unequal treatment by officers by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining on basis of their ethnicity Criminal profiling ✔✔Based on observed behaviors and characteristics Two types of Bias ✔✔explicit and implicit Explicit Bias ✔✔conscious preference for a social category Implicit bias ✔✔preference for a social category based on stereotypes that we hold and tend to develop in early life Two modes of thinking ✔✔automatic (system 1) deliberative (system 2) System 1 thinking ✔✔automatic, effortless, unconscious, very fast System 2 thinking ✔✔Conscious, controlled, effortful, slower practical purpose ✔✔simplifies tasks which most adults do without having to systematically think about each step Denial of responsibility ✔✔acted improperly because no other options Denial of injury ✔✔argue that action did not hurt anyone so no ethical misconduct Social Weighting ✔✔makes comparisons to justify unethical misconduct moral justification ✔✔argues that it's necessary to break rules for the greater good Continuum of Compromise ✔✔-being exposed on a regular basis to "special authority" and at the same time being exposed on a daily basis to that element of society that operates without values, combines to severely challenge an officer's core values system - can lead to a sense of entitlement where officers believe they are owed professional courtesy and that the rules don't apply to them acts of omission ✔✔officer rationalize and justify not doing things they are responsible Acts of commission ✔✔administrative violations acts of commission ✔✔-criminal -theft Rationalization ✔✔nobody is being hurt, except for bad guys who deserve it anyway Steps in Decsion Making Model ✔✔#1- Define problem #2- Identify alternative solutions #3- Evaluate alternatives #4- make the decision #5- implement the decision #6- evaluate the decision PLUS filters ✔✔Policies Legal Universal Self identify the uses of field notes ✔✔preservation of knowledge in written form, evidence in court, documentation of officer's efforts, aids in further investigation, foundation of formal written report types of information to be recorded in field notes ✔✔• complete information on victims witnesses and suspects involved • date time of offense or incident being reported • location of occurrence • type of place where offense or incident took place • details of offense or incident being reported • disposition of evidence property and subjects • corresponding report number guidelines to be followed when taking field notes ✔✔-Head notebook page with day and time of shift -Do not place information from one incident on the same page with information from another incident -Write or print neatly so you can read and understand your notes later -Record all information in ink Force ✔✔Any violence, compulsion, or constraint physically exerted by any means on or against a person or thing Deadly Force ✔✔force which carries a substantial risk that it will result in thendeath of a person Physical Harm to Persons ✔✔Any injury, illness or other physiological impairment, regardless of its gravity or duration Serious Physical Harm to Persons ✔✔-Any mental illness or condition of such gravity as would normally require hospitalization or prolonged psychiatric treatment -Any physical harm that carries a substantial risk of death -Any physical harm that involves some permanent incapacity, whether partial or total, or that involves some temporary, substantial incapacity -Any physical harm that involves some permanent disfigurement or that involves some temporary, serious disfigurement -Any physical harm that involves acute (i.e., severe) pain of such duration as to result in substantial suffering or that involves any degree of prolonged or intractable pain Physical Harm to Property ✔✔- Any tangible or intangible damage to property that results in loss of value or interferes with enjoyment. Serious Physical Harm to Property ✔✔- Substantial loss to the value of the property or requires substantial time, effort, or money to repair of replace. - Temporarily prevents the use or enjoyment of the property or interferes with the use or enjoyment for extended periods of time. 2923.01 Conspiracy ✔✔(A) No person, with purpose to commit or to promote or facilitate the commission of aggravated murder, murder, kidnapping, abduction, compelling prostitution, promoting prostitution, trafficking in persons, aggravated arson, arson, aggravated robbery, robbery, aggravated burglary, burglary, trespassing in a habitation when a person is present or likely to be present, engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, corrupting another with drugs, a felony drug trafficking, manufacturing, processing, or possession offense, theft of drugs, or illegal processing of drugs - With another person or persons, plan or aid in planning the commission of any of the offenses 2923.02 Attempt to commit an offense. ✔✔(A) No person, purposely or knowingly, and when purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of an offense, shall engage in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the offense. 2923.03 Complicity. ✔✔No person, acting with the kind of culpability required for the commission of an offense, shall do any of the following: - Solicit or procure another to commit the offense -Aid or abet another in committing the offense -Cause an innocent or irresponsible person to commit the offense. Describe the purpose of the fourth amendment to the United states constitution ✔✔is to guarantee rights relating to arrests, searches, and seizures of persons describe the relationship between the degrees of suspicion and the responses allowed by the constitution ✔✔Highest Proof beyond reasonable doubt -suspect may be convicted of crime punished Probable cause to believe suspect is guilty -suspect may be arrested reasonable suspicion that suspect is involved in criminal activity -suspect may be seized and detained for investigation hunch identify sources of information that can be used to establish probable cause to make a warrantless arrest ✔✔personal observations, informant's tip, reports from officer or agencies, physical evidence, past criminal record, statements made by suspect, leads furnished by victim or witness in the absence of consent or exigent circumstances before entering, a officer must do before entering a private residence to make a arrest ✔✔-secure appropriate warrant -reasonably believe that the person to be arrested is present at the correct address -knock and announce their presence to justify a warrantless, nonconsensual entry into a private residence in order to make a arrest.. ✔✔exigent circumstances must exist which demand a immediate response Hot/Fresh Pursuit ✔✔The pursuit, without unreasonable interruption, of a person who is trying to avoid arrest the basis to legally seize evidence ✔✔-based on probable cause -probable cause to seize exists if a prudent person would conclude that the object in question is associated with criminal activity types of searches ✔✔full, limited weapons, inventory Full Search ✔✔conducted to gather criminal evidence -probable cause -require a search warrant Limited Weapons Search (frisk/protective) ✔✔- search conducted to disarm a suspect to protect officers -authority based on reasonable suspicion that person lawfully detained is armed and dangerous inventory search ✔✔-not under 4th amendment - catalog property that police have taken into custody - adhere to department policy, secure property, protect agency from lost, stolen or damaged claims Describe the nature of the facts required to support probable cause to conduct a search ✔✔facts sufficient to justify a person of reasonable caution to believe that a crime has been or is being committed and that specific objects associated with the crime exist and they will be found in the place to be searched describe the criteria needed to establish the plain view exception to the search warrant requirement ✔✔-officers must be legally on the premises from where the observation is made - incirminating nature of the item must be immediately apparent - officer must have a lawful right of access to object Curtilage ✔✔the area immediately surrounding the home (garage, yard) -same 4th amendment protection as home Open Field ✔✔Any other land from home -no 4th amendment protection identify the keys in determining whether a consent search is valid ✔✔-Consent is voluntarily given -actively resisting -suspect was attempting to evade arrest by flight Active Resistance ✔✔when a person exhibits resistive movement to avoid physical control or presents a credible threat to a officer (not showing hands) passive resistance ✔✔when a person exhibits no resistive movement in response to verbal commands and other direction, poses no safety threat (failing to exit vehicle) describe when handcuffing may be considered unreasonable force ✔✔-unduly tight or forceful handcuffing in course of seizure - severe obvious medical injury and handcuff in manner that is likely to cause serious harm -plaintiff complained and officer ignored complaints -some physical injury resulting the handcuffing describe when use of a chemical weapon may be considered unreasonable force ✔✔-using chemical weapons on arrestee who already been subdued and poses no threat describe the difference between reasonable and unreasonable force when using electrical weapons ✔✔-unreasonable on a passively resisting suspect -reasonable when suspect was using force or actively resisting explain civil liability considerations associated with using force against those with diminished capacity/mental illness ✔✔-federal courts have ruled that the diminished capacity of unarmed suspect must be taken into court into account when assessing the reasonableness of the amount of force exerted - use different tactics -actual mental state is irrelevant to any determination of reasonableness in use of deadly force list circumstances when a officer may use deadly force to achieve a seizure ✔✔-to protect themselves or others from immediate threats of serious physical injury -to prevent escape of a fleeing dangerous person explain the variables an officer should use to assess the presence of an imminent threat ✔✔- likelihood of weapon -capability of weapon -proximity of the parties at risk -exposure of officers or others -subject's actions Explain officer liability when responding to emergency calls ✔✔-An officer who is responding to an emergency call is governed by the sovereign immunity standard emergency call ✔✔-a call to duty, including, but not limited to, communications from citizens, police dispatchers, and personal observations by peace officers of inherently dangerous situations that demand an immediate response on the part of a peace officer explain the necessary steps in preparing for court ✔✔-ensure all evidence required for the case is accounted for, safely secured, and can be obtained prior to court -Call and meet with the prosecutor to determine if additional assistance or information is needed -Review notes and/or reports pertinent to the case List the general rules for effective courtroom testimony ✔✔-Be early -Be professional -Wear your uniform or business attire -accuracy, objective focused, professional journalism Non-traditional Media ✔✔websites, social Media, potential to go viral -sensationalism, advocacy focused, no professional standard Similarities between traditional and nontraditional media ✔✔-1st amendment protection -entitled to same physical access to scene - both want access to information -entitled to same access to information identify the reasons for establishing effective communications with the media ✔✔-both have job to do and can benefit from each other -accurate new stories -influences public perception -distribution of information list guidelines an officer should follow when interacting with the media ✔✔-be familiar with agency policies -consistent information -never speak off record -secure scene -key messages -eye contact, mannerisms, normal tone -do not say no comment -direct, concise and brief Identify all elements of the offense of Domestic Violence per R.C. 2919.25 ✔✔-Knowingly cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or household member -Recklessly cause serious physical harm to a family or household member -By threat of force, knowingly cause a family or household member to believe that the offender will cause imminent physical harm to the family or household member Identify the categories of persons who fall within the meaning of family or household member ✔✔-spouse, living as spouse, former -parent, foster parent, child of offender or spouse, by blood or marriage, natural parent consanguinity ✔✔blood relationship affinity ✔✔marriage recognize the four elements that should be used to determine the primary physical aggressor in a domestic violence incident ✔✔-any history of DV or violent acts -whether violence was caused by person acting in self defense -each person's fear of physical harm -comparative severity of any injuries Temporary Protection Order ✔✔-order from court that is available after household or family member is charged with violent or sexually oriented offense -removes suspect from residence -Can be received by the victim, peace officer, court, family member -effective for length of case Criminal Protection Order (CRPO) ✔✔-issued by the court after a non-family/non-household member is charged with a violent, menacing, or sexually oriented criminal offense -CRPO is like a TPO for non-family or non-household members Use LEAPS and its five basic communication tools that assist in generating compliance. ✔✔Listen- actively listen and look interested Emphathize- try to understand Ask- general, open ended questions Paraphrase- repeat the person's message Summarize- condense what has been said and indicate outcome Distinguish the EAR Model's three phases of a crisis encounter ✔✔Engage Assess Resolve Engage ✔✔-make a connection with the person so you can calm them -remove distractions -introduce yourself -state why you're there -model calmness -speak softly Assess ✔✔Gather information about the patient's condition and the situation -be patient -check to see if a crime committed -tactfully mindful resolve ✔✔bring the encounter to a safe resolution and obtain needs -limit instructions identify the tactics and behaviors to avoid while engaging in de escalation ✔✔-moving suddenly, rapid orders -forcing a discussion -eye contact -touching without letting them know -crowding -expressing anger or impatience -lying or misleading info sarcasm or inflammatory language The loss model to recognize a person the nature of a person in crisis ✔✔loss of reality loss of hope loss of control loss of perspective Loss of reality ✔✔-person may be frightened, confused and having difficulty concentrating -delusions or hallucinations Loss of Hope ✔✔-person may be emotional, withdrawn, crying,talking suicidal -hopeless, helpless and may have experienced a recent loss loss of control ✔✔person may be angry, hostile -manipulative, destructive or argumentative Loss of perspective ✔✔person is anxious, worried, or nervous -trembling, mood swings why Vicitims often fear their sexual assault report will not be believed ✔✔they knew suspect, related, intimated by their position or power, engaged in drug/alcohol abuse, illegal activity at the time of offense, arrest record, prior victim Discuss preliminary victim interview considerations and techniques ✔✔-location that frees from distraction and victim feels safe -offer victim resources -open ended questions Physical abuse of a child ✔✔an act of commission toward a child by the parent or caregiver that results in harm to the child neglect ✔✔-an act of omission that can be a single event or pattern of safe or inadequate care -the failure to provide for a child's basic needs Sexual abuse of a child ✔✔Using a child to engage in sexual activities who cannot give consent and don't understand Emotional abuse (child) ✔✔damaging interactions between a parent or caregiver and the child feeling unwanted, unloved and worthless identify the conditions under the ORC that allow a peace officer to remove a child from his/her caregiver ✔✔-if there are reasonable grounds to believe that the child is suffering from illness or injury and is not recieving proper care, and the child's removal is necessary to prevent immediate or threatened physical harm (2151.03) -conduct, conditions, or surroundings of the child are endangering the health, welfare or safety of child describe information a officer should document and provide when making s referral to a children's services agency for physical abuse : ✔✔-serious or multiple inflicted injuries -injury requiring medical attention -widespread bruising -injuries in healing describe information a officer should document and provide when making s referral to a children's services agency for Emotional abuse: ✔✔-threatened with sinister punishment or weapon -encourages child to participate in criminal behavior -activities that cause emotional stress describe information a officer should document and provide when making s referral to a children's services agency for sexual abuse: ✔✔-engaged in sexual activity regardless of force - caregiver touches genitalia for purposes other than hygiene -masturbates, shows porn, tricks or forces into sexual play describe information a officer should document and provide when making s referral to a children's services agency for drug abuse ✔✔-child has access -caregiver allows exposure -uses child as part of drug distribution -uses illegal substances describe information a officer should document and provide when making s referral to a children's services agency for neglect ✔✔-child left with no caregiver -cannot provide for basic needs -safety or health hazard -restrains child -does not provide educational needs describe the interviewing process including the types of questions to be asked of a returned runaway child ✔✔-begin building rapport (comfortable location, tone) -open ended questions to determine if crime at home or out on streets -how did they survive determine when the criteria are met for activating a AMBER alert ✔✔-child is under 18 years old -believe abduction poses s credible threat of immediate danger or harm to child -sufficient descriptive information, alert will help locate -child is not a runaway and not a family abduction determine when the criteria are met for activating a endangered missing child alert ✔✔-child under 18 -missing child is lost -whereabouts are unknown -disappearance of child poses a credible threat of danger or death to child state the period within which a law enforcement agency must enter into NCIC information regarding a missing person 21 years of age or older, if foul play suspected ✔✔-all information contained in the report must be entered into NCIC within 7 days determine when the criteria are met for activating an endangered missing adult alert ✔✔-person confirmed missing -65 years of age or older or has a mental impairment -disappearance of individual poses a threat of danger or harm -activation of alert will help locate determine when the criteria are met for activating a Blue alert ✔✔-law enforcement agency confirmation that a officer has been seriously injured or killed, and suspect not apprehended or officer is missing describe who is at risk for being trafficked ✔✔-vulnerbale, accessible, lacking credibility -runaways,drug addicts, foreign born describe the two types of human trafficking included in Ohio's trafficking in person law ✔✔involuntary servitude and sex trafficking involuntary servitudeq ✔✔-labor trafficking -being compelled to perform labor or services for another against one's will sex trafficking ✔✔-sex for hire, exchange of anything of value describe the mindset of victim human trafficking ✔✔-victims don't leave because of fear of perp, traumatic bonds -see sex trafficker as a protector, lover, mentor -isolation, captivity, shame, unaware of rights -fear of law enforcement Red flag indicators of human trafficking ✔✔- Suspicious Locations - Excessive cash, cell phones or receipts - General working hours or conditions / excessive or work where they sleep. - Suspicious Behavior - Mental Health - signs of abuse, fearful, nervous - Physical Health Signs - abuse, poor health Interview and interrogation considerations As previously discussed, juveniles are afforded the same rights as adults in investigatory procedures (e.g., search/seizure, self-incrimination) Therefore, in a custodial interrogation encounter, the officer must inform the youth of the Miranda warning and ensure his/her rights are understood When questioning a juvenile, the officer should consider several factors The age of the youth -if the youth is old enough to understand his/her rights and the severity of the situation This is critically important during a custodial interrogation The U.S. Supreme Court held a child's age is a relevant factor to consider in determining whether the child is in custody for purposes of Miranda rights Mental state -is the juvenile free of intellectual disability? Physical state -is the youth experiencing drug and/or alcohol impairment? Are there any language or cultural barriers? Considerations while on school grounds Schools are trusted with the care of children while on the grounds during school hours Therefore, some schools have a strict policy and procedure regarding who is allowed access to juveniles Some schools might require a member of staff to be present when an officer needs to make contact with a student Other schools will require the juvenile's guardian to be present, or will contact the guardian to alert him/her of the officer's request Again, there is no statutory requirement for the officer to notify the parent of an interview/interrogation; in addition, the school has no legal authority to prevent the officer from conducting his/her investigation However, depending on the nature of the investigation and the officer's departmental policy and procedure, the officer might consider conducting the interview at another time and place Conversely, there might be schools that give officers full access to students It is important to maintain positive, working relationships with school personnel Oftentimes, when a peace officer is called to a school to investigate a situation involving a juvenile, school officials have conducted their own investigation The officer can review information, statements, and evidence from the school's investigation in order to help establish probable cause The officer should also become familiar with charges that are specific to violations on or near school grounds, and those that have increased penalties Disorderly Conduct -M-4, if in the vicinity of a school or in a school safety zone Illegal Conveyance of a Deadly Weapon or Dangerous Ordnance in School Safety Zone F-5 Also applies to objects indistinguishable from a firearm, whether or not it is capable of being fired; however, the penalty is an M-1 if the object is indistinguishable Improperly Discharging Firearm in a School Safety Zone F-2 Also includes discharging a firearm within 1000 feet of a school premises with intent to cause physical harm to another who is on school grounds, cause panic or fear of physical harm to another, or cause the evacuation of the school Several of the R.C. Chapter 2925 Drug Offenses have increased penalties if committed in a school safety zone or in the vicinity of a juvenile describe when federal and ohio juvenile holding violations occur ✔✔• An accused or adjudicated status offender is held securely • An accused delinquent offender is held over six hours, if alleged to have committed a felony offense • An accused delinquent offender is held over three hours, if alleged to have committed a misdemeanor or status offense • An adjudicated delinquent is sentenced to a secure adult jail/prison • Any juvenile that is held securely is not sight and sound separated from adult offenders describe the types of primary and secondary injuries that a victim may suffer ✔✔Primary -physical injuries, death and disfigurement identify the four primary firearms safety rules ✔✔- Treat all firearms as if they are loaded - Never point a firearm at anything you don't want to shoot or destroy - Keep your finger off the trigger until you have made a conscious decision to shoot - Be aware of your backstop and beyond explain the cycle of fire ✔✔Fire -engaged trigger and round travels down barrel Unlock -slide unlocks Extract -extractor removes cartridge casing from chamber of barrel Eject -casing removed Cock Feed -slide moves forward Chamber Lock -slide closes and locked in position for firing identify use of force target areas ✔✔pain target - strikes are intended to defend and control only until subject complies injury target - impact weapon requires higher threat level -used to defend from injury and if pain target not working deadly target - at risk of serious injury due to attacker's actions perceived as lethal threats explain steps to apply a tourniquet ✔✔-use body substance isolation (BSI) precautions -impede access removed -place high on extremity as you can tighten until bleeding controlled -write the time tourniquet was applied Steps for junctional hemorrhage control ✔✔pack the wound with guaze hold direct pressure trauma dressing steps to insert a nasopharyngeal airway ✔✔-right nostril -head tilt maneuver -water based lubricant -push tip of nose upward -insert in airway,roll on side Steps for sealing a chest wound ✔✔-wipe fluid off area -peel off adhesive backing from chest seal -center the seal over wound -secure with tape explain ways to improve public perception by properly employing aspects of patrol ✔✔-exercise authority fairly -be professional in appearance and attitude -manage citizen contacts with understanding negative events can be handled in a positive way -temper operational skills of patrol with the mindset, character, and service in the spirit of what democratic policing promises its citizenry Mouth - Appears in soft, may be open, tongue hanging out, mouth may be closed with lips relaxed over teeth Eyes- Soft, relaxed, eyebrows neutral, normal pupil size, steady, relaxed gaze Signs of a defensively threatening dog ✔✔body posture- muscles tense, weight shifted back, low to ground, one paw up Tail- stiff, tucked Piloerection (blowing coat) Ears- pulling back against head Mouth- lips pulled back, growling or snarling, panting, chewing, licking Eyes- pupils dilated, scanning/darting eyes "whale eye" Signs of an offensively threatening dog ✔✔Body posture- hard and stiff, weight forward Tail- Carried high Piloerection Ears- erect and forward Mouth- top lip pulled and baring front teeth, growling or barking Eyes- hard stare, squinted, dilated pupils options for handling a threat from a companion animal ✔✔Distractions & escape options -ball, stick, dog treat, garbage can or lid, clipboard, chair OC Electrical- horizontal Fire extinguisher Lethal force explain the different types of building searches ✔✔Unknown Risk - open doors, alarm drops, suspicious activity High Risk - active shooter, hot pursuit cover ✔✔a position affording protection from gunfire Concealment ✔✔anything that protects from being observed, does not provide ballistic protection single officer corner fed room entry ✔✔threshold assessment- making a entry alone, slice the pie to check much of the room as possible before entry single officer center fed room entry ✔✔slice the pie, check both hard corners with limited penetration identify the two most common methods by which an officer may be injured or killed during a officer initiated contact ✔✔felonious assault crash explain the meaning of the term officer initiated contact ✔✔Any situation in which the officer deploys directly from a cruiser to intentionally make contact with a suspect or citizen explain the two legal foundations for making a vehicle stop ✔✔- Probable Cause- When facts and circumstances would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been committed or is being committed by that person. - Reasonable Suspicion- Is less than PC but more than a hunch and based on circumstances, common sense judgements and inferences about human behavior, that criminal activity was being planned or is in the process of being executed. identify the two general categories of vehicle stops ✔✔- Unknown Risk -vehicle registration -vehicle characteristics -occupants -nature of offense two approach patterns ✔✔left and right side walk up identify the goals in a high risk vehicle stop ✔✔-take all time needed to pre plan -wait for backup -create a wall with cruise position, maintain cover and concealment -keys, hands, eyes identify reasons vehicles are stolen ✔✔Joy riding/transportation To commit other crimes Theft for profit/commercial theft Owner give ups describe common indicators associated with stolen vehicles ✔✔-Abnormal driver behavior -License plate irregularities -Condition of the vehicle -Unusual transportation of other vehicles or equipment recognize the methods of establishing a vehicle's identity ✔✔-ensure license plate matches the registration -registration matches the VIN -VIN identify evidence on or in area of the VIN plate that indicates the vehicle may be stolen ✔✔- characters not clean and clear scratches or inconsistencies -windshield has been removed -crooked VIN plate -damage to dashboard identify the common methods theives use to defeat the federal certification label on vehicle ✔✔removal and reapplication of a different label alteration of existing label replacement with a counterfeit label Recognize criminal gangs and members ✔✔-recurrent interaction -organization -unity -pattern of criminal gang activity Signs of Gang Membership ✔✔• Admits to being a member of a group that meets the Revised Code criteria of a gang • A reliable informant identifies the person as a gang member • Resides in or frequents a particular gang's area • Adopts a particular gang's style of dress, symbols, or tattoos • Associates with known gang members or association can be proved through social media or other means define the term strip search ✔✔The inspection of a naked individual without scrutinizing the subject's body cavities explain the basic requirements for body cavity searches ✔✔• Must obtain a search warrant unless there is a medical emergency justifying a search • Must be conducted under sanitary conditions in a location that permits only the person being searched and the person(s) conducting the search to observe • Must be performed by a medical professional (i.e., physician, registered nurse, licensed practical nurse) of the same sex explain the importance of communication between the escorting officer(s) and detention facility personnel ✔✔is vital for the welfare of the arrestee and the investigation of offenses identify the major items for which the officer must be alert for during a medical/mental health screening ✔✔-suicide thoughts or plans -current serious health issues needing immediate attention -use of electronic weapon, oc -assaultive behavior -body deformities -condition of skin four causes of illegible fingerprints ✔✔1. Failure to produce the focal points 2. Allowing the fingers to slip or twist 3. Failure to clean the fingers and equipment of foreign substances and perspiration 4. Insufficient ink identify how the Ohio Law Enforcement Gateway is to be utilized ✔✔for law enforcement/criminal justice purposes only, not for personal use or gain Degree of Offense for Unauthorized Use of OHLEG ✔✔Felony of the Fifth Degree (F-5) explain the balance between first amendment rights and the need to protect public safety and property ✔✔-1st amendment does not protect against unlawful, violent, or destructive behavior -protect lawful activity while identifying and isolating unlawful behavior describe mob behavior ✔✔- A mob is a crowd whose members, under the stimulus of intense excitement and agitation, lose their sense of reason, sense of law and order and respect for others. - Ohio law describes a mob as a collection of people assembled for an unlawful purpose and intending to do damage or injury to anyone... OR pretending to exercise correctional power over others by violence and without authority or law. escape mob ✔✔- Highly emotionally charged crowd that is driven by fear - This fear creates unreasonable and frantic behavior that drives the crowd to seek individual safety - Difficult to control, so it is best to try and control their movement by routing them to areas where the potential for injury is lessened - Trying to block them in areas may increase the possibility of injury to the mob and the officers trying to contain them aggressive mob ✔✔• Will attack, riot, and terrorize others • Goal is the destruction of property and physical attacks on others • These acts seem to feed off of each other and increase in severity until the mob is stopped acquisitive mob ✔✔A mob motivated by a desire to acquire something fore free may try to take officer hostage identify the primary reason for traffic enforcement ✔✔To reduce traffic collisions, their resulting injuries, and to facilitate the safe and expedient flow of vehicular and pedestrian traffic identify the ohio revised code section that covers definitions related to motor vehicle offenses ✔✔is located in the .01 section of each chapter identify the ohio revised code chapter that covers moving violations ✔✔R.C. Chapter 4511 4511.12 ✔✔Obedience to Traffic Control Devices 4511.20 ✔✔Operation in Willful or Wanton Disregard of the Safety of Persons or Property 4511.204 ✔✔Driving while texting 4511.21 ✔✔Speed Limits - Assured Clear Distance 4511.25 ✔✔Lanes of travel upon roadways of sufficient width 4511.29 ✔✔Driving to Left of Center of Roadway in Overtaking and Passing Traffic Proceeding in Same Direction 4511.30 ✔✔Driving Upon Left Side of Roadway 4511.33 ✔✔Driving in marked lanes 4511.39 ✔✔Turn and stop signals 4511.41 ✔✔Right of way rule at intersections 4511.42 ✔✔Right of way rule when turning left 4511.43 ✔✔Right-of-way Rule at Through Highways, Stop Signs, Yield Signs 4511.81 ✔✔Child Restraint System identify the ohio revised code chapter that covers equipment violations ✔✔4513 identify the ohio revised code chapter that covers driver license suspensions ✔✔4510 identify the Ohio revised code chapter that covers motor vehicle crimes ✔✔4549 List a peace officer's priorities in protecting the scene of a crash ✔✔-protect crash victims and first responders -always wear high visibility vest -check for injuries -protect involved vehicles and evidence at crash scene -warning devices recognize when a situation is classified as a motor vehicle accident ✔✔-one or more occurrences of injury of damage -at least one injury or damage not the result of cataclysm -one or more vehicles -one vehicle in transport identify traffic direction and control actions ✔✔• Use the information received from communications as well as your knowledge of the immediate area and beyond • Confirm your geographical location with dispatch • Perform a preliminary analysis of current situation • Identify actions required to mitigate the situation • Identify resources required to support those actions • Identify any unique safety situations as you arrive identify methods of controlling traffic ✔✔let people know you are in command of the traffic situation -starting and stopping traffic -turning movements -pedestrian traffic describe the primary responsibilities of the first responder to a crime scene ✔✔-officer safety -rendering aid -securing the scene -witnesses describe measures the officer can take to control contamination at a crime scene ✔✔-PPE -do not talk over evidence -disposable and sterilized equipment contamination ✔✔transfer of outside material to scene cross-contamination ✔✔transfer between evidence within the scene Class Characteristics ✔✔Traits or characteristics of evidence that allow the item to be compared with a group Shared by all members of its class Cannot be identified to a single source individual characteristics ✔✔traits or characteristics of an item of evidence that allows the item to be compared with a specific object -comparison will determine whether or not the item originated from the object or person describe chain of custody ✔✔- Labeling Evidence - Factors to show integrity of evidence - Info about Chain of custody - Paperwork must remain with evidence describe what first responders should ensure before collecting any device that may contain electronic evidence ✔✔-scene has been secured and documented -legal authority exists to seize evidence -appropriate ppe describe the broad categories of electronic evidence ✔✔-computer/laptops hardware and software -mobile portable data storage provides communications, photos, information management -cloud computing storing and accessing data over internet Retailers Bank loan departments Ohio Revised Code Internet resources identify general indicators of stimulant use ✔✔- Restlessness - Talkative - Excitation - Euphoria - Exaggerated Reflexes - Loss of appetite - Anxiety - Grinding of teeth - Redness to nasal area - Body Tremors identify paraphernalia associated with cocaine use ✔✔- pipes to smoke crack - small mirrors - short straws - rolled paper tubes - razor blades - small spoons - lighters - butane torch - chore boy - push rod - tire pressure gauge - aluminum can paraphernalia associated with methamphetamine use ✔✔Cut straws, pipes, mirrors, needles, butane torches, foil, MSM (joint supplement mainly used to cut ice/crystal meth) general indicators of depressants use ✔✔• "Drunken" behavior and appearance • Uncoordinated • Drowsy • Sluggish • Disoriented • Thick, slurred speech general indicators of narcotic use ✔✔-"On the nod" (i.e., an alternately wakeful and drowsy state) -Droopy eyelids -Depressed reflexes -Dry mouth -Facial itching -Low/raspy speech -Fresh puncture marks may be evident paraphernalia associated with heroin use ✔✔Tiny knotted balloons the size of a pencil eraser, syringes, spoons, cotton swabs, cigarette filters, pieces of foil, bottoms of soda cans, gel capsules, folded paper bindles (e.g., lottery ticket cards), small squares cut from grocery bags, small containers of water, containers made to carry some or all of the paraphernalia • Confusion • Possible nausea sensory perceptions needed to determine reasonable suspicion of drug use ✔✔sight, sound, smell, touch what field testing kits allow officer to do ✔✔Presumptively identify illicit drugs in the field basic steps of using a field testing ✔✔• Place properly sized amount of substance inside the test kit. • Break the ampule. • Agitate in the prescribed manner. methamphetamine lab ✔✔Any one or more of the components, improvised chemicals, improvised equipment, or hazardous materials used to manufacture meth the most utilized methods of manufacturing methamphetamine in ohio ✔✔• One pot/ shake-n- bake method. • Red phosphorous method. • Birch reduction method. general indicators of methamphetamine labs ✔✔• Containers with layers of both liquids and solids. • Containers with multiple layers of liquid. • Containers with tubes or hoses attached. when it comes to clandestine labs, law enforcement officers are only responsible for ✔✔- identifying what appears to be the components of lab - not responsible for positive identification hazards common at all clandestine labs ✔✔• Flammable atmospheres. • Strong concentrated acids. • Ignition sources. • Toxic and poisonous gases. • Dangerous individuals. Simple Protocol for First Responders at Possible Clandestine Laboratories ✔✔• Do not touch anything. • Do not sniff anything. • Do not open anything. • Follow agency policy/ procedure. Show-up Lineup ✔✔a police procedure in which suspect is shown singly to a witness for identification photo lineup ✔✔Identification procedure in which an array of photographs, including a photograph of the suspected perpetrator of an offense and additional photographs of other persons not suspected of the offense, is displayed to an eyewitness for the purpose of determining whether the eyewitness identifies the suspect as the perpetrator of the offense Live Line-Up ✔✔The presentation of a number of individuals, which may include a known suspect, to a victim or a witness in a non-suggestive manner for the purpose of identification Recognize legal gambling in Ohio ✔✔Licensed casino games which are regulated by the Ohio Casino Control Commission (OCCC) Games regulated by the Ohio Lottery Commission (OLC) Instant lottery tickets how to establish rapport with a subject ✔✔-identify purpose of interview -offer subject ability to choose time -ask introductory non threatening questions purposes of interrogation ✔✔- To obtain info relevant to an investigation - To discover additional evidence relevant to an investigation or establish innocence - To obtain accurate and truthful info which may or may not lead to a confession or an admission factors to consider in determining if an individual is in custody ✔✔- Location of interrogation - The number of officers present - The attitude of the officers toward the person being questioned. - The stage of the investigation - Whether or not the suspect is free to leave miranda warning ✔✔• The suspect has the right to remain silent • If the suspect gives up the right to remain silent, anything the suspect says can be used in a court of law against him or her • The suspect has the right to speak to an attorney and have an attorney present when being questioned by the police • If the suspect cannot afford one, an attorney will be appointed to represent the suspect before questioning begins two conditions for an officer to read the miranda warning to a suspect ✔✔The suspect is in custody AND The suspect is being questioned/interrogated the standard against which a waiver will be judged when an accused waives his\her miranda rights ✔✔the warning and waiver have been given and that the statements were made knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently Fruits of the Poisonous Tree ✔✔- If a confession is derived immediately from an unlawful arrest or illegal search, the confession is tainted and it may not be used against the suspect. (evidence obtained illegally) public safety exception to the miranda warning ✔✔- Statements elicited from a defendant, as well as real evidence resulting from such statements, may be used in evidence even if the officers do not recite the Miranda warning before asking questions if the officers safety or the safety of others is in jeopardy. Eustress ✔✔A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal deadlines, competition distress ✔✔a negative stress that can make a person sick or can decrease performance critical incident stress ✔✔The stress a person experiences which has a stressful impact sufficient enough to overwhelm trauma ✔✔emotional response to a terrible event cumulative stress ✔✔STRESS AROUSAL THAT SLOWLY BUILDS UP OVER TIME WHICH MAY LEAD TO THE EROSION OF COPING MECHANISMS OR TO A STATE OF MENTAL EXHAUSTION possible stress reactions during a life threatening encounter ✔✔fight, flight, freeze