The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the National System for Geospatial, Exams of Advanced Education

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GPC Exam Questions with correct Answers Who is the Function Manager for Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT)? - Answer- The Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (D/NGA) Robert Cardillo Which directive establishes the duties and roles of the NSG and the D/NGA? - Answer- The National System for Geospatial Intelligence Directive (NSGD) FM 1100 Roles and Responsibilities of the Functional Manager of the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSG) and the Establishment of the NSG What is the NSGD? - Answer- National System for Geospatial Intelligence Directive What does NSG stand for? - Answer- National System for Geospatial Intelligence What does the FM/NSG do? - Answer- Leads the development of GEOINT doctrine to inform and guide NSG activities and interaction with the Department of Defense (DoD), Intelligence Community (IC), civil agencies, and interagency operations What does Title 10 U.S. Code 467 establish? - Answer- The definition of GEOINT What is the definition of GEOINT? - Answer- The exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information to describe, assess, and visually depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on the Earth. GEOINT consists of imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information What is NSG/what does it do? - Answer- Combination of technologies, policies, capabilities, doctrine, activities, people, data and communities needed to produce geospatial intelligence in an integrated, multi- intelligence, multidomain environment What entities make up the NSG Community? - Answer- Members of the Intelligence Community (IC), Joint Staff, Military Departments (to include Services), and Combatant Commands (COCOMs). NSG Partners include Civil Applications Committee members, International Partners, Industry, Academia, Defense Service Providers, and Civil Community Service Providers What is Imagery? - Answer- A likeness or presentation of any natural or man-made feature or related object or activity and the positional data acquired at the same time the likeness or representation was acquired, including products produced by space-based national intelligence reconnaissance systems, and likenesses or presentations produced by satellites, airborne platforms, unmanned aerial vehicles, or other similar means (except that such term does not include handheld or clandestine photography taken by or on behalf of human intelligence collection organizations) What is Imagery Intelligence? - Answer- The technical, geographic, and intelligence information derived through the interpretation or analysis of imagery and collateral materials What is Geospatial Information? - Answer- Information that identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural or constructed features and boundaries on the earth, including: statistical data; information derived from, among other things, remote sensing, mapping, and surveying technologies; and mapping, charting, geodetic data, and related products GEOINT may be considered to consist of four fundamental components: - Answer- A. The discipline of GEOINT B. The data that comprise GEOINT C. The process used to develop GEOINT products D. The products derived from GEOINT What does the discipline of GEOINT encompass? - Answer- All activities involved in the planning, collection, processing, analysis, exploitation, and dissemination of spatial information in order to gain intelligence about the national security or operational environment, visually depict this knowledge, and fuse the acquired knowledge with other information through analysis and visualization processes in the first two steps). This information includes: orderof-battle; size and strength of enemy or threat; adversary doctrine; the nature, strength, capabilities, and intent of area insurgent groups; and possible chemical/biological effects. Component 3 requires collaboration with national security community counterparts What is Component 4 of GPE? - Answer- Develop Analytic Conclusions: Integrate all information from Components 1-3 to develop analytic conclusions. The emphasis is on developing predictive analytic conclusions. For example, the analyst may create models to determine likely next courses of action for the adversary, threat, or hazard and then assess the potential impact of those actions. In some cases, Component 4 could include an assessment of potential reactions to friendly operations What are GEOINT products? - Answer- Range from standard geospatial-derived products, such as maps and imagery, to specialized products that may or may not incorporate intelligence analysis What is a standard product? - Answer- These include geospatial data-derived products such as maps, charts, imagery and digital raster or vector information. These products may be used alone or with many layers of additional data such as geographic data (vegetation, culture, languages, and weather) and intelligence information. Standard products are primarily derived from electro-optical sensors and existing geospatial data. They can also be derived from radar and multi-spectral sensors, but standard products do not routinely use these sources. The products are normally two-dimensional but can be processed into three-dimensional products, such as anaglyphs What is an EO image? - Answer- Electro-optical includes factual data on the location and number of vehicles and aircraft in the image EO image v. Analyzed EO image - Answer- EO Image - factual data without interpretation Analyzed - interpreted and analyzed and has other intelligence information to provide information on types of vehicles and aircraft activity as well as BDA What is a map? - Answer- shows information on the topography, infrastructure, vegetation, and enemy locations in an area of interest What is a specialized Product? - Answer- can provide additional capabilities to standard products to customize them for a specific purpose. The products may be developed using sophisticated technology to integrate multiple types of geospatial data as well as data from other INTs. The more unique characteristics of specialized products include the incorporation of data from more technically advanced sensors and the use of a fourth dimension - time. The element of time can be used for many purposes, such as introducing motion to create dynamic, interactive products 2CMV Image - Answer- Two color multi-view/change detection: Shows aircraft parked on an airfield. A simple assessment indicates that two aircraft have departed since the previous day -Blue is new -Red is Dead (departed/gone) Analyzed 2CMV - Answer- 2CMV image with the addition of an intelligence assessment on: 1) the reason for departure and 2) the known or suspected destination of the departed aircraft 3D fly-through - Answer- Shows factual information in three dimensions such as buildings, streets, and topography of an area Analyzed: interpreted or analyzed and/or combined with intelligence data derived from photos taken by a HUMINT source that show precise details on buildings that might affect collection. It also includes intelligence data from SIGINT, HUMINT, OSINT and MASINT sources that show enemy and threat locations. The simulation allows predictions on where the enemy may be located "Value Added" Definition - Answer- Both the producer and the user of GEOINT update a database or product with current information What is "Feature Data?" - Answer- Newly-identified data Such as: New roads, lines of communication, obstacles, changes in terrain, and seismic activity are examples of activities that require updating due to frequent changes in the area of interest National Systems - Answer- Developed by the NRO in coordination with elements of the NSG, as appropriate, national systems are a primary source of imagery used to produce GEOINT Commercial/Civil Systems - Answer- These systems can provide a range of information and products for NSG requirements. Commercially available imagery and geospatial information are becoming more widely used, as the NSG Community seeks more cost-effective ways of providing a full range of GEOINT products to an ever-growing customer base. The high-resolution commercial imagery now available provides an important advantage in multinational coalition operations, as it can be shared with allies without compromising the capabilities and operating characteristics of U.S. national reconnaissance systems. However, there are many situations in which commercial/civil systems cannot be used Government Systems - Answer- Normally operated, controlled, and managed at the theater and tactical level, Airborne Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance (ISR) assets provide a critical GEOINT source. Unmanned aerial vehicles such as the Global Hawk, Predator or smaller tactical vehicles are increasingly important as their ability to remain airborne for long periods of time contributes to persistent surveillance capabilities. Commercial Systems - Answer- These systems provide yet another source of GEOINT. Due to their flexibility and resolution capabilities, commercial airborne collectors are increasingly relied upon to augment satellite collection. For example, commercial airborne imagery systems are used for planning support to NSSE's like the Olympics and national political conventions Panchromatic imagery (Visible) - Answer- Black and white picture. It renders literal depictions and scenes. Panochromatic imagery has been the mainstay of IMINT for years and An NGA capability that procures, delivers, and integrates NSG softcopy imagery exploitation and information production capabilities within the GEOINT community - Answer- Integrated Exploitation Capability (IEC) Commercial Analyst Workstation (CAWS) - Answer- A commerical system that integrates intelligence applications for use at the analyst workstation/desktop level Remote Replication System (RRS) - Answer- A suite of commercial hardware and software that provides timely crisis and operational support by providing low volume reproduction of standard or specialized products from hardcopy and/or digital data Information Dissemination Services - Direct Delivery (IDS-D) - Answer- NSG program that disseminates time-dominant/time-critical and near-real time data to operational users worldwide. Also sends National Technical Means (NTM) data directly to the NIL for long-term storage NSG program that disseminates critical NGA GEOINT data via Military Satellite (MILSAT)/Secret Internet Protocol Routed Network (SIPRNET) to communications-limited tactical users worldwide - Answer- Broadcast-Request Imagery Technology Environment (BRITE) Web-based Access and Retrieval Portal (WARP) - Answer- NSG program that provides discovery, access and dissemination of NTM, commercial, airborne, geospatial intelligence products from the NGA Gateway, and a variety of specially tailored products to registered operational users worldwide over Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System (JWICS), SIPRNET and the internet NSG Warfighter Imagery Library (NWIL) - Answer- Image library at the Joint Warfare Analysis Center (JWAC) that provides increased availability of NTM to warfighters Scaleable, deployable libraries below Command Information Libraries in complexity and capacity - Answer- Image Product Libraries (IPL) Intermediate image library between the NIL and IPL; at command and agency locations - Answer- Command Information Libraries (CIL) National Information Library (NIL) - Answer- Central repository of national, tactical, and commercial imagery, imagery products, geospatial information, video and metadata Archive and dissemination of commercial imagery. Will eventually replace the Commercial Satellite Imagery Library (CSIL) as the hub for this activity - Answer- Unclassified National Imagery Library (UNIL) Commercial Remote Sensing (CRS) - Answer- Ground Receiving/Processing Stations Facilities (e.g., Eagle Vision) that generate actionable GEOINT from CRS data. These stations enhance the operational utility of CRS data to operational commanders Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy Information Library - Answer- MC&G Information Library (MCGIL) What is DCGS stand for? - Answer- Distributed Common Ground/Surface System What is DCGS? - Answer- Family of systems designed to provide airborne system- derived, multi-intelligence discipline, ISR task, post, process and use capabilities at the theater and tactical levels. This support is accomplished through a combination of reachback, forward support, and collaboration What is the Common Operational Picture (COP)? - Answer- Provides a means by which analysts, policymakers, warfighters, and first responders can rapidly orient to and visualize their environment. It displays the required information in a fashion that supports situational awareness and rapid decision making To whom does the NSG provide GEOINT to? - Answer- The President, National Security Council, and the Congress for vital national security issues such as: terrorism; regional conflict and crises; hostile foreign military combat capabilities, operations, and intentions; economic and trade security; and arms control and treaty monitoring How does the NSG support the military? - Answer- The NSG uses GEOINT to support military readiness as well as planning and operations. Examples include: indications and warning; safety of navigation; general military intelligence assessments; and targeting and intelligence exchange programs across the COCOMs and military departments (to include the Services). GEOINT also supports the military departments by supporting future force structure, force protection, and weapons development and acquisition How does GEOINT support Homeland Security Agencies, Civil Support Organizations, and Law Enforcement? - Answer- GEOINT is critical in supporting first responders, counterterrorism efforts, safety of navigation and the planned usage of airspace in the National Airspace System, indications and warning, disaster assistance, emergency management, counternarcotics, and target vulnerability analysis How does GEOINT aid Intelligence Collaboration? - Answer- GEOINT is a key tool in tackling "hard" intelligence problems by providing in-depth and comprehensive GEOINT while engaging other NSG members and using multi-source intelligence activities What is geodesy? - Answer- the branch of mathematics dealing with the shape and area of the earth or large portions of it How does the NSG coordinate community activities? - Answer- System of councils, boards and other fora Who are the NSG partners? - Answer- Civil Applications Committee members, International Partners, Industry, Academia, Defense Service Providers, and Civil Community Service Providers Who are the NSG Members? - Answer- IC, the Joint Staff, the Military Departments (to include the Services) and Combatant Commands (COCOMs) What is brightness? - Answer- Brightness refers to the overall lightness or darkness of the image. Increasing the brightness every pixel in the frame gets lighter What is contrast? - Answer- Contrast is the difference in brightness between objects in the image. Increasing the contrast makes light areas lighter and dark area in the frame becomes much darker What is StoneGhost? - Answer- Codename for a network operated by the United States' Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) for information sharing and exchange between the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia