Purdue OWL: Guide to Citing Sources in MLA, APA, and CMOS, Exams of English

Download Purdue OWL: Guide to Citing Sources in MLA, APA, and CMOS and more Exams English in PDF only on Docsity!

Category MLA APA CMOS General Approach The Modern Language Association (MLA) provides a method for source documentation that is used in most humanities courses. The humanities place emphasis on authorship, so most MLA citation involves recording the author’s name in the physical text. The author’s name is also the first to appear in the “Works Cited” page at the end of an essay. The most recent MLA formatting can be found in the eighth edition of the MLA manual.

Note that the MLA 8th^ ed. extensively references the notion of a “container” in its instructions for formatting citations. In this context, a container is the larger work that contains the specific source (e.g., if a chapter is being cited, the book is its container). The container is normally italicized and followed by a comma.

The American Psychological Association (APA) provides a method for source documentation that is used in most social sciences courses. The social sciences place emphasis on the date a work was created, so most APA citation involves recording the date of a particular work in the physical text. The date is usually placed immediately after the author’s name in the “References” page at the end of an essay. The most recent APA formatting can be found in the sixth edition of the APA manual.

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) includes two systems for citation: a notes and bibliography (NB) system and an author-date (AD) system. This poster displays citations in the NB system, which is used in most history courses. The primary difference between the two systems’ citations is that in AD, the publication year follows the author’s name.

History places great emphasis on source origins, so footnotes and endnotes are used to demonstrate on-page where a particular piece of information comes from. In the NB system, a number is assigned to a particular fact in the text, and the correlating footnote or endnote will link the source to the text and to the bibliography. The most recent CMOS formatting can be found in the seventeenth edition of the CMOS manual.

Reference Lists

Occasionally truncated entries are given simply to focus on the differences between citations for each type of material. Ellipses indicate which entries would normally continue according to the basic principles of each style. Please see the OWL’s Research and Citation section for more details. Citing Books Book citations in MLA generally require the author name, work title, publisher, and year published. Provide a publication city if the book was published before 1900 or there are two versions of a book (i.e. British and US edition).

Book citations in APA generally require author name, publication year, work title, publication city, and publisher.

Book citations in CMOS style generally require the author name, work title, publication city, publisher, and publication year.

General book format

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. Penguin, 2006.

Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore’s dilemma: A natural history of four meals. New York, NY: Penguin Group.

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006. Single author Pollan, Michael.... Pollan, M. (2006).... Pollan, Michael....

Two authors Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn.... Use the ampersand (&) instead of “and.” Bell, J. K., & Cohn A. (1968)....

Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn....

Three to … authors.

Include the first author’s name, followed by et al. Kernis, Michael, et al.

For 3 to 7 authors, include every author. List by last names and initials. Commas separate author names. An ampersand should come before the last author’s name. Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self- esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 , 1190-1204.

For 3 to 10 authors, include all names in bibliography, but only the first author’s name in notes, followed by et al with no comma before et al****. Kernis, Michael, David Cornell, C Sun, Adam Berry, Thomas Harlow, and Janeen Bach... .

Many authors Format as per “three to … authors” (above).

If there are more than seven authors, after the sixth author's name, use an ellipses in place of the remaining names. Then provide the final author name. Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T.,... Rubin, L. H. (2009)....

For more than 10 authors, list the first seven names in the bibliography followed by et al. Otherwise, format notes as per 3- authors (above).

Corporate/ Organization author

American Psychiatric Association.... American Psychiatric Association. (2005)....

American Psychiatric Association....

(If the organization is also the publisher, only list the organization as the publisher.)

Unknown author

Start with the title. Oxford Essential World Atlas…

Start with the title. Oxford essential world atlas. (2001)....

Start with the title. Oxford Essential World Atlas....

Two or more works by the same author

Use the author’s name in the first entry. Use three hyphens followed by a period (in place of the name) for subsequent entries. Order entries alphabetically by title. Borroff, Marie. Language and the Poet: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore. U of Chicago P, 1979. ———.“Sound Symbolism as Drama in the Poetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA, vol. 107, no. 1, 1992, pp. 131-44. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/

Include the author’s name for each entry. Order according to year (earliest first). Borroff, M. (19 79 )....

Borroff, M. ( 1992 )....

Use the author’s name in the first entry. Use three hyphens followed by a period (in place of the name) for subsequent entries. Order entries alphabetically by title. Borroff, Marie. Language and the Poet: Verbal Artistry in Frost, Stevens, and Moore. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. ———. “Sound Symbolism as Drama in the Poetry of Robert Frost.” PMLA 107, no. 1, (1992): 131-44, accessed 5 May 2018, www.jstor.org/stable/462806.

Two or more works by the same author, same year.

Change noted by title. See entry above.

Include the author’s name for each entry. Order according to year. Within a single year, order alphabetically by title. Give repeated years a lowercase letter suffix. Slechty, P. C. (1997a)....

Slechty, P. C. (1997b)....

Change noted by title. See entry above.

Author with an editor

Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History. Edited by Kathleen A. Hauke, U of Georgia Press, 2000.

Poston, T. (2000). A First draft of history. K. A. Hauke (Ed.). Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History , edited by Kathleen A. Hauke. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. Author with a translator

Laplace, Pierre-Simon. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. Translated by F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory. John Wiley & Sons, 1902.

Laplace, P. S. (1902). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). London: John Wiley & Sons.

Laplace, P. S. A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. Translated by F. W. Truscott and F. L. Emory. London: John Wiley and Sons, 1902.

Editor with no author

Duncan, Greg J., and Jeanne Brooks- Gunn, editors. Consequences of Growing up Poor. Russell Sage Foundation, 1997.

Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

Duncan, G. J. and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. Consequences of Growing Up. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997.

Work in an anthology

Harris, Muriel. “Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers.” A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers , edited by Ben Rafoth, Heinemann, 2000, pp. 24–34.

Harris, M. (2000). Talk to me: Engaging reluctant writers. In Ben Rafoth (Ed.), A tutor’s guide: Helping writers one to one (pp. 24–34). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." In A Tutor's Guide: Helping Writers One to One , edited by Ben Rafoth, 24–34. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000. Edition other than first

Helfer, M. E., et al. The Battered Child. 5th ed., U of Chicago P, 1997.

Helfer, M. E., Kempe, R. S., & Krugman, R. D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Helfer, M.E., R.S. Kempe, and R.D. Krugman. The Battered Child. 5th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Multivolume work

In a multivolume set, list the volume that you consulted and its corresponding publication year. Wiener, Philip P., editor. Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Vol. 1, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968.

Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1–4). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Weiner, Philip, ed. Dictionary of the History of Ideas. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968–73.

Encyclopedia/ Dictionary

Posner, Rebecca. “Romance Languages.” The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia , 15 th^ ed.,

Posner, R. (1987). Romance languages. In The Encyclopedia Britannica : Macropedia (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: William Benton.

Well-known encyclopedias cited in notes only.

1. The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia , 15th ed. (1987), s.v. “Romance Languages.” (Chicago: William Benton), 175. Foreword, introduction, preface, or afterword

Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose , by Kenneth Burke, U of California P, 1984, pp. xiii- xliv.

Duncan, H. D. (1984). Introduction. In K. Burke (Ed.), Permanence and change: An anatomy of purpose (pp. xiii–xliv). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction to Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose , xiii–xliv. By Kenneth Burke, xiii- xliv. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Articles in Periodicals Although periodicals are cited similarly to most book sources, MLA’s eighth

In APA periodical citation, authors are named by their last name followed by

CMOS periodical citations include author name, article title, publication title,

edition makes some distinctions specific to periodicals.

initials; the publication year goes between parentheses and is followed by a period. Only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized for article titles. Periodical titles are written in title case and followed by the volume number, which, with the title, is also italicized.

publication date, and issue information. CMOS also requires citation of a URL if the journal was accessed online.

Magazine Poniewozik, James. “Election 2000: TV Makes a Too-Close Call.” Time , 20 Nov. 2000, pp. 70-71.

Poniewozik, J. (2000, November 20 ). Election 2000: TV makes a too-close call. Time, 156 (21), 70–71.

Poniewozik, James. "Election 2000: TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time , November 20,

Scholarly Journal (paginated by issue)

Bagchi, Alaknanda. “Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu .” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 15, no 1, Spring 1996, pp. 41-50.

Bagchi, A. (1996). Conflicting nationalisms: The voice of the subaltern in Mahasweta Devi’s Bashai Tudu. Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, 15 (1), 41 – 50.

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu. " Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 15 , no. 1 (Spring 1996): 41–50.

Daily newspaper

Krugman, Paul. "Fear of Eating." New York Times, 21 May 2007, late ed., p. A1.

Krugman, P. (2007, May 21). Fear of eating. New York Times , p. A1.

Krugman, Paul. "Fear of Eating." New York Times (New York, NY), May 21, 2007.

Editorial in newspaper without author

"Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall Street Journal, 24 Oct. 2003, p. A14.

Editorial: Of mines and men [Editorial]. (2003, Oct 24). The Wall Street Journal , p. A14.

Cited in notes only, without headline.

1. “Of Mines and Men,” editorial, Wall Street Journal , October 24, 2003.

Letter to the editor

Hamer, John. Letter. American Journalism Review, Dec. 2006/Jan. 2007, p. 7.

Hamer, J. [Letter to the editor]. (2006/2007, December/January). American Journalism Review , p. 7.

Cited in notes only, without headline.

1. John Hamer, letter to the editor, American Journalism Review (College Park, MD), December 2006/January 2007. Book or film review

Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It Living." Review of Radiant City , directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown, New York Times, 30 May 2007, p. E1.

Seitz, M. Z. (2007, May 30). Life in the sprawling suburbs, if you can really call it living [Review of the film Radiant City , directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown, 2006]. New York Times, late ed., p. E1.

Sietz, Matt Zoller. Review of Radiant City , directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown. New York Times , May 30, 2007, Late edition.

Online Sources For most online sources, the MLA asks for author/editor, title, website title, publisher/organization, publication date, volume/issue number, page numbers, and URL. However, the URL should omit http:// or https://. Whenever possible, use a permalink or DOI (digital object identifier) instead of a URL. A date of access can also be helpful, especially if the source does not have a publication date.

In APA citation, online sources often include DOIs (digital object identifiers). If a DOI is available, it is used in place of a URL. The DOI is frequently found on the first page of an online source. APA generally cites author, date, page title, site title, available page numbers, and a URL or DOI.

CMOS citation requires the URL or DOI to be listed at the end of the citation. The date of access should also be included if there is no publication or modification date. Citations for websites should be included in the notes, and only included in the bibliography if there are no notes.

Titles of websites are usually set in roman (i.e., no formatting). However, titles of blogs, books, journals, shows, movies, and similar sources should be italicized. General format

Author/Editor. Name of Site. Version number, Name of publisher/organizer, date of publication (if available), URL/DOI/permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

Author. (Year [use n.d. if not given]). Article or page title. Larger Publication Title , volume number (issue number). Retrieved from http://url address

Author (and/or owner, sponsor). “Document/Webpage Title.” Title of Website. Updated or Accessed Date. URL.

For Notes:

1. “Title of Document/Webpage,” Title of website, Author/Owner, last modified date or accessed date, URL.

Entire Website

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 16 July 2018.

The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U. (2008). The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. Retrieved July 16, 2018, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U. The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. Accessed 16 July 2018. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

Page from Website

Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb , www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/ shiva.html. Accessed 14 July 2018.

Shiva, V. (2006, February). Bioethics: A third world issue. Nativeweb. Retrieved from http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/leg al/shiva.html

Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. Accessed July 14, 2018. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontlin e/shows/cool/giants/.

Page from Website with unknown author

“Media Giants.” Frontline: The Merchants of Cool , PBS, www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/ shows/cool/giants. Accessed July 14,

Media giants. (2001). PBS. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fron tline/shows/cool/giants/

“Media Giants.” PBS online. Accessed July 14,

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline /shows/cool/giants.

Image from a Website

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado , www.museodelprado.es/en/the- collection/art-work/the-family-of- carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779- 71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May

Goya, F. (1800). The family of Charles IV. Museo National del Prado. Retrieved from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd /goya/hd_goya.htm

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV ,

1800. Painting. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goy a/hd_goya.htm.

Online book Delabastita, Dirk, and Lieven D’hulst. European Shakespeares: Translating Shakespeare in the Romantic Age. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1990, Proquest E-book, ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/purdu e/detail.action?docID=842928.

Delabastita, D., & L. D’hulst. (1990). European Shakespeares. Translating Shakespeare in the Romantic Age. Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ purdue/detail.action?docID=

Delabastita, Dirk, and Lieven D’hulst. European Shakespeares: Translating Shakespeare in the Romantic Age. Amsterdamn: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1990. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/purd ue/detail.action?docID=842928. Portion of an online book

Adams, H. “Diplomacy.” The Education of Henry Adams , Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918. Bartleby , www.bartleby.com/159/8.html.

Adams, H. (1918). “Diplomacy.” In The education of Henry Adams. Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html

Adams, Henry. “Diplomacy.” The Education of Henry Adams. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918. http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html. Article in an online journal

Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of Higher Education, vol. 30 , no .3, 1959 pp. 14 0 - 45 , JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/1978286. Accessed 14 July 2018.

Bent, H. ( 1959 ). Professionalization of the Ph.D. degree. The Journal of Higher Education , 30 (3), 140 – 145. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

Bent, Henry E. “Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of Higher Education 30, no. 3 (1959): 140–45. Accessed July 14, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.

Article in an online magazine/ newspaper

Bernstein, Mark. “10 Tips on Writing the Living Web.” A List Apart , 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/wr iteliving

Bernstein, M. “10 Tips on Writing the Living Web.” A List Apart , August 16, 2002. http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv ing.

Entire blog Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout. Washington Post , blog.washingtonpost.com/thechecko ut. Accessed 19 Jan. 2007.

Mayer, C. (2007, January 10). The checkout. [Weblog]. Retrieved from http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thec heckout/

Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout (blog). Washington Post. http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thecheck out/. Single Blog Entry

Mayer, Caroline. “Stamps to Become a Marketing Vehicle.” The Checkout , 24 May 2006, Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR 006052301593.html?noredirect=on. Accessed 19 July 2018.

Mayer, C. (200 6 , May 24). Stamps to become marketing vehicle. [Web log post]. The checkout. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR 06052301593.html

Mayer, Caroline. “Stamps to Become a Marketing Vehicle.” The Checkout (blog). Washington Post , May 24, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR 2301593.html

Comment or response on a blog post

Jay Dean. Comment on “When the Self Emerges: Is That Me in the Mirror?.” Psyblog, 7 May 2008, 4:00 p.m., http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttran sport.

J Dean. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? [web log comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttrans port

Cited in notes only.

1. Jay Dean, May 7, 2008 (4:00 p.m.), comment on “When the Self Emerges: Is That Me in the Mirror?,” http://www.spring.org.uk/the1sttransport. E-mail Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." Received by John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000.

Not included in references. Cited in notes only.

1. Andrew Kunka, e-mail message to John Watts, November 15, 2000. Multimedia Sources MLA Format for multimedia sources considers if the entry is highlighting the contribution of a particular person, such as performer, director, or creator. MLA also considers if a film or television show was watched online.

Use the following format for all sources: Author. Title. Title of container (self-contained if book),

Electronic sources in APA format may include a digital object identifier (DOI) number. When a DOI is evident, it may be used in place of a URL address. An online source should include either a DOI or a URL.

When citing media sources in CMOS format, include as much information as is available regarding author, producer, sponsor, publication, medium, dates, site title, and any available URL. An access date is not always needed in CMOS formatting.

Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location. Date of Access (if applicable). Video or film An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by David Guggenheim. Paramount Home Entertainment, 2006.

Or, if focus is on a contributor: Guggenheim, David, director. An Inconvenient Truth. Paramount Home Entertainment, 2006.

Kokin, K. (Producer), & Singer, B. (Director). (1995). The Usual Suspects [Motion Picture]. USA: Polygram.

Guggenheim, David, dir. An Inconvenient Truth. United States: Paramount Home Entertainment, 2006. DVD, 94 min.

Podcast/ YouTube

UW Tacoma Multimedia Lab.“Videography Tips and Tricks to Produce a Documentary Profile Piece.” YouTube, Uploaded by UW Tacoma Multimedia Lab, 30 Sept. 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =j_fiNRFcbwY.

UW Tacoma Multimedia Lab. (2015, September 30). Videography tips and tricks to produce a documentary profile piece. [YouTube video]. UW Tacoma. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =j_fiNRFcbwY

UW Tacoma Multimedia Lab. “Videography Tips and Tricks to Produce a Documentary Profile Piece.” September 30, 20 15. YouTube video, 3:58. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_fiN RFcbwY.

Television Shows (Recorded Episodes, Broadcast TV or Radio Program , Netflix/Hulu/ Google Play, and Entire Series)

"The One Where Chandler Can't Cry." Friends: The Complete Sixth Season , written by Andrew Reich and Ted Cohen, directed by Kevin Bright, Warner Brothers, 2004.

Bright, K. (Director). (2004). "The one where Chandler can't cry." Friends: The complete sixth season [Television series]. Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers.

Bright, Kevin. "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry." Friends: The Complete Sixth Season. 2004; Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers, 2004. DVD.

Song or Album (Spotify, Online Album, CD)

Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind , Geffen, 1991.

Cobain, K. (1991). Smells like teen spirit [Recorded by Nirvana]. On Nevermind. Santa Monica, CA: DGC Records.

Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Recorded

1991. Track 1 on Nevermind. DGC Records. Compact disc.

Lecture/ Public address

Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in the Digital Era.” Discovering Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing Conference, 23 May 2003, Union Club Hotel, West Lafayette, IN. Keynote Address.

Stein, B. (2003, May 23). Keynote Address on reading and writing in the digital era. Discovering Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing Conference, Union Club Hotel, West Lafayette, IN.

Stein, Bob. “Reading and Writing in the Digital Era.” Keynote Address at Discovering Digital Dimensions, Computers and Writing Conference, West Lafayette, IN, May 23,

Other Sources The Purdue OWL

Clements, Jessica, et al. "General Format." Purdue Online Writing Lab , Purdue University, 7 April 2010, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource /747/01/. Accessed 20 Dec. 2010.

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/re source/560/01/

Clements, Jessica, Elizabeth Angeli, Karen Schiller, S. C. Gooch, Laurie Pinkert, Allen Brizee, and Vanessa Iacocca. “General Format.” Purdue Online Writing Lab. Last edited February 16, 2018. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resour ce/717/0 1 /. Dissertation If dissertation is published, italicize the title and include publication date and UMI (University Microfilms International) order number. If not published, put the title in quotation marks and end with the degree date. Choi, Mihwa. Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty. Dissertation, University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest, 3300426 , 2008.

Mihwa, C. (200 8 ). Contesting imaginaries in death rituals during the northern song dynasty (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Purdue e- Pubs ( 3300426 ).

Mihwa, Choi. "Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals During the Northern Song Dynasty." Dissertation, Purdue University,

In-Text Citations

Citing Books Like most source documentation systems, MLA uses in-text citations to give readers information and directs readers to the more specific Works Cited page should a reader want to pursue a source further. Generally, MLA in-text citation requires an author name and a page number where the information being cited can be found.

APA adds to MLA style by including page number(s) and date. The date is generally provided parenthetically next to author(s’) names, while page numbers always appear parenthetically at the ends of sentences. The date is important in social science because it helps demonstrate the relevance (newness) of the work being cited.

Footnotes or endnotes are used when citing within the text of a CMOS formatted document. Often a final bibliography is also included at the end of a text. Footnotes in CMOS style generally include the author name, the publication title, publication date, publisher information with the very first citation, and a page number.

Author named in a signal phrase

Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (49).

Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper (1961) refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (p. 49).

Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”^12

Match number 12 to endnote 12 at the bottom of the page or in notes section

12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49. Author not named in a signal phrase

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper 49).

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper, 1961, p. 49).

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”^12

12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49. Unknown author

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” ( World Hypotheses 49).

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” ( World Hypotheses , 1961, p. 49).

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”^12

12. World Hypotheses (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49. Unknown page number

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (Pepper).

According to Pepper (1961), this phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence”

This phenomenon is best referred to as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence.”^12

(Evidence and Corroboration section, para. 22).

12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961). More than one work by the same author

Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence,” which he hints toward in earlier work as well ( World Hypotheses 49 and “Emergence” 241).

Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence” (1961, p_._ 49), which he hints toward in earlier work as well (1926, p. 241).

Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this phenomenon as a “cumulative collaboration of evidence,”^12 which he hints toward in earlier work as well.^13

12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1961), 49.
13. Stephen C. Pepper, “Emergence,” The Journal of Philosophy 23, no. 9 (1926). Two authors Use “and” between authors’ names. Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser note in Going Public the importance of redefining expectations for faculty work (3).

Note: Use “and” between authors’ names in the text and an ampersand in parentheses. Rose and Weiser (2010) note the importance of redefining expectations for faculty work (p. 3).

Research has found the importance of redefining expectations for faculty work (Rose & Weiser, 2010, p. 3)

Use “and” between authors’ names. Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser note in Going Public the importance of redefining expectations for faculty work.^6

6. Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser, Going Public (Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2010), 3.

Many authors In MLA, use the first author’s name plus “et al.” for three or more authors. Some studies that focus specifically on undergraduate perspectives of academic writing found a variety of approaches (Anderson et al. 11).

For three to five authors, list every author the first time you make the reference. Use “and” before the final author in the text and an ampersand in parentheses. In 1990, Anderson, Best, Black, Hurst, Miller, and Miller produced a study that focused specifically on undergraduate perspectives of academic writing, and they found a variety of approaches in place (p. 11).

In Chicago, include each author’s name if there are three authors. If there are four or more, use the first author’s name plus “et al.” Some studies that focus specifically on undergraduate perspectives of academic writing found a variety of approaches.^2

2. Worth Anderson et al., “Cross-Curricular Underlife: A Collaborative Report on Ways

Subsequent citations should use only the first author’s name, followed by et al. In 1990, Anderson et al. produced a study…

For six or more authors, use the first author’s name and “et al.” even for the first citation.

with Academic Words,” College Composition and Communication 41, no. 1 (1990).

Corporate author

The American Psychological Association’s study demonstrated the significant role of prayer as a coping mechanism for health (67).

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

This study demonstrated the significant role of prayer as a coping mechanism for health.^9

9. American Psychological Association, “National Trends in Prayer Use as a Coping Mechanism for Health Concerns: Changes from 2002 to 2007,” Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (2000). Authors with the same last name

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

…the effects of cloning for medical research (R. Miller, 2001, p. 12; A. Miller, 2009, p.19).

Does not apply; endnotes will differentiate.

Multivolume work

If citing from more than one volume, use the volume number followed by a page number, e.g. (2:119).

Use the page number and date; indicate the volume in the reference section only.

10. Phillip P. Weiner, Dictionary of the History of Ideas , 6 vols., (New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 2004). Two or more works in the same parentheses

Many 19th century American authors noted the importance of religion in conceiving nature (Emerson 11 23 ; Thoreau 19 94 ).

Many 19th century American authors noted the importance of religion in conceiving nature (Emerson, 1836; Thoreau, 1862).

Many 19th century American authors noted the importance of religion in conceiving nature.^22

22. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” 11862 ; Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Nature,”

An entire work

Thoreau’s “Walking” demonstrates a fascination with sauntering.

Thoreau’s “Walking” (1862) demonstrates a fascination with sauntering.

Thoreau’s “Walking” demonstrates a fascination with sauntering.^22

22. Henry David Thoreau, “Walking.,” 1862. Work in an anthology

Use the author’s name and page number, not the editor.

The life of poverty in the south is captured by Hurston’s candid autobiography, “From Dust Tracks on a Road” (336).

Cite the specific work only, not the anthology or its editor.

The life of poverty in the south is captured by Hurston’s candid autobiography, “From Dust Tracks on a Road” (1942).

The life of poverty in the south is captured by Hurston’s candid autobiography, “From Dust Tracks on a Road”.^19

19. Zora Neale Hurston, “From Dust Tracks on a Road,.” Iin The Norton Book of American Autobiography , edited by Jay Parini (New York: Norton, 1999), 336. Multimedia Sources Video or film Cite as in-text document using the first text element in the works cited entry. If citing a scene or excerpt, include the range of hours, minutes, and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35)

The role of Irish folklore is depicted in contemporary films such as John Sayles’s The Secret of Roan Inish.

Cite as in-text document using release date. If citing a specific scene or excerpt, include the range of hours, minutes, and seconds you plan to reference, like so: (00:02:15-00:02:35)

The role of Irish folklore is depicted in contemporary films such as John Sayles’s The Secret of Roan Inish (1993).

The role of Irish folklore is depicted in contemporary films such as John Sayles’s, The Secret of Roan Inish.^45

45. The Secret of Roan Inish , DVD, directed by John Sayles (1993; Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home Video, 2000), DVD.

Podcast/ YouTube

Use video author/podcast name and given title. Include the range of hours, minutes, and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35)

Use video/podcast author name, if known, title, and posting date. Include the range of hours, minutes, and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35)

Include in notes as a document from a website.

31. David Kestenbaum, “A Big Bridge in the Wrong Place,” in Planet Money Podcast ,

The quirks of spending become obvious when listening to productions such as David Kesetenbaum’s podcast, “A Big Bridge in the Wrong Place,” on Planet Money.

The quirks of spending become obvious when listening to productions such as David Kesetenbaum’s podcast, “A Big Bridge in the Wrong Place,” on Planet Money (2011).

produced by National Public Radio, http://www.npr.org/blogs/money.

Lecture/ Public address

The problem of violent death among delinquent youths was carefully documented by Teplin et al. in an address delivered in 2005 at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law-Society.

The problem of violent death among delinquent youths was carefully documented by Teplin et al. in an address delivered at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology- Law-Society (2005).

If using an unpublished lecture or address, cite in main text only. If a published lecture or address, reference in text and notes following this example :

41. Linda A. Teplin et al., “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study,” pPaper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology- Law-Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005. Other Sources The Purdue OWL Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee write in the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University, “Research-based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers, particularly beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how to follow” (“Avoiding Plagiarism”).

Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee (2011) write in the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University, “Research-based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers, particularly beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how to follow.”

Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee note, “Research-based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers, particularly beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how to follow.”^23

23. Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee, “Avoiding Plagiarism,” The Purdue OWL, Online Writing Lab , Purdue University, last edited October 10, 2014, http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/ 589/01/. Government publication

According to the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, the Emerald Ash Borer invasion in Pennsylvania has led

The Emerald Ash Borer invasion in Pennsylvania has led to dozens of county quarantines in recent years (Pennsylvania DCNR, 2011).

According to the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources... etc.^27

to dozens of county quarantines in recent years.

27. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, "Bureau of Forestry Publications: Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire," (2011).