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The Skeletal System: Structure, Function, and Diseases of the bones and joints, Exams of Nursing
An overview of the skeletal system, including the structure, function, and diseases of the bones and joints. It covers the microscopic anatomy of bone, classification of bones, types of bone cells, changes in the human skeleton, bone fractures, stages in the healing of a bone fracture, the axial skeleton, bones of the skull, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column, thoracic cage, and joints. It also explains the types of synovial joints based on shape.
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The SkeletalThe Skeletal
System: System:
Structure, Function, Structure, Function,
and Diseases and Diseases
of the bones and joints of the bones and joints
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
- (^) Parts of the skeletal system
- (^) Bones (skeleton)
- (^) Joints
- (^) Cartilages
- (^) Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
- (^) Divided into two divisions
- (^) Axial skeleton
- (^) Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones
- (^) Support of the body
- (^) Protection of soft organs
- (^) Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
- (^) Storage of minerals and fats
- (^) Blood cell formation
Bones of the Human BodyBones of the Human Body
- (^) The skeleton has 206 bones
- (^) Two basic types of bone tissue
- (^) Compact bone
- (^) Homogeneous
- (^) Spongy bone
- (^) Small needle-like pieces of bone
- (^) Many open spaces
- (^) Compact bone
Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Bones are classified by their shape:
- (^) long
- (^) short
- (^) flat
- (^) irregular
Classification of Bones on theClassification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Basis of Shape
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
- (^) Long bones
- (^) Typically longer than wide
- (^) Have a shaft with heads at both ends
- (^) Contain mostly compact bone
- (^) Examples: Femur, humerus
Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneGross Anatomy of a Long Bone
- (^) Diaphysis
- (^) Shaft
- (^) Composed of compact bone
- (^) Epiphysis
- (^) Ends of the bone
- (^) Composed mostly of spongy bone
Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
- (^) Periosteum
- (^) Outside covering of the diaphysis
- (^) Fibrous connective tissue membrane
- (^) Sharpey’s fibers
- (^) Secure periosteum to underlying bone
- (^) Arteries
- (^) Supply bone cells with nutrients
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
- (^) Short bones
- (^) Generally cube-shape
- (^) Contain mostly spongy bone
- (^) Examples: Carpals, tarsals
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
- (^) Flat bones
- (^) Thin and flattened
- (^) Usually curved
- (^) Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone - (^) Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
- (^) Irregular bones
- (^) Irregular shape
- (^) Do not fit into other bone classification categories - (^) Example: Vertebrae and hip
- (^) Surface features of bones
- (^) Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons,
and ligaments
- (^) Passages for nerves and blood vessels
- (^) Categories of bone markings
- (^) Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface
- (^) Depressions or cavities – indentations
Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone Cells
- (^) Osteocytes
- (^) Mature bone cells
- (^) Osteoblasts
- (^) Bone-forming cells
- (^) Osteoclasts
- (^) Bone-destroying cells
- (^) Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
- (^) Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Changes in the Human SkeletonChanges in the Human Skeleton
- (^) In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage
- (^) During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
- (^) Cartilage remains in isolated areas
- (^) Bridge of the nose
- (^) Parts of ribs
- (^) Joints
Bone GrowthBone Growth
- (^) Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long
bone during childhood
- (^) New cartilage is continuously formed
- (^) Older cartilage becomes ossified
- (^) Cartilage is broken down
- (^) Bone replaces cartilage
Bone FracturesBone Fractures
- (^) A break in a bone
- (^) Types of bone fractures
- (^) Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
- (^) Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
- (^) Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
- (^) Realignment of the bone
Common Types of FracturesCommon Types of Fractures
Stages in the Healing of a BoneStages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Fracture
Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head, neck and trunk Axial skeleton: skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) bony thorax (ribs and sternum) Appendicular skeleton includes bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to the axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae) upper limbs (arms) pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx) lower limbs (legs)
22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage 4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle 206 bones in all