Theories and Approaches in Career Counseling, Exams of Advanced Education

Download Theories and Approaches in Career Counseling and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! Practice Test 1 Arnold Lazarus - Pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in systematic desensitization. Associated with multimodal therapy. A counselor is working with a mute autistic childs in order to help thel childs develop language. Thel counselor begins by rewarding thel childs with foods whenever hel vocalizes. The counselor then begins to rewards the child only when his vocalizations occur within ten seconds off the counselor's vocalizations, then only if the child's vocalizations resemble the counselor's, and so on, until the child's vocalizations match those off the counselor. This technique is known as: - SHAPING is an operant conditioning procedure used to establish behaviors. It involves reinforcing an individual when he/she displays closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior. (a) CLASSICAL CONDITIONING refers to a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus through repeated pairing with a stimulus that elicits a certain response eventually elicits the response itself. (c) CHAINING is a type of learning involving the association of responses such that each response acts as the stimulus for the following response. John Krumboltz - Social Learning Approach The social learning theory of career decision making is an outgrowth of the general social learning theory of behavior, which is most often associated with the work of Albert Bandura. (a) Crites is most associated with the trait and factor theory. (b) Super developed a theory of career choice based on personality development. (c) Bordin is a theorist who is identified with the psychodynamic model of career choice. Reflection - A reflection is a restatement of a counselee's message that emphasizes the emotional component of the message. Summarization - Has several purposes, including recapping a long client monologue; bringing focus to an interview; providing a smooth transition between subjects; helping the client see connections among different thoughts or feelings he/she has expressed; and reviewing progress made during one interview or thus far in treatment. Interpretation - Interpretation involves suggesting a new meaning or a new way of perceiving a problem or event in response to feelings and meanings the client expresses. It responds to the implicit elements of a client's message. Confrontation - Confrontation is primarily used to make a client aware of inconsistencies within his/her perceptions or attitudes, between his/her perceptions and objective facts, or between his/her verbal and nonverbal behaviors. It usually emphasizes factors that contribute to the client's problem or interfere with his/her progress. Monitoring Instruments - Monitoring instruments, such as Crites' Career Maturity Index, are designed to assess an examinee's "career progress." Rather than attempting to determine which career an examinee is likely to choose, monitoring instruments are used to assess factors such as an examinee's readiness to make a career choice. According to Vroom, which of following determines career choice? - Vroom's Expectancy Model says that a person's career decision-making process is determined by the interaction of valences and expectancies. Valences are a person's career-related preferences. Expectancies are a person's career- related expectations. The force on the individual to choose a particular career equals the sum of (1) the valences of all outcomes and (2) the strength of his/her expectancies that the choice will result in attaining the outcomes he/she desires. Therefore, the interaction of valence and expectancy, not either one by itself, determines career choice. Bandura's Social Cogntiion Theory - Three of the four choices - retention, attention, and reproduction - are related to Bandura's theory. He called the process of remembering the behavior in order to reproduce "RETENTION," whereas ATTENTION is the process of recognizing the behavior and REPRODUCTION is the process of imitating the behavior. Group - It is a dysfunctional group norm to focus on the past or issues not relevant to the group purpose. Immediate events take precedence over the past, although the group doesn't have to focus exclusively on the here-and-now. Some accounts of past incidents are important and relevant. Gestalt - A Gestalt theory includes the notions of figure and ground [i.e., how a person (figure) is aware of himself or herself in relation to the surrounding situation (ground)]. The four steps of the activities of anticipation in Tiedeman and Tiedeman's model are Exploration, Crystallization, Choice, & Clarifiaction. The three steps of the activities of implementation in Tiedeman and Tiedeman's model. - Induction, Reformation, & Integration Internal / External Locus of Control - People with an EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL see rewards and punishments as due to uncontrollable, external forces. They display more frustration and anxiety following a natural disaster than people with an internal locus. Furthermore, they are less likely to seek immediate solutions for the consequences of the disaster. People with an INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL believe that rewards and punishments are the result of their own efforts. They are more likely to see a person's status in life as being due to the person's own behaviors. And they tend to seek information more than people with an external locus because they see themselves as responsible for their own outcomes. Sociogram - As well as identifying alliances in the group, sociograms can help assess whether the alliances are growth-oriented. A sociogram is a graphic representation of the patterns showing which members are drawn to one another, which do not interact, and which members have a one-way attraction, mutual attraction, or aversion to each other. In therapy, an Adlerian therapist might use all off the following techniques, EXCEPT: A . analysis of the client's position in her family B. study of the client's dreams C. analysis of the client's games D. interpretation of the client's early memories - Adler emphasized the importance of social factors in development, and the goal of his therapy was to help clients replace a "mistaken style of life" with a healthier and more adaptive one. He focused his therapy on exploring with clients the determinants of their life styles (i.e., family atmosphere, distorted beliefs and attitudes, birth order), and integrated the interpretations of dreams, resistances, and transferences into therapy. He also used role-plays to help clients develop new behavior, and relied on advice and encouragement. A. Incorrect This is associated with Adlerian therapy. B. Incorrect This is associated with Adlerian therapy. C. CORRECT Adlerian therapists generally do not analyze the client's games. Games are associated with Gestalt therapy and Transactional Analysis. D. Incorrect This is associated with Adlerian therapy. Structural vs Developmental Theories of Career Counseling - The structural theories are concerned with measuring and defining the way individuals differ in their career development. This information is used to predict individuals' success regarding their vocational and academic alternatives. Trait-and-factor theory is an example of a structural theory. The developmental theories, by contrast, use structural theory concepts, but also investigate the changes that occur over the life-span and the factors that influence these changes. Super's career and life development theory is an example of a developmental theory. Recprocity Theory of Attraction Proinquity Theory - Reciprocity theory of attraction- we are attracted to people who like us (i.e., we reciprocate their feelings and vice-versa). Propinquity theory- says we are attracted to people who we are in close physical proximity and around a lot. Errors - If you increase alpha (e.g., .01 to .05), you increase the likelihood of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (i.e., the likelihood of making a Type I Error). Type I and Type II Error have an inverse relationship, so if Type II Error becomes more likely, Type I Error actually becomes less likely. Bystander Apathy - Research on bystander apathy, however, has focused on the other three factors: social influence, evaluation apprehension, and the diffusion of responsibility when others are around. Gestalt Therapy - For Fritz Perls, the founder of Gestalt therapy, nothing exists except the "now." Gestalt counselors focus on the "here-and-now" and view a concern with the past as a way of avoiding a full experience of the present. Although Gestalt counselors do not deny the significance of the past, in therapy, clients are encouraged to stay in the present, even when discussing past events or feelings. For instance, if a client has "unfinished business" from childhood with his mother, a Gestalt counselor might have him role-play an interaction with his mother in the present. Vygotsky - While the other theorists might not disagree with the statement ("For learning and development to occur, children must interact with the environment"), it is most indicative of the work of Vygotsky, who believed in creating active learning environments for children, both in and out of the school. If internal consistency is of concern, what reliability coefficient will most likely be used? - COEFFICENT ALPHA is a type of internal consistency reliability coefficient. Determining a test's internal consistency reliability by the coefficient alpha involves giving a test once to a single group of examinees. A special formula is used to determine the degree of inter-item consistency. A COEFFICIENT OF EQUIVALENCE is an alternate form of reliability. Two equivalent forms of a test are administered to the same group of examinees at about the same time and their scores are correlated. When the same test is administered to the same group of examinees on two different occasions, the correlation of the scores is known as the COEFFICIENT OF STABILITY. The COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION is the squared correlation between X and Y. It indicates how much of the variability in Y is accounted for by the variability in X. Bandura - Bandura's observational (social) learning theory proposes that the learning of a behavior involves four processes: 1. ATTENTION (the learner attends to and accurately perceives the modeled behavior); 2. RETENTION (the learner symbolically processes the modeled behavior in memory via visual imagery); 3. REPRODUCTION (the learner reproduces and rehearses the modeled behavior); 4. MOTIVATION (internal or external reinforcement, though not necessary, increases the probability that learning or performance will occur). The case of Griggs vs Duke Power - The case of Griggs vs. Duke Power addressed the issue of equal employment opportunity. Based on the case's finding, it is illegal to discriminate against someone when making an employment-related decision if the discrimination is based on a factor unrelated to job performance. (Qualitative) Expert judgement (not statistics) is the primary method used to determine whether a test has content validity. The test should have a high correlation w/other tests that purport to sample the same content domain. This is different from FACE VALIDITY: When a test appears valid to examinees who take it, personnel who administer it and other untrained observers. Criterion-related Validity >Concurrent >Predictive - In CONCURRENT validation, the predictor and criterion data are collected at or about the same time. This kind of validation is appropriate for tests designed to asses a person's current criterion status. It is good diagnostic screening tests when you want to diagnose. In PREDICTIVE validation, the predictor scores are collected first and criterion data are collected at some later/future point. this is appropriate for tests designed to asses a person's future status on a criterion. Often use Cut-Off scores. Construct Validity - A test has construct validity if it accurately measures a theoretical, non-observable construct or trait. 2 Types of Construct Validity: Convergent Divergent Construct Validity >Convergent >Divergent - A test has CONVERGENT validity if it has a high correlation with another test that measures the same construct. By contrast, a test's DIVERGENT validity is demonstrated through a low correlation with a test that measures a different construct. Note this is the ONLY case when a low correlation coefficient (b/w two test that measure different traits) provides evidence of high validity. Regulations of the Public Health Service provide that mental health investigators may be granted a "confidentiality certificate," which does what? - It protect the privacy of research subjects in legal proceedings It provide researchers immunity from subpoena It offer researchers protection against legally compelled breaches of confidence of data from research You want to assess the effectiveness of a community intervention initiative aimed at educating young people about the dangers of drugs. Your assessment will most likely be: - Generally, the effectiveness of community-based programs are best assessed by performing EVALUATION RESEARCH (i.e., a program evaluation). Program evaluations can include aspects of the other three choices (single subject, experimental, longitudinal) - for example, you may incorporate a longitudinal research design to study the impact of a community program; however, you would do this in the context of a larger program evaluation. You are using scores on the GRE, MAT, and GMAT to predict GPA in an MBA program. What statistical technique are you using? - In multiple regression, the values of two or more predictor variables (in this case, GRE, GMAT, and MAT) are used to predict outcome on one criterion variable (in this case, GPA). Career Counseling - - Research indicates that general ability tests have some validity for predicting occupational success. Interest inventories and personality tests, however, have little validity for this purpose. Career Counseling - Ginzberg's theory of vocational development includes these three DEVELOPMENTAL periods: Fantasy, Tentative, & Realistic TRAIT-AND-FACTOR career counseling is based on the assumption that each individual has unique abilities, interests, and personality characteristics and certain jobs can be matched to these. PSYCHODYNAMIC career counseling uses elements of trait-and-factor and client centered counseling as well as emphasizing the internal forces that motivate a client. The BEHAVIORAL model of career counseling focuses on how the client makes a career choice. The intervention is aimed at assessing and correcting the deficiencies in a client's learning as it affects his or her career choice process. Group Therpy - Although all groups are unique, certain traits are typical of most groups. In the beginning stages of therapy, group members haven't yet started to relate to one another or to form social relationships and, therefore, they typically communicate only with the therapist, as if other group members aren't present. During this initial stage, the therapist should be prepared to play an active role. A counselor conducts a study to determine the effectiveness of ongoing group academic counseling on the GPA of a group off high school students. The study begins in September and ends in June. To which threat to the validity off an experiment is this study particularly susceptible: A. Regression B. Demand characteristics C. History D. Reactivity - In research, HISTORY effects refer to external factors that cause changes in the dependent variable. During the nine months, the high school students will experience a variety of other events (e.g., attendance in class, pressure from parents, etc.) besides academic counseling. These events, rather than the academic counseling, could be the cause of any observed changes in the students' GPA. Regression - The tendency of extreme scores on a measure to regress toward the mean when the measure is readministered to the same group of people. Regression is a threat to the internal validity of a study. Demand Characteristics - A term that refers to cues in the experimental setting that inform the study subjects of the purpose of the study or suggest what behaviors are expected of them. Demand characteristics affect the external validity of a study by potentially changing the behavior of the study subjects. Reactivity - The general category for any phenomena that affect the behavior of study subjects merely because they are participating in a study and know they are being observed. Some of these phenomena C. Tap into the collective unconscious D. Tap into the personal unconscious - - A Answers C and D may sound good - Jung did indeed talk about the collective and personal unconscious. Answer B includes the word "transcend" so it too may have seemed correct. However, A is correct - Jung considered the transcendent function to be an individual's ability to integrate opposing forces within the self (e.g., being able to integrate unconscious and conscious information). Group - In the beginning (initial) stage of group work, the participants are concerned with fitting in. It is during the second (transition) stage that issues of power and control surface and conflicts arise. Nearing termination, groups tend to be less conflictual. According to Holland >Differentiated >Undifferentiated - According to Holland, a DIFFERENTIATED person has characteristics that closely resemble one personality type and bear little resemblance to other types. Conversely, an UNDIFFERENTIATED person resembles more than one personality type. Research - Bell-shaped distributions are normal distributions. In a normal distribution, approximately 68% of scores will be in the range of one standard deviation below the mean and one standard deviation above the mean. In this case, the standard deviation is 5 and the mean is 28. One standard deviation below the mean is 23 and one standard deviation above the mean is 33. So, the career counselor would expect a little over two-thirds, or 68%, of the scores to be in this range. Which of the following situations describes a setting in which multiple regression may be a good statistical approach: - You want to predict a student's GRE score on the basis of her college GPA and her SAT score. Multiple regression involves predicting one value (i.e., a criterion) on the basis of two or more other values (i.e., predictors). You want to use scores on a battery of tests to place job applicants into the categories of "likely to be successful" or "likely to be unsuccessful". - Describes discriminant analysis. You want to statistically remove the effects of an extraneous variable on a dependent variable. - Describes an ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) You want to test a causal model involving three explanatory variables. - Describes a path model or a three-way ANOVA (analysis of variance). Extraneous Variables - Variables other than the independent variable that may bear any effect on the behavior of the subject being studied. This only affects the people in the experiment, not the place the experiment is taking place in. Some examples are gender, ethnicity, social class, genetics, intelligence, age. A variable is extraneous only when it can be assumed to influence the dependent variable.