Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy Test-1 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/, Exams of Health sciences

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Theory and Practice of

Counseling and

Psychotherapy Test- 1 100%

VERIFIED ANSWERS

2024/2025 CORRECT STUDY

SET

Define value imposition when a counselor directly attempts to define a clients values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. What three ways does Orlinsky and colleagues suggest that personal therapy contributes to the therapists professional work?

1. It offers a model of therapeutic practice in which the trainee experiences the work of a more experienced therapist and learns experimentally what is helpful and what is not helpful.
2. It can further enhance the therapists interpersonal skills that are essential to skillfully practicing therapy.
3. It can contribute to a therapists ability to deal with the ongoing stresses associated with clinical work. Who should establish the goal of counseling? It is largely the client's responsibility to decide upon goals, collaborating with the therapist as the therapy proceeds What is Corey's perspective on the eleven therapeutic approaches presented in the book? No single model can explain all the facets of human experience.

What are the four general categories of the therapeutic approaches? Psychodynamic, Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies, Cognitive Behavioral Approaches, and Systems and Postmodern Approaches. What approach is Corey strongly influenced by? Existential; allows him to draw from other approaches. Clients can exercise freedom to choose their future. The quality of the client/therapist relationship is key Psychoanalytic Therapy is based largely on what? Insight, unconscious motivation, and reconstruction of the personality. What is the focus of Alderian therapy? Alderians focus on meaning, goals, purposeful behavior, conscious action, belonging, and social interest. True or False: Alderian theory accounts for present behavior by studying childhood experiences; it does not focus on unconscious dynamics True What counseling models fall under the Psychodynamic approaches? Psychoanalytic Therapy Adlerian Therapy What counseling models fall under Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies? Existential Therapy Person-Centered Therapy Gestalt Therapy What does the existential approach stress? A concern for what it really means to be human. It suggests that certain themes that are apart of the human condition, such as freedom and responsibility, anxiety, guilt, awareness of being finite, creating meaning in the world, and shaping ones future by making active choices. This approach is a

philosophy of counseling that stresses the divergent methods of understanding the subjective world of the person. True of False? The person-centered approach which is rooted in a humanistic philosophy places emphasis on the basic attitudes of the therapist. It maintains the the quality of the client-therapist relationship is the prime determinant of the outcomes of the therapeutic process. True Which approach assumes that clients have the capacity for self-direction without active intervention and direction on the therapists part? Person-centered Approach What is the focus of Gestalt Therapy It offers a range of experiments to help clients gain awareness of what they are experiencing in the here and now that is the present. What is the difference between Person-centered therapist and Gestalt therapists approach? Gestalt therapist tend to take an active role, yet they follow the leads provided by their clients. Gestalt therapy tends to emphasize emotion as a counter to bring about change, and innocence they can be considered emotion focused therapies. What are cognitive behavioral approaches known as? action-oriented therapies because they emphasize translating insights into behavioral action. These approaches include choice theory/reality therapy, behavior therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, and cognitive therapy. What is the focus of reality therapy? on client current behavior and stresses developing clear plans for new behaviors. What is the focus of behavior therapy? puts a premium on doing and taking steps to make concrete changes What is the focus of rational emotive behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy?

highlight the necessity to challenge inaccurate beliefs and automatic thoughts that lead to behavioral problems. What approaches encompasses the systems and postmodern perspectives? Feminist therapy, Family therapy, and postmodern approach What does the systems orientation stress? The importance of understanding individuals in the context of the surroundings that influence their development. To bring out individual change it is essential to pay attention to how the individuals personality has been affected by his or her gender-role socialization, culture, family, and other systems. True or False: Postmodern approaches include social constructionism, solution focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy. True What will happen if we hide behind the safety of our professional role? Our clients will likely keep themselves hidden from us True or False: Clients place more value on the personality of the therapist than on the specific techniques used. True What are the contextual factors that are the primary determinants of the therapeutic outcome? The alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factors. What do our personal values influence? How we act in our personal , and professional lives, how we view counseling, the manner in which we interact with clients, including the way we conduct client assessments, our views of the goals of counseling, interventions we choose, the topics we select for discussion in a counseling session, how we evaluate progress, and how we interpret clients' life situations. According to Corey, what is the counselors role?

To create a climate in which clients can examine their thoughts, feelings, and actions and to empower them to arrive at their own solution to the problems they face. According to Corey, what is the counseling task? To assist individuals in finding answers that are most congruent with their own values. Why is it important that a counselor learn how to recognize diversity issues and develop sensitivity to cultural differences? Helps the counselor make interventions that are consistent with the values of their clients. The therapists role is is to assist the client in making decisions that are congruent their world view and not the therapists values. Define Bracketing Managing ones personal values so that they do not contaminate the counseling process Define culture The values and behaviors shared by a group of individuals. Culture refers to more than ethnic or racial heritage; culture also includes factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, physical and mental ability, and socioeconomic status. What are the three dimensions of competencies developed by Arredondo and her colleagues?

1. Beliefs and attitudes
2. Knowledge
3. Skills What should be considered when the appropriateness of self-disclosure? What to reveal, when to reveal, how much to reveal True or False: A counselor must be aware of what their motivation is behind self-disclosure True What are some issues faced by therapists?

Dealing with Anxiety Being yourself and Self-Disclosure Avoiding Perfectionism Being Honest about Your Limitations Understanding Silence Dealing with Clients who lack commitment Tolerating Ambiguity Becoming Aware of your Counter-transference Developing a Sense of Humor Sharing Responsibility with a Client Declining to Give Advice Defining your Role as a Counselor Learning to Use Techniques Appropriately Developing your own Counseling Style Maintaining Your Vitality as a Person ans as a Professional What should a therapist do when silence occurs? Acknowledge and explore the meaning of the silence. How can a therapist handle a demanding client? Make your expectations and boundaries clear during the initial counseling sessions or in the disclosure statement. What is counter transference? Our projections that influence the way we perceive and react to a client. This occurs when we are triggered into emotional reactivity, when we respond defensively, or when we loose out ability to be present in a relationship because our own issues become involved. What happens if a therapist resolves a clients struggles for them? We will foster their dependence on us What is aspirational ethics? The focus on doing what is in the best interest of the client.

What are positive ethics? An approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble What are mandatory ethics? A level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice What is informed consent? the rights of the clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to their therapy. What ways can informed consent be given? Orally or written What must the therapist do if the informed consent is given orally? An entry must be made in the clients clinical record documenting the nature and extent of informed consent. Define confidentiality? An ethical concept and in most states is the legal duty to not disclose information about a client. However client confidentiality is not guaranteed is subpoenaed. Define privileged communication? A legal concept that protect clients from having their confidential communication revealed in court without their permission. Who does privileged communication not apply to? group counseling, couples counseling, family therapy, child and adolescent therapy, or whenever there are more than two people in a room. What must therapist consider when considering breaking confidentiality? Requirements of the law, the institution in which they work, and the clientele they serve

What does assessment consist of? evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in the counseling process. What does diagnosis consist of? consists of identifying a specific mental disorder based on a pattern of symptoms. What information can a diagnosis include? explanation of the causes of the clients difficulties account of how the problems developed over time classification of an disorders specification of preferred treatment procedure estimate for the chance of successful resolution What is the purpose of diagnosis in counseling and psychotherapy? to identify disruptions in a clients present behavior and lifestyle. What is a danger of the diagnostic approach? the possible failure of counselors to consider ethnic and cultural factors in certain patterns of behavior. What is the DSM based on? A medical model of mental illness that defines problems as residing with the individual rather than in society. What does the DSM not account for? the political, economic, social, and cultural factors in the lives of clients, which may play a significant role in the problems of clients. What ethical dilemma is created when diagnosis is done? If it is done strictly for insurance purposes, which often entails arbitrarily assigning a client to a diagnostic classification

What is evidence-based practice (EBP)? The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences. What are the three pillars or evidence-based practice?

1. looking for the best available research
2. relying on clinical expertise
3. taking into consideration the client's characteristics, culture, and preferences. What are vital contributors to the success of psychotherapy? The therapy relationship, the therapist's personality, the therapeutic style, the client, environmental factors Define boundary crossing departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit the client. Define boundary violation A serious breach that harms the client and therefore unethical. According to Freud, how is our behavior determined? Irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological and instinctual drives as these evolve through psychosexual stages in the first 6 years of life. What is central to the Freudian approach? Instincts Define libido Sexual instincts Define life instincts Instincts that serve as the purpose of survival of the individual and the human race; they are oriented toward growth, development, and creativity.

What does Freud include in his concept of life instincts? All pleasurable acts; he sees the goal of much of life as gaining pleasure and avoiding pain. What are death instincts? Accounts for aggressive behavior; people at times manifest through their behavior an unconscious wish to die or harm themselves or others. According to Freud, what three systems does the personality consist of? id, ego, superego Define the "ID" personality trait? the untamed drives or impulses that might be likened to the biological component Define the "EGO" personality trait? attempts to organize and mediate between the id and the reality of dangers and the id's impulses. Define the "SUPEREGO" personality trait? The internalized social component, largely rooted in what the person imagines to be the expectations of parental figures. Define the pleasure principle? The ID is ruled by the pleasure principle which is aimed at reducing tension, avoiding plain, and gaining pleasure. What personality trait is known as the executive order that governs, controls, and regulates the personality? The Ego= Traffic Cop Define the reality principle? The ego is ruled by the reality principle; the ego does realistic and logical thinking and formulates plans of action for satisfying needs What is considered the judicial branch of personality?

The superego Define the unconscious? stores all experiences, memories, and repressed materials Define anxiety? A feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experiences that emerge to the surface of awareness. What are the three kinds of anxiety? reality, neurotic, and moral Define reality anxiety? the fear of danger from the external world, the level of anxiety is proportionate to the degree of a real threat. Define Neurotic Anxiety the fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause the person to do something for which he or she will be punished. Define moral anxiety Feeling of guilt when the person does something contrary to their moral code. Define ego defense mechanisms Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed. What is the structure of personality?

1. THE ID —The Demanding Child Ruled by the pleasure principle
2. THE EGO —The Traffic Cop Ruled by the reality principle

3. THE SUPEREGO —The Judge Ruled by the moral principle What are ego defense mechanisms? Are normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend to deny or distort reality Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed Have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing reality What are the types of ego-defense mechanisms? Repression Denial Reaction Formation Projection Displacement Rationalization Sublimation Regression Introjection Identification Compensation What are the psychosexual stages? Refer to Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning at infancy What are the stages of the development of personality? First Year: Oral Stage Ages 1-3: Anal Stage Ages 3-6: Phallic Stage Ages 6-12: Latency Stage Ages 12-60: Genital Stage Define Erikson's Psychosocial Perspective?

Psychosocial stages: Erikson's basic psychological and social tasks to be mastered from infancy through old age Erikson's theory of development holds that psychosexual and psychosocial growth take place together During each psychosocial stage, we face a specific crisis that must be resolved in order to move forward Define crisis according to Erikson? is equivalent to a turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or regress Define Transference occurs when the client reacts to the therapist as he or she did to an earlier significant other Define Countertransference? is the reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with objectivity Define resistance? is anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the production of unconscious material What is the blank-screen approach When analysts typically assume an anonymous non-judgmental stance What are some psychoanalytic techniques used by a therapist? Maintaining the Analytic Framework Therapist uses a range of procedural and stylistic factors (e.g., analyst's relative anonymity, consistency of meetings) Analysis of resistance Therapist helps clients become aware of reasons for their resistance so they can deal with them

Analysis of transference Therapist uses this to elucidate client's intrapsychic life Free Association Client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts Interpretation Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is revealed Dream Analysis Therapist uses the "royal road to the unconscious" to bring unconscious material to light What is the ultimate goal of psychoanalytic treatment to increase adaptive functioning, which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflicts What are the two goals of the Freudian Psychoanalytic therapy To make the unconscious conscious and to strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less on instinctual cravings or irrational guilt. Define the working-through process? consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of the unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood. Define Jung's Analytical Psychology? An elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology, anthropology, and religion Places central importance on psychological changes associated with midlife Achieving individuation—the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality—is an innate and primary goal Define individuation

the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality—is an innate and primary goal What was Jung's teachings of dreams? They contain messages from the deepest layers of the unconscious which Jung described as the source of creativity. Define collective unconscious? The deepest and least accessible level of the psyche. Define Object Relations Encompasses the work of a number of rather different psychoanalytic theorists who are especially concerned with investigating attachment and seperation Define Self Psychology Emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self Define the relational Psychoanalysis? Emphasizes the interactive process between client and therapist Define brief psychodynamic therapy Applies the principles of psychodynamic theory and therapy to treating selective disorders within 10 to 25 sessions Define narcissistic personality? characterized by a grandiose and exaggerated sense of self-importance and an exploitative attitude towards others which serve the function of masking a frail self-concept.