Psychosexual Development and Freud's Theory: Stages, Erogenous Zones, and Conflicts, Exams of Nursing

Download Psychosexual Development and Freud's Theory: Stages, Erogenous Zones, and Conflicts and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Personality - Correct answer A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking. Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of behaviour and ways of thinking that determines a person's adjustment to the environment. Conscious mind - Correct answer Freud's term for what you are presently aware of Preconscious mind - Correct answer Freud's term for what is stored in your memory that you are not presently aware of but can access Unconscious mind - Correct answer Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of. Id - Correct answer The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind. Pleasure principle - Correct answer The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concern for the consequences Ego - Correct answer The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to find realistic outlets for the id's instinctual drives. Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Reality principle - Correct answer The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (norms of society). Superego - Correct answer The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behaviour. Defense mechanism - Correct answer A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety. Erogenous zone - Correct answer The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development. Fixation - Correct answer Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a psychosexual stage due to excessive or insufficient gratification of instinctual needs. Oral stage of psychosexual development - Correct answer First stage in Freud's theory Birth to 18 months Erogenous zones are mouth, lips, tongue Child derives pleasure from oral activities such as biting, sucking, chewing Anal stage of psychosexual devlopment - Correct answer Second stage in Freud's theory Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Self-system - Correct answer The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regulates their behaviour Self-efficacy - Correct answer A judgement of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular situations External locus of control - Correct answer The perception that chance or external forces beyond your personal control determine your fate Internal locus of control - Correct answer The perception that you control your own fate. Learned helplessness - Correct answer A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is unable to prevent aversive events. Attribution - Correct answer The process by which we explain our own behaviour and that of others Self-serving bias - Correct answer The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favourably Traits - Correct answer The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Personal inventory - Correct answer An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to him/her or not. Projective test - Correct answer A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about her perception of the stimuli Personality Theories - Correct answer Type Theories Trait Theories Type Theories - Correct answer Distinct (no overlap) pattern of personality characteristics - Sheldon Somatotypes - Eysenck - Type A vs. Type B Sheldon Somatotypes - Correct answer Type theory of personality Based on body types Endomorph - short, plump - sociable, relaxed, even tempered Ectomorph - tall, thin - restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude Mesomorph - heavy-set, muscular - noisy, callous, fond of physical activity Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Endomorph - Correct answer Sheldon somatotype Short, plump Sociable, relaxed, even-tempered Ectomorph - Correct answer Sheldon somatotype Tall, thin Restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude Mesomorph - Correct answer Sheldon somatotype Heavy-set, muscular Noisy, callous, fond of physical activity Eysenck - Correct answer Type theory of personality Introvert vs. extrovert Type A vs. Type B - Correct answer Type theory of personality Aggressive when frustrated, impatient, controlling. Trait Theories of Personality - Correct answer Characteristic patterns of behaviour or conscious motives. Assumed that most traits exist in all people to a certain degree and that we can measure the degree to which a trait exists in a person Thousands of words to describe traits. Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Correct answer An anxiety disorder in which a person has excessive, global anxiety that he or she cannot control, for a period of at least 6 months. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Correct answer An anxiety disorder in which the person experiences recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are perceived by the person as excessive or unreasonable, but cause significant distress and disruption in the person's daily life. Obsession - Correct answer A persistent, intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety. Compulsion - Correct answer A repetitive and rigid behaviour that a person feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety. Mood Disorders - Correct answer Disorders that involve dramatic changes in a person's emotional mood that are excessive and unwarranted. Major Depressive Disorder - Correct answer A mood disorder in which the person has experienced one or more depressive episodes. Major Depressive Episode - Correct answer An episode characterized by symptoms such as feelings of intense hopelessness, low self-esteem and worthlessness, extreme Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 fatigue, dramatic changes in eating and sleeping behaviour, inability to concentrate, and greatly diminished interest in family, friend, and activities for a period of 2 weeks or more. Manic Episode - Correct answer An episode characterized by abnormally elevated mood in which the person experiences symptoms such as inflated self-esteem with grandiose delusions, a decreased need for sleep, constant talking, distractability, restlessness, and poor judgment for a period of at least a week. Bipolar Disorder - Correct answer A mood disorder in which recurrent cycles of depressive and manic episodes occur. Psychotic Disorder - Correct answer A disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality. Hallucination - Correct answer A false sensory perception. Delusion - Correct answer A false belief. Schizophrenia - Correct answer A psychotic disorder in which at least two of the following symptoms are present most of the time during a 1-month period: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behaviour, or negative symptoms such as loss of emotion. Vulnerability-Stress Model - Correct answer A biopsychosocial explanation of schizophrenia which proposes that genetic, Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 prenatal, and postnatal biological factors render a person vulnerable to schizophrenia, but environmental stress determines whether it develops or not. Biomedical Therapy - Correct answer The use of biological interventions, such as drugs, to treat mental disorders. Psychotherapy - Correct answer The use of psychological interventions to treat mental disorders. Lithium - Correct answer A naturally occurring element (a mineral salt) that is used to treat bipolar disorder. Antidepressant Drugs - Correct answer Drugs used to treat depressive disorders. Neurogenesis Theory of Depression - Correct answer An explanation of depression that proposes that neurogenesis, the growth of new neurons, in the hippocampus stops during depression, and when it resumes the depression lifts. Antianxiety Drugs - Correct answer Drugs used to treat anxiety problems and disorders. Antipsychotic Drugs - Correct answer Drugs used to treat psychotic disorders. Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Counterconditioning - Correct answer A type of behavioural therapy in which a maladaptive response is replaced by an incompatible adaptive response. Systematic Desensitization - Correct answer A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which a fear response to an object or situation is replaced with a relaxation response in a series of progressively increasing fear-arousing steps. Virtual Reality Therapy - Correct answer A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is exposed in graduated steps to computer simulations of a feared object or situation. Flooding - Correct answer A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is immediately exposed to a feared object or situation. Cognitive Therapy - Correct answer A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to change the person's thinking from maladaptive to adaptive. Rational-Emotive Therapy - Correct answer A type of cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis in which the therapist directly challenges the person's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational. Beck's Cognitive Therapy - Correct answer A type of cognitive therapy developed by Aaron Beck in whcih the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 carefully consider the evidence for his or her beliefs in order to see the errors in his or her thinking. Spontaneous Remission - Correct answer Getting better with the passage of time without receiving any therapy. Criticisms of both Type and Trait theories - Correct answer Identify but don't explain how behaviour is caused People are not always consistent in different situations Traits may emerge in more familiar situations No conception of development Identify but don't explain how behaviour is caused - Correct answer Criticism of type/trait theory Descriptive not explanatory People not always consistent in different situations - Correct answer Criticism of type/trait theory Punctuality on exam days vs. regular lecture days Traits may emerge in familiar situations - Correct answer Criticism of type/trait theory When eating dinner at home you may be talkative but at a new girlfriend's house you may be quiet Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Type and Traits - Correct answer Give us a way to describe individual differences in behaviour Can be regarded as predispositions to respond in similar situations Psychodynamic Theory - Correct answer Sigmund Freud Id. superego, ego Stages of psychosexual development Sigmund Freud - Correct answer Physician from Vienna, Austria Interested in treatment of nervous disorders (hysterical blindness) Adopted "talking cure" though which patients were able to get rid of their symptoms by talking about their problems Hysterical Blindness - Correct answer Freud Nervous disorder Talking Cure - Correct answer Freud Patients able to get rid of their symptoms by talking about their problems Id, Superego, Ego - Correct answer Freud Three parts of personality Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Defense Mechanisms - Correct answer Used by the ego Stop unconscious conflicts (between id, superego, ego) becoming conscious Denial Projection Rationalization Denial - Correct answer Defense mechanism Refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality Projection - Correct answer Defense mechanism Projecting your anger onto something that can't hurt you Rationalization - Correct answer Defense mechanism Personality Development - Correct answer Freud Believed that personality id affected by how a child deals with changes in the focus of the id on different parts of the body as the child grows older Psychosexual Development (Psychodynamic Theory) - Correct answer Various stages Oral Anal Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Phallic Oral Stage - Correct answer Mouth region 0-18 months old Anal stage - Correct answer Elimination then retention (18 months - 3 years old) Phallic stage - Correct answer Sexual love towards opposite sex parent (3-6 years old) Oedipus Complex - Correct answer Family triangle of love, jealousy, and fear which is at the root of internalized morality and out of which grows the child's identification with the parent of the same sex. Stages of Oedipus Complex - Correct answer Child seeks external object for his erotic urges External object is mum Dad is in the way Fear of dad castrating him (castration anxiety) Throws in the towel, renounces mum and identifies with dad Why would a child seek an external object for his erotic urged during the Phallic stage of development? - Correct answer He is told that masturbation is bad Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 What is the object of a male child's erotic urges during the Phallic stage of development? - Correct answer Mum Who gets in the way of a male child's erotic urges during the Phallic stage of development? - Correct answer Dad What is castration anxiety? - Correct answer Male child (with erotic urges directed towards mum) fears that dad will castrate him How is the Oedipus Complex resolved? - Correct answer Boy throws in the towel (due to castration anxiety)--renounces mum and identifies with dad Electra Complex - Correct answer Phallic stage for girls Named after Greek woman who got her brother to kill her mother. Stages of the Electra Complex - Correct answer Female decides mum castrated her (penis envy) Hates mum, loves dad Throws in towel, renounces dad, identifies with mum Latency Stage - Correct answer Freud 4th stage of psychosexual development Ages 6 years to puberty Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Positive aspects to Freud's thinking - Correct answer Scope of theoretical contribution: unconscious, symptoms of various disorders, personality, family, development, memory, dreams, language (Freudian slips) Humanistic Theories - Correct answer Relate to pyramid of human needs Emphasis on fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward high levels of functioning and fulfillment (adapt, learn, grow, excel) Concern with person's perception if him/herself in the present (no emphasis on childhood) Do not like idea of personality being pushed around by internal instincts Which personality theory emphasizes the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward high levels of functioning and fulfillment? - Correct answer Humanistic theories How do Freud's theories and Humanistic theories differ? - Correct answer Emphasis on childhood (Freud does, Humanistic doesn't) Personality shaped by instincts (Freud does, Humanistic doesn't) Self-actualization - Correct answer Humanistic theories Innate push toward growth with all parts of personality working in harmony Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Criticisms of Humanistic Theory - Correct answer Concepts are "fuzzy", unclear about nature of concepts Criticisms of Humanistic Theory - Correct answer Neglect of environmental variables Criticisms of Humanistic Theory - Correct answer Neglect of person's past Criticisms of Humanistic Theory - Correct answer Inability to predict behaviour Criticisms of Humanistic Theory - Correct answer Little to say about individual differences Personality Assessment Techniques - Correct answer Objective personality tests Behaviour observation Interviews Projective (unstructured) measures MMPI - Correct answer Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Assesses a number of psychiatric patterns simultaneously 567 questions Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Certain distinct patterns of responding for different types of mental disorders Yes/No questions Social Psychology - Correct answer The scientific study of how we influence one another's behaviour and thinking Conformity - Correct answer A change in behaviour, belief, or both to conform to a group norm as a result of real or imagined group pressure Informational Social Influence - Correct answer Influence stemming from the need for information in situations which the correct action or judgment is uncertain Normative Social Influence - Correct answer Influence stemming from our desire to gain the approval and to avoid the disapproval of others Compliance - Correct answer Acting in accordance with a direct request from another person or group. Foot-in-the-door Technique - Correct answer Compliance to a large request is gained by preceding it with a very small request. Door-in-the-face Technique - Correct answer Compliance is gained by starting with a large, unreasonable request that is Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Primacy Effect - Correct answer Information gathered early is weighted more heavily than information gathered later in forming an impression of another person Self-fulfilling Prophecy - Correct answer Our behaviour leads a person to act in accordance with our expectations for that person Actor-observer Bias - Correct answer The tendency to overestimate situational influences on our own behaviour, but to overestimate dispositional influences on the behaviour of others Self-serving Bias - Correct answer The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favourably False Consensus Effect - Correct answer The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and unsuccessful behaviours False Uniqueness Effect - Correct answer The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and successful behaviours Attitudes - Correct answer Evaluative reactions (positive or negative) toward objects, events, and other people Cognitive Dissonance Theory - Correct answer A theory developed by Leon Festinger that assumes people have a tendency to change their attitudes to reduce the cognitive Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 discomfort created by inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behaviour Self-perception Theory - Correct answer A theory developed by Daryl Bem that assumes that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by examining our behaviour and the context in which it occurs Behaviour Observation - Correct answer Personality assessment technique Problems with MMPI - Correct answer Person can misrepresent themselves To check for misrepresentation, questions are asked that would require a subject probably to lie Interview - Correct answer Personality assessment technique Conversation with a purpose Conversation with a purpose - Correct answer Interview Projective (unstructured) measures - Correct answer Personality assessment technique Person describes ambiguous picture or pattern TAT - Correct answer Thematic Aperception Test Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Thematic Aperception Test - Correct answer Ambiguous picture, no right or wrong answer Story you tell will describe your personality Does the person identify with the hero or victim of the story? Look for certain themes (eg failure) Rorschach Test - Correct answer Inkblots Location, contents, determinants (eg colour, shading) Using whole inkblot indicates integrative thinking Using colour indicates a emotionality and impulsiveness Describing movement indicates imagination or a rich inner life Criticism of personality assessment tests - Correct answer Low predictive values (don't predict people's personality) Why are people fascinated with abnormal psychology? - Correct answer See something of ourselves in the abnormal Have felt pain and bewilderment of a psychological disorder through ourselves, family, or friends Norm violation - Correct answer A difference in the degree to which behaviour or thinking resembles an agreed upon criteria (varies with culture and times, often based on statistics) Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Subtypes of Personality Disorder - Correct answer Narcissistic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder - Correct answer Need for constant attention Respond inappropriately to criticism Grandiose sense of self importance What causes people to suffer from Narcissistic Personality Disorder? - Correct answer Person does not grow out of view that he/she is the center of the world (centrism) Antisocial Personality Disorder - Correct answer Formally called sociopath or psychopath Typically male Violate rights of others - violent, criminal, unethical, exploitative (Hannibal Lecter) Hannical Lecter - Correct answer Antisocial Personality Disorder Gaston - Correct answer Narcissistic Personality Disorder Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 What causes people to suffer from Antisocial Personality Disorder? - Correct answer Emotional deprivation in early childhood (attachment issues) Learned from parents Arrested moral development Brain abnormalities Heredity Anxiety Disorders - Correct answer Originally grouped under "neurosis" Anxiety inappropriate to circumstance or defenses that ward off anxiety Subtypes of Anxiety Disorder - Correct answer Phobias Generalized Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Phobia - Correct answer Intense and irrational fear (no real danger or exaggerated danger) of some object or situation Generalized Anxiety Disorders - Correct answer Not focused like a phobia (free-floating) Continually tense and uneasy Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder - Correct answer Lasts a long time Trying to deal with consistent thoughts Panic Disorder - Correct answer Short term-each attack lasts a short time Sudden, unpredictable feeling of intense fear or terror Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Correct answer Anxiety long after an event occurs War, rape Why do people suffer with anxiety disorders? - Correct answer Psychoanalytic - unconscious conflicts, behaviour that once helped to control anxiety becomes a problem Behavioural - associate anxiety and harmful situation Biological - inherited Observational Learning - observe someone who is anxious in a particular situation then you become anxious too Somatoform Disorders - Correct answer Physical complaint suggests physical disorder but no organic problem is found * Hypochondria * Conversion Disorder Soma - Correct answer Means "body" Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Manic Disorder - Correct answer Elated and very active emotional state Impulsive Unrealistic optimism High energy Severe agitation Bipolar Disorder - Correct answer Swings between low and manic states Why Affective Disorders? - Correct answer Psychoanalytic: real or imagined loss of a loved one turns anger against oneself (depression) Behavioural: lack of reinforcement (depression) Cognitive: negative and self-blaming thoughts (depression) Biological: heredity, neurotransmitters (low levels of seratonin) Psychotic Disorders - Correct answer Schizophrenia Schizophrenia - Correct answer Out of touch with reality Prevalent (2% will have episode) 1/2 countries mental health beds occupied by schizophrenics Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Schizophrenia Symptoms - Correct answer Pervasive thought disturbance Fluid thinking Difficulty with selective attention Withdrawal from social contact Delusions (misinterpret real events) Paranoid (perceive personal threat where there is none) Hallucinations (no actual stimulus) Bizarre behavioiur (catatonic, odd gestures) More sensitive to sensory stimuli Why Schizophrenia? - Correct answer Cognitive: inability to keep things in proper focus Biological: viral infection during pregnancy, heredity, neurotransmitter (too much dopamine) Eating Disorders - Correct answer Deprive oneself of food or prevent food from being digested Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Anorexia nervosa - Correct answer 1% of all adolescents, 95% are female Fanatical dieting (self-starvation) Intense interest in food but view eating with disgust Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Not aware that dieting behaviour is abnormal Menstruation cycle often affected Bulimia Nervosa - Correct answer Binge on high calorie foods in a short period of time, then purge Secretive behaviour Aware that behaviour is abnormal Why Eating Disorders? - Correct answer At a time when young women are coming to grips with their changing bodies and sexuality, society bombards them with ads for rich foods and ads espousing a slim body. (Anorexia) Overdependence on parents may lead to fear of becoming sexually mature and independent. By not eating you delay sexual maturity. Problems of Drug Therapy - Correct answer Side effects: blurred vision, dry mouth Regulating dosage Drug dependence Interaction of drugs Not necessarily a cure, just dampening symptoms Psychosurgery - Correct answer Pre-frontal lobotomy: cut connection between thalamus and frontal lobes Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Victory of reason over passion Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Techniques - Correct answer Therapist sits behind patient, remaining neutral and mostly silent Free association Interpreting Dreams Transference Free Association - Correct answer Bring unconscious (repressed) thoughts into consciousness, and these thoughts are interpreted by analyst (manifest vs latent content) Manifest vs Latent Content - Correct answer Manifest: what the client says Latent: how the therapist interprets it, what it really means Interpreting Dreams - Correct answer Person must not just remember things from the unconscious, but must regain access to the feelings that went with them This will allow for catharsis Catharsis - Correct answer Emotional release Transference - Correct answer Patient responds to analyst in person terms - transfer their feelings to the therapist Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 Analyst identified with a person who has been at the center of an emotional conflict in the patient's past Behaviour Therapy (Behaviour Modification) - Correct answer Importance of unlearning stimulus-response association and learning new stimulus-response association Classical Conditioning Techniques Systematic Desensitisation - Correct answer Used with phobias Learn relaxation techniques Fear hierarchy Desensitisation: imagine each situation while relaxed, fear replaced by relaxation Implosion (Flooding) - Correct answer No fear hierarchy Continuous, intense exposure to anxiety provoking situation BUT implosion may cause more anxiety Aversion Therapy - Correct answer Learn negative association Eg: certain drugs create nausea when drinking/smelling alcohol Friends: Rachel & Ross (Phoebe hits Rachel) Operant Conditioning - Correct answer Reinforcement - Token economy (reward behaviour with token) Punishment Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Question And Answer 2024 - Time out Humanistic Therapy - Correct answer Goal is self-awareness and self-acceptance, not cure Help CLIENT fulfil potential, recognize freedoms, enhance self- esteem Treats person at global level Stress what's going on in the present Client-Centered Therapy Client-Centered Therapy - Correct answer Created by Carl Rogers Type of Humanistic Therapy Have client arrive at insights, make own interpretations and take responsibility for thoughts and actions Reflection of feeling Non-direct Unconditional positive regard Reflection of Feeling - Correct answer Client-centered therapy Therapist paraphrases what client said to help client understand their emotions Non-direct - Correct answer Client-centered therapy Therapist does not direct client to a specific topic