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A comprehensive review of the thoracic spine, scoliosis, and cervical anatomy, covering key concepts, definitions, and anatomical structures. It includes 160 questions and answers, designed to test and reinforce understanding of these topics. Particularly useful for students of anatomy, radiology, and related healthcare fields.
Typology: Quizzes
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the vertebral column forms the..... - Correct answer central axis of the skeleton the vertebral column is centered in the ___________ plane - Correct answer midsagittal the vertebral column is located in the _______trunk - Correct answer posterior what are 3 functions of the vertebral column - Correct answer 1. encloses & protects spinal cord
definition of kyphosis - Correct answer exaggerated thoracic curvature "humpback" kyphosis is increased... - Correct answer convexity definition of lordosis - Correct answer exaggerated lumbar curvature "swayback" lordosis is increased... - Correct answer concavity definition of scoliosis - Correct answer abnormal lateral curvatures scoliosis is commonly detected in __________ years - Correct answer adolescent scoliosis is caused by.... - Correct answer disease, surgery/trauma, idiopathic (unknown cause) if scoliosis is not detected & treated, it may progress to point of.... - Correct answer debilitation what are 2 distinctive features of thoracic spine - Correct answer - rib articulations (facets & demifacets)
how are the costotransverse joints formed - Correct answer tubercle of rib with transverse process how are the costovertebral joints formed - Correct answer head of rib with vertebral body what degree of rotation is needed to visualize zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Correct answer 70-75* LPO LPO best demonstrates _____ zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Correct answer right RPO best demonstrates ______ zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Correct answer left posterior obliques best demonstrate ______ zygapophyseal joints in thoracic region - Correct answer upside intervertebral disk spaces & intervertebral foramina are best demonstrated in the ______ view of thoracic spine - Correct answer lateral what are the topographic landmarks for T-spine - Correct answer - vertebra prominens (T1)
what is the breathing for lateral T-spine - Correct answer orthostatic breathing what is the kVp for T-spine projections - Correct answer 80- where is the CR at for lateral T-spine - Correct answer T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) if the spine is not parallel during lateral T-spine projections, use a ____________ angle - Correct answer 10-15* cephalic what is the IR size & orientation for lateral T-spines - Correct answer 14x17 LW for lateral T-spines, kVp may need to be ______ because of breathing technique - Correct answer reduced during lateral T-spines, the shoulders may cover.... - Correct answer T and T for AP/PA T-spine obliques, what is the patient rotation - Correct answer 70* where is the CR at for AP/PA T-spine obliques - Correct answer T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) what is the IR size & orientation for AP/PA T-spine obliques - Correct answer 14x17 LW where is the CR at for cervicothoracic lateral (swimmers) T-spine - Correct answer T1 (1" above jugular notch) to separate the shoulders in a cervicothoracic (swimmers) T-spine projection, what kind of angle do you use - Correct answer 3-5" caudal what is the IR size & orientation for cervicothoracic (swimmers) T-spine - Correct answer 10x12 LW what is the SID for all thoracic projections - Correct answer 40"
scoliosis radiography demonstrates.... - Correct answer amount/degree of curvature that occurs w/ force of gravity acting on body scoliosis is also used to evaluate..... - Correct answer fixation devices (such as Harrington rods) bending scoliosis studies are used to differentiate between.... - Correct answer primary & compensatory curves is upright or recumbent preferred for scoliosis projections - Correct answer upright what is the SID for scoliosis projections - Correct answer 60" what is the IR size & orientation for scoliosis projections - Correct answer 14x36 LW what is a benefit & risk for AP scoliosis projections over PA - Correct answer benefit: less OID between spine & IR risk: dose to breasts & thyroid is increased 90% what is a benefit & risk for PA scoliosis projections over AP - Correct answer benefit: dose to breasts & thyroid is reduced 90% risk: increased OID what is the kVp for AP/PA scoliosis projections - Correct answer 80- what is the kVp for lateral scoliosis projections - Correct answer 90- what are the breathing instructions for all scoliosis projections - Correct answer expiration where is the CR at for ALL scoliosis projections - Correct answer lower IR border 1-2" below iliac crest for the Ferguson Method: Scoliosis Series, you elevate the ______ side - Correct answer convex (low) for AP right & left bending: scoliosis series, the pelvis remains ________ - Correct answer stationary (pivot point)
the AP right & left bending: scoliosis series demonstrates.... - Correct answer spinal mobility for hyperflexion & hyperextension scoliosis projections, the pelvis is the.....
definition of articular pillars on cervical vertebrae - Correct answer short column of bone that is located between superior & inferior articular processes the articular pillars of the cervical vertebrae is thicker & more supportive than.... - Correct answer similar area of bone in rest of spinal column what is the articular pillar called when referring to C1 - Correct answer lateral mass the cervical zygapophyseal joints are formed by... - Correct answer articulation between superior & inferior articular processes the zygapophyseal joints between C2-C7 are located at..... - Correct answer 90* from MSP (true lateral position) the zygapophyseal joint between C1-C2 are seen in a _______ projection - Correct answer true AP (open mouth) a lateral cervical projection best demonstrates..... - Correct answer zygapophyseal joints between C2-C AP open mouth cervical projection best demonstrates... - Correct answer zygapophyseal joint between C1-C injury high in spinal cord can result in.... - Correct answer serious paralysis and death the zygapophyseal cervical joints should appear perfectly... - Correct answer symmetric what can cause the appearance of asymmetry in the cervical region - Correct answer injury or rotation of skull cervical intervertebral foramina are formed by.... - Correct answer inferior & superior borders of pedicles
the demonstrate the cervical intervertebral foramina rotate the patient.... - Correct answer 45* while also rotating the patient 45* to demonstrate the cervical intervertebral foramina, also use a ______ tube angle - Correct answer 15* what are the 2 requirements to open cervical intervertebral foramina - Correct answer - 45* patient oblique
superior facets of C1 (atlas) form articulation with... - Correct answer occipital condyles of skull the articulation between the superior facets of C1 & occipital condyles of skull form the _____________ joint - Correct answer atlantooccipital the transverse processes of C1 (atlas) are... - Correct answer smaller the articular pillars of C1 are called lateral masses b/c they.... - Correct answer support weight of head & assist in rotation C2 (axis) has a... - Correct answer dens/odontoid process definition of dens/odontoid process - Correct answer conical process that projects up from body of C2 & articulates with C the dens/odontoid process is held in place by the.... - Correct answer transverse atlantal ligament of C rotation of the head primarily occurs between.... - Correct answer C1-C what are the 4 positioning landmarks for cervical projections - Correct answer - mastoid tip (1" below EAM) - C
what are the breathing instructions for all the cervical projections - Correct answer expiration what are the 3 reasons erect cervical is preferred over supine - Correct answer - demonstrates alignment & ligament stability
what is the CR angle for AP axial cervical projections - Correct answer 15- 20* cephalic where is the CR at for AP axial cervical projections - Correct answer C (lower thyroid cartilage) erect AP axial cervical projections requires a ______ CR angle - Correct answer 20* cephalic supine AP axial cervical projections require a ______ CR angle - Correct answer 15* cephalic the cephalic angle for AP axial cervical projections open up intervertebral joint spaces b/c.... - Correct answer bodies have slight overlap for cervical vertebras posterior cervical oblique projections require a _____ CR angle - Correct answer 15* cephalic anterior cervical oblique projections reluire a ______ CR angle - Correct answer 15* caudal where is the CR at for both posterior & anterior oblique cervical projections
trauma cervical lateral projections need to be done... - Correct answer CTL lateral flexion & extension cervical projections are a _________ study - Correct answer functional lateral flexion & extension cervical projections are useful in diagnosing ____________ & evaluating ____________ after spinal fusion surgery - Correct answer whiplash injuries; spinal mobility where is the CR at for lateral flexion & extension cervical projections - Correct answer C4 (lower thyroid cartilage) hypeflexion lateral cervical projections have the spinous processes..... - Correct answer well separated hyperextension lateral cervical projections have the spinous processes... - Correct answer in close proximity where is the CR at for the AP Fuchs Dens cervical method - Correct answer inferior mandible the CR should be parallel to _______ in the AP Fuchs Dens cervical method - Correct answer MML what does MML stand for - Correct answer mentomeatal line the MML connects the ______ to ___________ - Correct answer EAM to mentum (chin) where is the CR at for PA Judd Dens cervical method - Correct answer level of mastoid processes the CR should be parallel to ______ in the PA Judd Dens cervical method - Correct answer MML during the AP "Wagging Jaw" Ottonello cervical method, the mandible... - Correct answer moves during exposure
where is the CR at for the AP "Wagging Jaw" Ottonello cervical method - Correct answer C4 (lower thyroid cartilage) the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method requires the neck to be.... - Correct answer hyperextended what is the CR angle for the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method - Correct answer 20-30* caudal where is the CR at for the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method - Correct answer lower margin of thyroid cartilage (C5)