TNCC Notes for Written Exam latest 2023-2024 TEST BANK, Exams of Nursing

Download TNCC Notes for Written Exam latest 2023-2024 TEST BANK and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass Define central or transtentorial herniation. - ansA downward movement of the cerebral hemispheres with herniation of the diencephalon and midbrain through the elongated gap of the tentorium. Define Hemothorax. - ansAccumulation of blood in the pleural space. Define Minor Head Trauma. - ansGCS 13-15 Define Moderate Head Trauma - ansPostresuscitative state with GCS 9-13. Define Pneumothorax. - ansResults when an injury to lung leads to accumulation of air in pleural space w/subsequent loss of negative intrapleural pressure. Partial or total collapse of lung may ensue. An open pneumothorax results from wound through chest wall. Air enters pleural space both through the wound and trachea. Define Severe Head Trauma. - ansPostresuscitative state with GCS score of 8 or less. Define tension pneumothorax. - ansLife-threatening injury. Air enters pleural space on inspiration, but air cannot escape on expiration. Rising intrathoracic pressure collapses lung on side of injury causing a mediastinal shift that compresses the heart, great vessels, trachea and uninjured lung. Venous return impeded, cardiac output falls, hypotension results. Immediate decompression should be performed. Treatment should not be delayed. Define uncal herniation. - ansThe uncus (medial aspect of the temporal lobe) is displaced over the tentorium into the posterior fossa. This herniation is the more common of the two types of herniation syndromes. Disruptions of the bony structures of the skull can result in what? - ansDisplaced or nondisplaced fx's causing CSF leakage b/c of lac to the dura mater, creating a passage for CSF. CSF leaks through the nose (rhinorrhea) or the ears (otorrhea). A potential entrance for invading bacteria. Also: meningitis or encephalitis or brain abscess Explain adrenal gland response. - ansWhen adrenal glands are stimulated by SNS, release of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) from adrenal medulla will increase. TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass Epi stimulates receptors in heart to increase force of cardiac contraction (positive inotropy) and increase HR (positive chronotropy) to improve cardiac output, BP and tissue perfusion. Shock stimulates hypothalamus to release corticotropin-releasing hormone that stimulates pituitary to release ACTH that stimulates adrenal gland to release cortisol. Effect of cortisol release is elevation in blood sugar and increased insulin resistance and gluconeogenesis, hepatic process to produce more sugar. Cortisol also causes renal retention of water and sodium, a compensatory mechanism to conserve body water. Explain Cardiogenic Shock. - ansSyndrome that results from ineffective perfusion caused by ineffective perfusion caused by inadequate contractility of cardiac muscle. Some causes: - MI - Blunt cardiac injury - Mitral valve insufficiency - dysrhythmias - Cardiac Failure Explain Distributive Shock. - ansResults from disruption in SNS control of the tone of blood vessels, which leads to vasodilation and maldistribution of blood volume and flow. (Neurogenic and Septic Shock). Neurogenic shock may result from injury to spinal cord in cervical or upper thoracic region. Spinal shock = areflexia and flaccidity associated with lower motor neuron involvement in complete cord injuries; reflexes return with resolution of spinal shock. Septic shock from bacteremia is distributive shock. Endotoxins and other inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation, shunting of blood in microcirculation, and other perfusion abnormalities. Explain Hepatic Response. - ansLiver can store excess glucose as glycogen. As shock progresses, glycogenolysis is activated by epi to break down glycogen into glucose. In a compensatory response to shock, hepatic vessels constrict to redirect blood flow to other vital areas. TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass - Unilateral fixed and dilated pupil may indicate oculomotor nerve compression as a result of ICP + herniation syndrome - Bilateral fixed and pinpoint pupils = pontine lesion or drugs - Mildly dilated pupil w/sluggish response may early sign of herniation syndrome - Widely dilated pupil occasionally occurs w/direct trauma to globe of eye - Assess for consensual response - Assess redness, eye watering, blepharospasm - Assess extraocular movement, except when an open globe injury is known or suspected. - Limitation range of ocular motion may indicate orbital rim fx w/entrapment or paralysis of cranial nerve or ocular muscle - Perform visual acuity exam - Use Snellen or handheld chart. Check uninjured eye first - Assess for blurred or double vision with injured eye and then with both eyes open - Inspect for rhinorrhea or otorrhea - If drng present, may indicate CSF leak - Observe for impaled objects - Assess occlusion of mandible and maxilla - Malocclusion or inability to open + close mouth is highly indicative of maxillary or mandibular fx - Observe for uncontrolled bleeding PALPATION - Palpate periorbital area, face and neck for: - Tenderness - Edema - Step-off de How would you assess a pt with a cranial injury? - ans(Initial assessment) INSPECTION: - Assess airway - RR, pattern and effort - Assess pupil size and response to light - Unilateral fixed and dilated pupil = oculomotor nerve compression from increased ICP + herniation syndrome - Bilateral fixed and pinpoint pupils indicate a pontine lesion or effects of opiates - Mildly dilated pupil w/sluggish response may be early sign of herniation syndrome - Widely dilated pupil occasionally occurs w/direct trauma to globe of eye - Determine if pt uses eye meds - Abnormal posturing? - Inspect craniofacial area for ecchymosis/contusions - Periorbital ecchymosis - Mastoid's process ecchymosis - Blood behind tympanic membrane TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass - Inspect nose and ears for drainage - Drng present w/out blood, test drng w/chemical reagant strip. Presence of glucose indicated drng of CSF - If drng present and mixed with blood, test by placing drop of fluid on linen or gauze. If a light outer ring forms around dark inner ring, drng contains CSF - Assess extraocular eye movement (Tests cranial nerves, III, IV, VI) - Performing extraocular eye movements indicates functioning brainstem - Limitation indicates orbital rim fx w/entrapment or paralysis of either a cranial nerve or ocular muscle - Determine LOC with GCS PALPATION - Palpate cranial area for: - Point tenderness - Depressions or deformities - Hematomas - Assess all 4 extremities for: - Motor function, muscle strength and abnormal motor posturing - Sensory function DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES - Lab Studies PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION - (Initial assessment) - Clear airway (stimulation of gag reflex can produce transient increase in ICP or vomiting with subsequent aspiration. - Administer O2 via NRB - Assist with early ET intubation - Administer sedative/neuromuscular blocking agent - Consider hyperventilation - PaCO2 above 45 How would you assess a pt with a thoracic injury? - ans(Initial assessment) Obtain Hx. PHYSICAL: Inspection: - Observe chest wall - Assess breathing effort and RR - Symmetry - Inspect jugular veins (Distended = increased intrathoracic pressure as result of tension pneumothorax or pericardial tamponade. Flat = external jugular veins may reflect hypovolemia) - Inspect upper abdominal region for injury Percussion: - Percuss the chest (Dullness = hemothorax, Hyperresonance = pneumothorax) TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass Palpation: - Palpate chest wall, clavicles and neck for: - Tenderness - Swelling or hematoma - Subcutaneous emphysema - Note presence of bony crepitus - Palpate central and peripheral pulses and compare quality between: - Right and left extremities - Upper and lower extremities - Palpate the trachea (above suprasternal notch. Trach shift may indicate late sign of tension pneumothorax or massive hemothorax) - Palpate extremities for motor and sensory function (lower extremitiy paresis or paralysis may indicate aortic injury). Auscultation: - Auscultate compare BP in both UE's and LE's - Auscultate breath sounds (decreased or absent breath = pneumo or hemothorax. Diminshed BS = splinting. Shallow = b/c of pain). - Auscultate chest for presence of BS (diaphragmatic rupture) - Auscultate Heart sounds (muffled = pericardial tamponade) - Auscultate neck vessels for bruits (vascular injury) Diagnostic Procedures: - Xrays - Arteriography - Bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy - CT's - FAST - Labs (cardiac enzymes) - ECG, CVP How would you assess someone in hypovolemic shock? - ans(Use Initial Assessment) and then: Inspect: - LOC - Rate and quality of respirations - External bleeding? - Skin color and moisture - Assess jugular veins and peripheral veins Auscultate: - BP - Pulse pressure - Breath sounds - Heart sounds - Bowel sounds TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass - Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) What are S/S of a rib fracture? - ans- Dyspnea - Localized pain on movement, palpation, or inspiration - Pt assumes position intended to splint chest wall to reduce pain - Chest wall ecchymosis or sternal contusion - Bony crepitus or deformity What are S/S of a ruptured diaphragm? - ans(Anything below the nipple line and should be evaluated for potential diaphragmatic injury). - Dyspnea or orthopnea - Dysphagia - Abdominal pain - Sharp epigastric or chest pain radiating to left shoulder (Kehr's sign) - Bowel sounds heard in lower middle chest - Decreased breath sounds on injured side What are s/s of chemical burns to the eye? - ansChemical injuries require immediate intervention if it is to be preserved. S/S: - Pain - Corneal Opacification - Coexisting chemical burn and swelling of lids What are S/S of penetrating trauma/open or ruptured globe? - ans- Marked visual impairments - Extrusion of intraocular contents - Flattened or shallow anterior chamber - Subconjunctival hemorrhage, hyphema - Decreased intraocular pressure - Restriction of extraocular movements What are S/S with blunt cardiac injury? - ans"Cardiac contusion" or "concussion." Common with MVC or falls from heights. - ECG (sinus tach, PVC's, AV blocks) - Chest pain - Chest wall ecchymosis What are S/S with tracheobronchial injury? - ansBlunt trauma. "Clothesline-type" injuries. - Dyspnea, tachypnea - Hoarseness - Hemoptysis TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass - Subcutaneous emphysema in neck, face, or suprasternal area - Decreased or absent breath sounds - S/S of airway obstruction What are signs of a serious eye injury? - ans- Visual disturbances - Pain - Redness and ecchymosis of the eye - Periorbital ecchymosis - Increased intraocular pressure What are signs of ineffective breathing? - ans- AMS - Cyanosis, especially around the mouth - Asymmetric expansion of chest wall - Paradoxical movement of the chest wall during inspiration and expiration - Use of accessory muscles or abdominal muscles or both or diaphragmatic breathing - Sucking chest wounds - Absent or diminished breath sounds - Administer O2 via NRB or assist ventilations with a bag-mask device, as indicated - Anticipate definitive airway management to support ventilation. What are signs of ineffective circulation? - ans- Tachycardia - AMS - Uncontrolled external bleeding - Pale, cool, moist skin - Distended or abnormally flattened external jugular veins - Distant heart sounds What are the early signs and symptoms of increased ICP? - ans- Headache - N/V - Amnesia regarding events around the injury - Altered LOC - Restlessness, drowsiness, changes in speech, or loss of judgement What are the interventions for Disability? - ans- If assessment indicates a decreased LOC, conduct further investigation during secondary focused assessments - If pt is not alert or verbal, continue to monitor for any compromise to ABC's - If pt demonstrates signs of herniation or neurologic deterioration, consider hyperventilation. What are the interventions for Effective/Ineffective Circulation? - ans- Control any uncontrolled external bleeding by: - Applying direct pressure over bleeding site - Elevating bleeding extremity TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass - Applying pressure over arterial pressure points - Using tourniquet (last resort). - Cannulate 2 large-caliber IV's and initiate infusions of an isotonic crystalloid solution - Use warmed solution - Use pressure bags to increase speed of IVF infusion - Use blood administration tubing for possible administration of blood - Use rapid infusion device based on protocol - Use NS 0.9% in same tubing as blood product - IV = surgical cut-down, central line, or both. - Blood sample to determine ABO and Rh group - IO in sternum, legs, arms or pelvis - Administer blood products - PASG (without interfering with fluid resuscitation) What are the late observable signs of symptoms of increased ICP? - ans- Dilated, nonreactive pupil - Unresponsiveness to verbal or painful stimuli - Abnormal motor posturing patterns - Widening pulse pressure - Increased systolic blood pressure - Changes in RR and pattern - Bradycardia What are the late signs of breathing compromise? - ans- Tracheal deviation - JVD What are the mandibular fracture S/S? - ans- Malocclusion - Inability to open the mouth (trismus) - Pain, especially on movement - Facial asymmetry and a palpable step-off deformity - Edema or hematoma formation at the fracture site - Blood behind, ruptured, tympanic membrane - Anesthesia of the lower lip What are the most common type of injury associated with chest trauma? - ansblunt; MVC's. Penetrating; firarm injuries or stabbings What are the nursing interventions for a patient with a maxillofacial or neck injury? - ans- Administer oxygen - For facial trauma, place pt in high-fowler's position if no spinal injury is present. - Insert OG or NGT. OGT should be used if basilar skull fx or severe midface fx's are suspected - Monitor for progressive airway assessment TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass - Tracheal deviation - shift toward uninjured side (LATE sign) - Cyanosis (LATE sign) What are the S/S of flail chest? - ans- Dyspnea - Chest wall pain - Paradoxical chest wall movement - the flail segment moves in during inspiration and out during expiration. What are the S/S of Hemothorax? - ans- Dyspnea, tachypnea - Chest pain - Signs of shock - Decreased breath sounds on injured side - Dullness to percussion on the injured side What are the S/S of orbital fracture (orbital blowout fracture)? - ans- Diplopia (double vision) - Loss of vision - Altered extraocular eye movements - Enophthalmos (displacement of the eye backward into the socket) - Subconjunctival hemorrhage or ecchymosis of the eyelid - Infraorbital pain or loss of sensation - Orbital bony deformity What are the S/S of pericardial tamponade? - ansA collection of blood in pericardial sac. As blood accumulates, it exerts pressure on the heart, inhibiting or compromising ventricular filling. - Hyotension - Tachycardia or PEA - Dyspnea - Cyanosis - Beck's Triad (hypotension, distended neck veins + muffled heart sounds) - Progressive decreased voltage of conduction complexes on ECG What are the S/S of pulmonary contusion? - ans- Dyspnea - Ineffective cough - Hemoptysis - Hypoxia - Chest pain - Chest wall contusion or abrasions What are the signs and symptoms of postconcussive syndrome? - ans- Persistent H/A - Dizziness - Nausea TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass - Memory impairment - Attention deficit - Irritability - Insomnia - Impaired judgement - Loss of libido - Anxiety - Depression What are the two types of herniation that occurs with ICP? - ans1. Uncal herniation 2. Central or transtentorial herniation What are you looking for when auscultating lung sounds? - ansAbsence of BS: - Pneumothorax - Hemothorax - Airway Obstruction Diminished BS: - Splinting or shallow BS may be a result of pain What are you looking for when palpating the chest wall, clavicles and neck? - ans- Tenderness - Swelling - subcutaneous emphysema - step-off deformities = These may indicate: esophageal, pleural, tracheal or bronchial injuries. Palpate trachea above suprasternal notch. Tracheal deviation may indicate a tension pneumothorax or massive hemothorax. What are you looking for when percussing the chest? - ansDullness: - hemothorax Hyperresonance - Pneumothorax What could a flail chest be associated with? - ans- Ineffective ventilation - Pulmonary contusion - Lacerated lung parenchyma What happens to a ruptured diaphragm? - ansPotentially life-threatening, results from forces that penetrate the body. Left hemidiaphragm is more susceptible to injury because the right side is protected by the liver. - Herniation of abdominal contents - Respiratory compromise b/c impaired lung capacity + displacement of normal tissue. - Mediastinal structures may shift to opposite side of injury TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass What intervention should be done if a pt presents with effective circulation? - ans- Insert 2 large caliber IV's - Administer warmed isotonic crystalloid solution at an appropriate rate What is a cerebral contusion and its S/S? - ansA common focal brain injury in which brain tissue is bruised and damaged in a local area. Mainly located in frontal and temporal lobes. May cause hemorrhage, infarction, necrosis and edema. Max effects of bleeding & edema peak 18-36 post injury. S/S: - Alteration in LOC - Behavior, motor or speech deficits - Abnormal motor posturing - Signs of increased ICP What is a Combitube? - ansA dual-lumen, dual-cuff airway that can be placed blindly into the esophagus to establish an airway. If inadvertently placed into trachea, it can be used as a temporary ET tube. There are only two sizes: small adult and larger adult. What is a concussion and its signs and symptoms? - ansA temporary change in neurologic function that may occur as a result of minor head trauma. S/S: - Transient LOC - H/A - Confusion and disorientation - Dizziness - N/V - Loss of memory - Difficulty with concentration - Irritability - Fatigue What is a flail chest? - ansA fracture of two or more sites on two or more adjacent ribs, or when rib fractures produce a free-floating sternum. Flail segments may not be clinically evident in the first several hours after injury b/c of muscle spasms that cause splinting. After positive pressure intiated, paradoxical chest wall movement ceases. What is a Laryngeal Mask Airway? - ansLooks like an ET tube but is equipped with an inflatable, elliptical, silicone rubber collar at the distal end. It is designed to cover the supraglottic area. TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass What is hyphema and its S/S? - ansAccumulation of blood, mainly RBC's that disperse and layer within the anterior chamber. A severe hymphema obscures entire anterior chamber + will diminish visual acuity severely or completely. Injuries are graded on amount of blood in chamber (Grades I-IV). S/S: - Blood in anterior chamber - Deep, aching pain - Mild to severe diminished visual acuity - Increased intraocular pressure What is kinematics? - ansA branch of mechanics (energy transfer) that refers to motion and does not consider the concepts of force and mass of the object or body. What is kinetic energy (KE)? - ansKE equals 1/2 the mass (M) multiplied by the velocity squared. What is LeFort I fracture and its S/S? - ansTransverse maxillary fx that occurs above level of teeth and results in separation of teeth from rest of maxilla. S/S: - Slight swelling of maxillary area - Possible lip lac's or fractured teeth - Independent movement of the maxilla from rest of face - Malocclusion What is LeFort II fracture and its S/S? - ansPyramidal maxillary fx=middle facial area. Apex of fx transverses bridge of nose. Two lateral fx's of pyramid extend through the lacrimal bone of the face and ethmoid bone of skull into the median portion of both orbits. Base of the fx extends above level of the upper teeth into maxilla. CSF leak is possible. S/S: - Massive facial edema - Nasal swelling w/obvious fx of nasal bones - Malocclusion - CSF rhinorrhea What is LeFort III fracture and its S/S? - ansComplete craniofacial separation involving maxilla, zygoma and bones of cranial base. This fx is frequently associated w/leakage of CSF and fx mandible. S/S: - Massive facial edema - Mobility and depression of zygomatic bones - Ecchymosis - Anesthesia of the cheek TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass - Diplopia - Open bite or malocclusion - CSF rhinorrhea What is Needle Cricothyrotomy - ansPercutaneous transtracheal ventilation. (temporary) Complications include: - inadequate ventilation causing hypoxia - hematoma formation - esophageal perforation - aspiration - thyroid perforation - subcutaneous emphysema What is Newton's First Law? - ansA body at rest will remain at rest. A body in motion will remain in motion until acted on by an outside force. What is Newton's Second Law? - ansForce equals mass multiplied by acceleration of deceleration. What is renal response? - ansRenal ischemia activates release of renin. Kidneys do not receive adequate blood supply, renin is release into circulation. Renin causes angiotensinogen, normal plasma protein, to release angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme from the lungs converts into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes: - Vasoconstriction of arterioles and some veins - Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system - Retention of water by kidneys - Stimulation of release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex (sodium retention hormone) *Decreased urinary output = early sign renal hypoperfusion and an indicator that there's systemic hypoperfusion. What is Surgical Cricothyrotomy? - ansMaking an incision in cricothyroid membrane and placing a cuffed endo or trach tube into trachea. This is indicated when other methods of airway management have failed and pt cannot be adequately ventilated and oxygenated. TNCC NOTES FOR WRITTEN EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 |TEST BANK|100% COMPLETE Pass Complications include: - Aspiration - Hemorrhage or hematoma formation or both - Lac to trachea or esophagus - Creation of a false passage - Laryngeal stenosis What is the DOPE mnemonic? - ansD - Displaced tube O - Obstruction: Check secretions or pt biting tube P - Pneumothorax: Condition may occur from original trauma or barotrauma from ventilator E - Equipment failure: pt may have become detached from equipment or there's a kink in the tubing What is the first thing assessed under the Secondary Assessment? - ansFULL SET VS / FOCUSED ADJUNCTS / FAMILY PRESENCE - ABCDE should be completed - Labs, X-rays, CT, Foley, - Family Presence What is the Law of Conservation of Energy? - ansEnergy can neither be created nor destroyed. It is only changed from one form to another. What is the Mnemonic for the Initial Assessment? - ansA = Airway with simultaneous cervical spine protection B = Breathing C = Circulation D = Disability (neurologic status) E = Expose/Environmental controls (remove clothing and keep the patient warm) What is the Mnemonic for the Secondary Assessment? - ansF = Full set of VS/Focused adjuncts (includes cardiac monitor, urinary catheter, and gastric tube)/Family presence G = Give comfort measures (verbal reassurance, touch, and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management of pain). H = Hx and Head-to-toe assessment I = Inspect posterior surfaces What is the planning and implementation for thoracic injury? - ansp. 142 What is the second thing assessed under the Secondary Assessment? - ansGIVE COMFORT MEASURES - Talking to pt