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A wide range of topics related to trauma and emergency medical care, including geriatric injuries, gunshot wounds, blast injuries, skin layers and wound healing, cardiac conditions, hypothermia, hyperthermia, drowning, spider bites, oxygen therapy, pneumothorax, head injuries, and various types of injuries from car accidents. It provides detailed information on the symptoms, causes, and management of these medical emergencies, making it a valuable resource for healthcare professionals and students studying emergency medicine, trauma care, or related fields. The document delves into the pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of these conditions, equipping readers with the knowledge to provide effective and evidence-based care in critical situations.
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What is the difference between penetrating and blunt trauma? Correct Answer Penetrating breaks through the skin while blunt trauma is a force to the body w/o breaking skin. What are two things to make sure of when dealing with penetrating trauma? Should you cut it? Correct Answer 1. Remove object if it obstructs the airway or compressions
What is a flail chest? What can is lead to? Correct Answer - 2 or more consecutive rib fracture segments.
What is considered a traumatic fall? Correct Answer over 20 feet or roughly 3x the height of the patient What are the 4 phases of the blast? Correct Answer 1. Primary: damage from wave, concerned about hollow organs (ear drum, lungs)
What are some signs of internal bleeding? Correct Answer Distention, rigidity, tachycardia, pale, cool, melena, blood in urine, coughing up blood, bruising around umbilicus and flank What is the difference between a hematoma and a contusion? Correct Answer Hematoma: Big blood cells being ruptures (big bump) Contusion: Small blood vessels being ruptured What is the most effective way to control external bleeding? Correct Answer Direct pressure With pressure dressing what should you still be able to do? Correct Answer Palpate a distal pulse What is epistaxis? When are we concerned? What is the treatment? Correct Answer - Nose bleed
In adults, what is the BSA for 2nd and 3rd degree burns? PEDs? Correct Answer Adults 2nd: >20% 3rd: >5% PEDs 2nd: >10% 3rd: Any % What are circumferential burns? why are they bad? Correct Answer - They burn all around the extremity
cold, sterile What's significant about electrical burns? Correct Answer They can cause a dysrhythmia. If we get to them quick enough with the AED we can get them back. What is paradoxical breathing? Correct Answer one side of the chest moving due to fracture How do you treat an open pneumothorax? Correct Answer 3 sided occlusive dressing What is a pneumothorax? Correct Answer air in the pleural space What is a closed pneumothorax? What is the breathing like? Correct Answer - hole in lung and visceral pleura
What is traumatic asphyxia? How would you treat? Correct Answer - sudden, severe compression of the chest which increases pressure w/in chest.
What is a linear fracture? Correct Answer The least damaged, no deformity, need imaging to see What is a Basilar Fracture? What are some side effects? Correct Answer - Fracture to base of skull.
What are the 6 P's of the musculoskeletal assessment? Correct Answer (1) Pain, (2) Poikilothermia, (3) Paresthesia, (4) Paralysis, (5) Pulselessness, and (6) Pallor What are the steps when splinting? What do you do for joint and long bone? Correct Answer 1. Manual stabilization
vehicle collision contact points Correct Answer steering wheel- chest and abdomen windshield- head or cerival spine dashboard- hip fracture or dislocation proper seatbelt position Correct Answer Below the anterior superior iliac sides of the pelvis and against the hip joints what does a seatbelt mark mean Correct Answer automatic trama falls (Calcaneus pain) Correct Answer if complaining of Calcaneus pain, assume energy was transfered through the legs to the lumbar spine how high is a significant fall Correct Answer 20 ft or 3x patient's height why are falls worse for geriatrics Correct Answer - Geriatrics are more prone to osteoporosis(weak bones)
temporary and permanent - temporary is displacement and permanent is after-the-fact displacement blast injuries what organs are the most susceptible Correct Answer middle ear, lungs, gastrointestinal track blast injuries zone Correct Answer primary blast injuries from blast itself secondary blast injury- injury from missiles from blast forces tertiary blas injury- injury due to impact with another object quaternary blast injury- collateral injury like burns,toxins etc trama order of acronyms Correct Answer same as bsi, except after primary assessment, vitals, then attempt SAMPLE for skills test what at beginning of secondary assessment Correct Answer DCAP BTLS Deformities contusion abrasion punctures burns tenderness lacerations swelling laceration vs incision Correct Answer incision is in a controlled environment layers of the skin Correct Answer epidermis: tough external layer dermis: inner layer of skin subcutaneous tissue
variation in skin thickness Correct Answer thinner skin on the young and old eyelids, lips, ears are thinner scalp, back, and soles of the feet are thicker body natural healing process Correct Answer During the normal wound-healing process, bleeding may occur from even a minor injury because new capillaries that stem from intact capillaries are delicate and take time to become as stable as the preexisting capillaries. ^ in summary, normal reaction is increase in heart rate and cut ends of vessels will constrict contusion Correct Answer bruise Hematoma Correct Answer a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues. crush syndrome (how long and what happens) Correct Answer when area of body is trapped for longer than 4 hours and arterial blood flow is compromised when crushed beyond repair, muscles cells die and release harmful substances into surrounding tissues compartment syndrome Correct Answer crush syndrome of appendage abrasions Correct Answer wound of outer layer of skin (skinned outer layer) laceration Correct Answer cut that separated various layers of tissue incision is in controlled environment
avulsion Correct Answer cut where flap is hanging off eviseration Correct Answer where organs protrude out body/laceration medical care closed injuries (things to look out for, how to treat) Correct Answer beware of signs of shock, use icepack to help with vessel constriction cspine if spinal injury pneumonic for closed soft tissue injury Correct Answer RICERS Rest Ice Compression Elevation Splinting taking care of open wounds Correct Answer should be treated as contaminated don't remove material from open wound no matter how dirty when to remove an impaled object Correct Answer if in cheek or mouth and obstructs airway the object is in the chest and interferes with CPR burns higher than what temp Correct Answer 111 Depth of burn pnemonic Correct Answer SPF superficial partial thickness full thickness first degree burn Correct Answer just on outer layer
turns red but doesn't blister like a sunburn second degree burn Correct Answer partial thickness epidermis and some layers of dermis blisters third degree burns Correct Answer full thickness through all layers of skin leathery, white, dark brown rule of 9 and palmar method Correct Answer used to estimate burn area palmar method patients hand is 1% signs of severe upper airway swelling/burning , also TX Correct Answer Stridor, hoarse voice, singed nasal hair, burns of the face, carbon particles in the sputum. Apply cool mist, aerosol therapy, or humidified oxygen to help reduce minor edema. chemical burns how long to flush Correct Answer eyes (20 mins!) rest of body (15-20 mins) electrical burns symptoms Correct Answer either deep tissue injury or cardiac arrest taser what to bring Correct Answer aed types of bleeding and pressures Correct Answer Arterial- high pressure, spurting pluslating. bright red
Venous- low pressure flowing, dark red Capillary- extremely low pressure perfusion Correct Answer The circulation of blood in the body how to resist damage from hypoperfusion Correct Answer keep the body temp below 98.7 F how much blood can the body tolerate losing at once Correct Answer 20% what happens when significant blood loss Correct Answer Increase in HR, increase in RR, decrease in BP (demonstrates shock with internal bleeding) tourniquet (use and location and how to mark patient) Correct Answer direct pressure for 5 mins then tourniquet that bitch 2 - 4 inches about injury site then write "TK" and time on forehead hemostatic dressing Correct Answer either granular or gauze has agent to promote clotting usually used on NON extremities tendons and ligaments Correct Answer Tendons attach muscle to bone, ligaments attach bone to bone nerves (motor, sensory, relex arc) Correct Answer motor nerves- movement, brain to muscle sensory-feeling, extremity to brain reflex arc-bypass the brain to spinal cord for speed, controls reflex what happens if pressure on brain stem Correct Answer effects HR AND RR
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Correct Answer circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord main function is shock absobtion When injury penetrated, yellowish whitish may leak from nose, ears, or an open skull fracture Tramatic Brain Injury (TBI) primary and secondary Correct Answer primary - injury to brain itself secondary- occurs in the hours and days following the primary injury, often the more serious secondary TBI most common and most serious? Correct Answer hypotension and hypoxia are the two most common causes of secondary brain injury. cerebral edema is most common and serious secondary injury hemorrhage Correct Answer an escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, especially when profuse. hem, hema Correct Answer blood hematoma Correct Answer blood bruise epidural hematoma Correct Answer blood between skull and dura mater ludic interval: looks line then not shows symptoms quickest subarachnoid hemorrhage Correct Answer Bleeding into the subarachnoid space mixes with csf fluid
intercerebral hemorrhage Correct Answer bleeding within the brain itself concussion assessment and tx Correct Answer manual cspine neurologic exam (glasgow coma scale) dialated Pulse, Motor, Sensory, Cap Refill. cushing's triad (what is it and what are the s/s) Correct Answer Increase BP (hypertension) Decreased HR (bradycardia) Irregular respirations (cheyne stokes respirations or biot respiration) rising cranial pressure? helmet removal (when to remove helmet) Correct Answer airway compromise Spinal compromise Suspected airway compromise Face shield is not removable neurovascular bundle what is it Correct Answer network of nerves and arteries and veins together network of nerves arteries, and vein lying closely along the inferior and slightly posterior to the lowest margin of each rib. Pleura and what does it allow Correct Answer Membrane surrounding the lungs and thoracic cavity pleural fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura allows the lungs to move freely against the inner chest wall as a person breathes
parietal pleura Correct Answer inner chest wall lining visceral pleura Correct Answer covers the lung mediastinum Correct Answer heart, great vessels, esophagus, and trachea SX of closed chest injury Correct Answer difficulty refilling with blood heart not strong enough to pump blood cardiogenic shock Dyspnea Correct Answer trouble breathing hemopytsis Correct Answer coughing up blood hematachezia/hematemesis Correct Answer vomiting blood abdominal aortic aneurysm Correct Answer blood-filled bulge or ballooning in a part of your aorta that runs through your abdomen can swell and rupture/hemorrhage rupture leads to severe pain and massive internal bleeding, or hemorrhage open pneumothorax Correct Answer need a one way valve, must let air out and not in use 1 way valve or Improvised occlusive dressings, tape 3 side hole facing down on front, 4 sided on back Tx for pneumothorax Correct Answer High flow o Monitor oximeter readings and breath sounds tension pneumothorax Correct Answer movement of trachea
hemothorax Correct Answer Condition were blood collects in the pleural space from bleeding around the rib cage or froma lung or great vessel Hemopneumothorax Correct Answer The accumulation of blood and air in the pleural space of the chest. Cardiac tamponade Correct Answer protective membrane around the heart fills with blood or fluid Flail chest Correct Answer Segment of chest wall becomes detached from the rest of the thoracic cage Traumatic asphyxia (whats is characterized by, tx) Correct Answer Sudden severe compression of chest that creates high pressure Characterized by distended neck veins, cyanosis in the face and neck, and hemorrhage in the sclera of the eye Aggressively manage the airway/ provide ventilatory support with oxygen and monitor vital signs during immediate transport. FINAL aggressive isn't necessarily bad (probably the answer) Commotio cordis Correct Answer sudden blow to chest during specific period of heart beat usually in sports related questions puts heart into v fib what happens to pulse after brain injury Correct Answer slow embolism Correct Answer blockage of blood vessel
Emphysema Correct Answer lung condition that causes shortness of breath longterm hypertension lead to Correct Answer renal failure how heavy to sit in car seat Correct Answer 40 left side heart failure Correct Answer rales right side heart failure Correct Answer dependent edema /swelling of lower extremities enlargement of liver Correct Answer hepatomegaly angina Correct Answer ischemic chest pain dyspnea Correct Answer difficulty breathing/shortness of breath Apneic Correct Answer absense of breathing auto bvm Correct Answer hypoxia, cyanosis, apenic conduction vs convection Correct Answer conduction is directly touching something convection is losing heat by air respiration cooling body temp Correct Answer exchanging warm air with cold outside air hypothermia if body drops below ___ temp Correct Answer 95 body stops shivering if it drops below __ Correct Answer 90 F
whos at risk for hypothermia that you wouldnt expect Correct Answer burn patients how long do you check pulse for cold patients Correct Answer 1 min vs 5-10 seconds normally how to assess temperature with ppe Correct Answer pull back glove and touch with back of hand Gangrene Correct Answer hypothermia when affected part becomes black and dead hyperthermia temp if body of Correct Answer 101 heat exhaustion vs heat stroke Correct Answer stroke is more serious heat exhaustion: excessive sweating, cool clammy skin heatstroke: throbbing headache, no sweating drowning Correct Answer experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion immersion in a liquid air embolism what is it and S/S Correct Answer air bubbles in blood vessels blotching froth at mouth and nose abdominal or joint pain bends Correct Answer air bubbles block blood vessels brown recluse spider Correct Answer also know as violin spider as it has a violin on its head
bvm vs no rebreather Correct Answer 1 - 3 NRB 3 or more BVM immediate bvm is hypoxia, apenic, cianosis immediate BVM Correct Answer hypoxia, apenic, cianosis if less than 8 bvm! if its a volume issue! when to sit up vs supine Correct Answer if trouble breathing sit them up supine if in shock fowlers position Correct Answer patient sitting at 45 degree angle crepitus Correct Answer a crackling or grating sound usually of bones 1st Degree Burn Tissue Effected? Skin Color/Moisture/Appearance? Correct Answer Superficial Thickness (Only Epidermis) Red Skin No Blisters or burns 2nd Degree Burn Tissue Effected? Skin Color/Moisture/Appearance? Correct Answer Partial Thickness (epidermis and part of dermis) Not subcutaneous tissue Blistered/white to red/ moist and spotted 3rd Degree Burn Tissue Effected? Skin Color/Moisture/Appearance? Correct Answer Full Thickness
All skin layers including subcutaneous and beyond Dry/Leathery/white brown or black hemothorax Bleeding? s/s? Transport? Correct Answer pleural space fills with blood s/s: shock decreased breath sounds on affected side rapid transport Rule of 9's adults Head Chest Arms Abdomen Groin Legs Correct Answer Head - 4.5 Chest - 9 Arms - 4.5 Abdomen - 9 Groin - 1 Legs - 9 (this is per side aka front and back) anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) S/s Correct Answer Can develop within seconds, mild itching or rash, burning skin, vascular dilation, generalized edema, coma, rapid death cardiogenic shock S/s Pulse/Resp.'s/Blood Pressure? Skin CMT? Mental Status? Right vs Left Correct Answer P-Either R-Tachy BP-Brady and Narrowing Cool Pale and Clammy/ Cyanotic