UBC2 - EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024 LATEST UPDATED GRADED 100% PASS, Exercises of Research Methodology

Download UBC2 - EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024 LATEST UPDATED GRADED 100% PASS and more Exercises Research Methodology in PDF only on Docsity!

UBC2 - EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2024 LATEST

UPDATED GRADED 100% PASS.

Concept - Answer An abstract idea that is used to describe or identify phenomena. Primary Data - Answer Data collected directly from the subject for the purpose of the research study - Surveys, questionnaires, observations, physiologic studies. Falsification - Answer A type of research misconduct where the researcher manipulates the results, changes procedures, omits data, or accepts subjects into the study who do not meet inclusion criteria. Nazi Experiments - Answer Studies on prisoners in Nazi concentration camps aimed at determining the limits of human endurance and learning ways to treat medical problems faced by German armed forces. Tuskegee - Answer Study initiated to examine the natural course of untreated syphilis. Nuremberg Code - Answer A section of a written verdict that outlined what constitutes acceptable medical research, forming the basis of codes of ethical conduct internationally. Discussion Section - Answer This portion of the research article provides an interpretation of the results and discusses how the findings extend the body of knowledge. Inductive reasoning - Answer A process of reasoning from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Literature Review - Answer Provides an in-depth analysis of recently published research findings in a specific area of interest. Review informs the research question and guides development of the research plan.

Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital - Answer Involved injection of foreign, live cancer cells into hospitalized patients with chronic diseases to determine whether a body's inability to reject CA cells was related to chronic diseases or not. Therapeutic research - Answer Research studies in which the subject can be expected to receive a potentially beneficial treatment. Practice Guidelines - Answer Research-based recommendations for practices that are graded as mandatory, optional or supplemental and that may be stated as standards of practice, procedures, or decision algorithms. Bias - Answer The distortion of true findings by factors other than those being studied. Nursing Research - Answer A systematic process of inquiry that uses rigorous guidelines to produce unbiased, trustworthy answers to questions about nursing practice. Empirical literature - Answer This type of literature includes published works that demonstrate how theories apply to individual behavior or observed events., A synonym for data-based literature; research approaches that test hypotheses. Non-therapeutic research - Answer Research carried out for the purpose of generating knowledge. It is not expected to benefit the research subject, but may lead to improved treatment in the future. Predictive research - Answer Research designed to search for variables measured at one point in time that may forecast an outcome that is measured at a different point in time. Diffusion of Innovations - Answer This model includes four major concepts: Innovation, communication, time and social system. Ethics - Answer Type of philosophy that studies right and wrong. Themes - Answer Implicit, recurring and unifying ideas derived from the raw data in qualitative research.

Willowbrook - Answer A series of studies conducted to observe the natural course of infectious hepatitis by deliberately infecting children admitted to institute for mentally disabled children. Measurement - Answer Determination of the quantity of a characteristic that is present; involves assigning of numbers or some other classification. Methods section - Answer This portion of the research article includes a discussion about study design, sample and data collection. Deductive reasoning - Answer A process of reasoning from a general theory to a specific and well-articulated question. Research Utilization - Answer Trying to apply research findings to practice, changing practice from the results of a single research study. Abstract - Answer A summary of the most important aspects of the research that is used to apply for presentation; also appears in the beginning of a publication and as a summary in searchable databases. Vulnerable Populations - Answer Groups of people with diminished autonomy who cannot participate fully in the consent process. Such groups may include children, individuals with cognitive disorders, prisoners, and pregnant women. Descriptive data - Answer Numbers in a data set that are collected to represent research variables. Microtheories - Answer Precise theories that are much narrower in scope and usually related to a particular situation or set of circumstances in nursing practice. Prediction study - Answer Study designed to search for variables measured at one point in time that may forecast an outcome that is measured at a different point in time. Borrowed theories - Answer Theories taken from other disciplines and used as frameworks or models for nursing practice.

Shared theories - Answer Theories that have been borrowed, tested, and found to be empirically adequate in more than one discipline. National Institute for Research in Nursing - Answer A federal agency responsible for the support of nursing research through establishment of a national research agenda, funding grants and research awards, and providing training. Middle-Range theories - Answer Nursing theories located midway between abstract and concrete theories that are more limited in scope and address specific phenomena or concepts. Epidemiology - Answer Investigation of the distribution and determinant of disease within populations or cohorts. Seminal Work - Answer A classic work of research literature that is more than 5 years old and is marked by its uniqueness and timelessness of knowledge. Empirical evidence - Answer Evidence gathered through the five senses. Researchers quantify observations by using numbers to obtain precise measurements that can later be statistically analyzed. Basic research - Answer Theoretical, pure, fundamental or bench research done to advance knowledge in a given subject area. Descriptive Variables - Answer Characteristics that describe the sample and provide a composite picture of the subjects of the study; not manipulated or controlled by the researcher. Applied Research - Answer Research conducted to gain knowledge that has a practical application and contributes in some way to modification of practice. Descriptive Study - Answer Type of study designed to describe in detail some process, event, or outcome. The design is used when very little is known about the research question.

Confirmatory study - Answer Study in which a relationship between variables has been posed and the study is designed to examine these hypotheses. Introduction - Answer Follows the abstract, contains a statement of the problem and a purpose statement. Theory - Answer A method of perceiving reality and mapping the complex processes of human action and interaction that affect nursing care. Research - Answer A planned and systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and/or discovery of solutions to problems or questions. Evidence-Based Practice - Answer The use of the best scientific evidence, integrated with clinical experience and incorporating patient values and preferences in the practices of professional nursing care. Control Group - Answer A subgroup of the sample of an experimental study from which the intervention is withheld. Results section - Answer Describes methods used to analyze their data, and the characteristics of the sample are resported. Beneficence - Answer Principle of ethics - persons should have their decisions respected, be protected from harm, and have steps taken to ensure their well-being. Institutional Review Board (IRB) - Answer The board is required in research institutions that reviews and oversees all research involving human subjects and ensures studies meet all federal regulation criteria, including ethical standards. Inquiry Audit - Answer A review of data and relevant documents, procedures, and results by an external reviewer. Autonomous - Answer The ability of a person to make decisions; to deliberate about personal goals and act in accordance with those goals. Justice - Answer A basic principle of ethics that incorporates a participant's right to fair treatment and fairness in distribution of benefit and burden.

Human Rights - Answer Freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law. Full review - Answer Review of study proposals that pose more than minimal risk to subjects, that do not qualify for exempt status, and in which the full IRB committee participates. Respect for Persons - Answer A basic principle of ethics - individuals should be treated autonomously, capable of making their own decisions. Persons with limited autonomy should be protected. Minimal Risk - Answer Probability and magnitude for harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in an of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests. Belmont report - Answer In this report, issued in 1979, three major principles were identified: Respect for persons, beneficence and justice. Full Disclosure - Answer Reporting as much info about the research as is known at the time without threatening the validity of the study. This allows the subject to make an informed decision whether or not to participate. Declaration of Helsinki - Answer An international standard adopted by the World Medical Association in 1964 providing guidelines for physicians conducting biomedical research. A Priori - Answer Conceived or formulated before an investigation. Expedited review - Answer Review of study proposals that pose minimal risk to subjects in which one or two IRB members participate. Principal Investigator - Answer The individual who is primarily responsible for a research study. The principle investigator is responsible for all elements of the study and is the first author listed on the publication or presentations.

Traslational Research Model - Answer This model provides specific strategies that organizations can use to improve adoption of an evidence- based innovation (based on Rogers' model on diffusion of innovation). Exempt - Answer A review of study proposals that pose no risk to subjects in which the full IRB board is not required to participate. Replication - Answer Repeating a specific study in detail on a different sample. - When it has been replicated with similar results several times, the evidence can be used with more confidence. Research Hypothesis - Answer States that there is a relationship between two or more variables. Associative - Answer When one variable changes, the other variable also changes. Psychometric Instruments - Answer Instruments used to collect subjective information directly from subjects, tested for reliability and validity. Independent variable - Answer "cause" of "cause and effect" A factor that is artificially introduced into a study explicitly to measure an expected effect. Causal relationship - Answer In this relationship, one variable, the independent variable, is thought to cause or determine the presence of the other variable, the dependent variable. Dependent Variable - Answer The outcome of the introduction of an independent variable. - The "effect" of "cause and effect". Peer Review - Answer The process of subjecting research to appraisal of a neutral, expert third party. Systematic Review - Answer Highly structured - identifying, appraising and summarizing research studies into guidelines for practice, characterized by objectivity that avoids bias. Nesting - Answer A search strategy best used when a search contains two or more boolean operators (also known as grouping).

Secondary Sources - Answer Comments and summaries of multiple research studies on one topic such as systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses, which are based on the secondary author's interpretation of the primary work. Truncation - Answer Search strategy to retrieve records of search terms that share a common root. Nur* = Nurse, Nursing, Nurses Primary sources - Answer Original, peer-reviewed, and published research journal articles of studies conducted by the researcher. Boolean - Answer Words that specify the relationship between two or more search terms "and" "Or" "not" Wildcards - Answer Substituting symbols for one or more letters in a search term. Point Estimate - Answer A statistic derived from a sample that is used to represent a population parameter. Open Access - Answer Publication in a form that allows anyone to have access to the material without constraints. Exploding search - Answer To search all records indexed to that term as well as any terms that are in a related, narrower category. Secondary data - Answer Data collected for other purposes and used in the research study. Ex medical records, employee or patient satisfaction surveys, organizational business reports or government databases. Integrative Review - Answer Methodology that synthesizes quantitative, theoretical and qualitative research to provide a comprehensive understanding of the human condition. Classification - Answer Sorting subjects into categories based on their characteristics. Precision - Answer Degree of reproducibility or the generation of consistent values every time an instrument is used.

Frequency - Answer A count of instances that a number occurs in a data set. Grey literature - Answer Literature that includes information about works yet to be published, such as unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals. Popular literature - Answer Literature written to inform or entertain the general public - basic writing, graphics get a lot of space. Keyword - Answer Searches the author's words, not subject terms assigned by the database publisher. Meta-Analysis - Answer A statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends. Fabrication - Answer Research conduct where data and results are made up. Search Strategy - Answer Identification of search terms and search statements that will be used in the literature review. Trade Literature - Answer Written for professionals within a discipline with a causal tone - contain info related to professional development, products, practices or trends in the discipline. Scholarly literature - Answer Written and edited by professionals in the discipline for other colleagues. Vehicles for publication of original research, focus on narrow topics within the discipline, and are filled with discipline- specific vocabulary. Correlation research - Answer Research designed to quantify the strength and the direction of the relationship of two variables - either two variables in a single subject or the same variable in two subjects. Comparative Design - Answer When the purpose of the study is to describe phenomena by comparing two or more groups or two or more variables.

Type II Error - Answer Excepting the Null Hypothesis when it is false. Solomon Four Group Design - Answer When two groups receive the intervention, and two groups receive a placebo. Cochrane Collaboration - Answer An international non-profit and independent organization, dedicated to making up-to-date, accurate information about the effects of healthcare readily available worldwide. It produces and disseminates systematic reviews of healthcare interventions and promotes the search for evidence in the form of clinical trials and other studies of interventions. Joanna Briggs Institute - Answer International Research and Development unit of the Royal Adelaid Hospital in Australia (1995) - database of evidence summaries that review international literature on common health care interventions & activities to improve effectiveness of nursing practice and healthcare outcomes. Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education - Answer 1957 - Nursing Research was incorporated into graduate curriculum. Primary Research - Answer Information that is collected for the first time from original sources Secondary Research - Answer Gathering and analyzing the results of someone else's research Problem Statement - Answer Identifies the problem being addressed in the study.Sometimes called the purpose statement. Should be clear and concise. Must clearly describe the population of interest and variables to be studied. Often found in the abstract. CURN Project - Answer Conduct & Utilization or Research in Nursing - Earliest attempts to integrate EBT into practice in the 1970's and helped nurses transition research into practice settings. Moved practice from customs and "the way we've always done it" to finding the research to backup the best practices.

Stetler Model - Answer Systematically integrate research into practice. Focuses on how individual nurses adopt EBP at the bedside Preparation Phase - issues, how to define outcomes Validation Phase - Analyze the evidence to determine credibility Comparative/Decision - Is all the data that is needed collected? Translate/Apply - Determine communication, dissemination Evaluate Outcomes - Identify goal of each "use" Iowa Model - Answer Explains how organizations can change practice. "Is the topic a priority?" "Is their sufficient research?" "Is change appropriate?" Barriers to EBP implementation - Answer Nurses belief systems and research-related barriers. Organizational Characteristics for EBP - Answer Adequate resources for research activities, support and encouragement for inquiry, an expectation for staff to engage in research. American Nurses Association Nursing Quality Indicators - Answer Pressure ulcers, patient satisfaction with pain, staffing mix,and nurse satisfaction. Research Problem - Answer An area of concern when there is a gap in knowledge that requires a solution that can be described, explained, or predicted to improve nursing practice ACE - Answer Academic Center for EBP (DSTIE) Discover, Summary, Translation - Clinical Practice Guidelines, Integration, Evaluation - eval impact on health outcomes. Iowa Model of EBP - Answer Ask questions, Search literature, Appraise evidence - is it sufficient, Implement practice change, Evaluate Outcomes. Model of Diffusion of Innovation - Answer Begin Small and Diffuse - Process by which innovation is communicated through channels and among members of a system. Acquisition of knowledge, persuasion, Decision, Implementation, Confirmation

Early Adopters - Answer Assist with diffusion through the system - buy in to the change early. Laggards - Answer Slow to adopt the new system Research Process - Answer ID the Research Question Conduct a Review of Literature ID a theoretical framework Select a research design Implement the study Analyze the data Draw conclusions Disseminate findings Descriptive research - Answer Descriptions about phenomenon Explanatory research - Answer Defines relationships between subjects "why, how?" Predictive research - Answer Forecasts precise relationships between phenomenon or groups Basic Research - Answer Knowledge for the sake of knowledge Applied research - Answer Knowledge to solve a clinical problem Quantitative - Answer Uses numbers to obtain precise measurements. Provides evidence that describes a phenomenon - explains relationships and differences amont variables or determine causality. Views the world as "Objective" Collecting EMPIRICAL evidence - verified by 5 senses. Questionnaires, observation, scales, physiological measures, empirical evidence. Two Group pretest-posttest Solomon 4 group Qualitative - Answer Used to study human behavior and habits. No numbers.

Smaller # of participants in study - 6-10 Flexible and useful for complex subjects, not dependent on sample size, reasoning explains human behavior. Snowball sampling - Answer Recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants. Data Saturation - Answer In qualitative research when no new information is being heard, and the same points are being repeated. Purposive sampling - Answer Purposely seek out people who know certain information. Informants are selected intentionally but are willing participants Key informants - Answer Have intimate knowledge of the information being studied Phenomenology - Answer The study of lived experience - understanding an experience from the perspective of participants. Grounded Theory - Answer Qualitative Creating theory through induction - discovering the process of something "What is the process of...." Identify gaps in the literature first. Ethnography - Answer Study of culture Historical - Answer Strategic sampling - people describe the past to guide the present and the future. Qualitative Data Collection - Answer Questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, case studies, observation Two Group Pre/Post Test - Answer Subjects randomized to the control group or experimental group. Measured before and after the intervention is implemented. Solomon 4 Group Test - Answer Two groups control, two groups intervention - one of each measured before and after, the other two are measured only after. Reduce the effects of "threat of testing"

Empirical Research - Answer Based on observed and measured phenomena - actual experience rather than theory or belief - can be observed with 5 senses. Peplau - Answer Early nursing theories described the nurse-patient relationship - defined health as the forward movement of personality. - No mention of referencing nurses despite the fact that she published for nurses practicing in mental health. Experimental Design - Answer Must have randomization, a Control group and Manipulation of a variable. Translational Research Interventions - Answer Use EBP within policies and standards Modify EMR and Documentation Support education of administrators Improve orientation PICO - Answer Population of Interest Intervention Comparison Outcome to form EBP Non-Experimental Design - Answer Lacks manipulation of independent variable and random assignment. Used when describing a phenomenon, explaining relationships and predicting relationships. Descriptive and Correlational