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A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in nutrition and metabolism, including topics such as macronutrients, micronutrients, digestion, energy balance, and metabolic pathways. It is a valuable resource for students preparing for exams in related courses.
Typology: Exams
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Whatiisilipogenesis?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Wheniyouribodyimakesifatifrominon-fatisubstances ATPi-iCorrectiAnswer-Producediinitheimitochondria Producedibyiuseiofiaihighiprotoniconcentrationiinitheiinnerimembraneis pace ProducediviaitheiconversioniofiADPiandiinorganiciphosphateibyitheiATPi synthase NOT!!iIsigeneratediatiairateiexactlyiproportionalitoiweightitoithei3/4ipo wer Carbohydrateidigestionsibeginsiinithei-iCorrectiAnswer-Mouth EssentialiFattyiAcidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Alpha-linoleniciacid Linoleiciacid AbsorptiveiProcessesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Passiveidiffusion Facilitatedidiffusion
Activeitransport Endocytosis DifferenceibetweeniMicronutrientsiandiMacronutrientsi- iCorrectiAnswer-Micronutrientsiareineedediinismalliquantities Macronutrientsiareienergy-yielding LeadingicauseiofideathiinitheiUnitediStatesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Cardiovascularidisease Kwashiorkori-iCorrectiAnswer-Edema Growthiimpairment Functionsiofilipidsiinitheibodyi-iCorrectiAnswer-Energyistorage Insulationiandipadding Promoteisatiety Fat-solubleivitaminitransport Tripeptidei-iCorrectiAnswer-Aichainiofithreeiaminoiacids Anabolicipathwaysi-iCorrectiAnswer- Includeitheisynthesisiofiproteinsitoiformiligaments Useienergyitoiconstructicellularicomponents
Insulini-iCorrectiAnswer-Hormoneithatihelpsiloweribloodiglucoseilevels OrderiofiGIitracti-iCorrectiAnswer-Stomach Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Largeiintestine ProteiniEfficiencyiRatioi-iCorrectiAnswer- Howimuchiliveiweightigainipericrudeiproteiniintake CentraliDogmai-iCorrectiAnswer-DNAi->iRNA->iprotein Hormonesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Enableilongidistanceicommunicationibetweenitissues ParacrineiAgentsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Enableicellitoicellicommunicationiinicloseiproximity AccessoryiOrgansi-iCorrectiAnswer-Salivaryiglands Liver Pancreas
Gallbladder TrueiDigestibilityi-iCorrectiAnswer- Proteininitrogenifromibacteriaiiniyouriistestine ApparentiDigestibilityi-iCorrectiAnswer-Howimuchiproteiniyouiate Howimuchiproteiniyouiexcrete BombiCalorimetryi-iCorrectiAnswer- Allowsianiestimateitheigrossienergyicontentiofifooditested EffectsiofiTransiFatsi-iCorrectiAnswer-LowersiHDL RaisesiLDL Bilei-iCorrectiAnswer-Emulsifiesifats Whatimakesiainutrientsi"essential"?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Whenitheinutrienticannotibeisynthesizediinitheibody,iandimustibeiconsu mediinitheidiet RecommendationsiofitheiDietaryiGuidelinesiforiAmericansi- iCorrectiAnswer-Balanceicaloriesitoimanageiweight Reduceifoodi&ifoodicomponentsiassociatediwithidiseases
Increaseiconsumptioniofifoodi&ifoodicomponentsithatipromoteihealth Gastrini-iCorrectiAnswer-Hormone Stimulatesisecretioniofigastriciacid ProteiniandiAminoiAcidsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Ouribodiesiuseiaminoiacidsiiniaispecificiratioitoieachiother Theiproteiniqualityiofifoodiisinotirelateditoitheiquantityiofiproteiniinithat ifood Aipersoniwhoiisiseverelyiilliandilosingiproteinihasiainegativeinitrogenibal ance Aniinfantiwhoiisigrowingihasiaipositiveinitrogenibalance Chylomicronsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Digestedilipidicomponentsiareireassemblediintoithisiinitheienterocytesil iningitheismalliintestine Areireleasediintoitheilymphaticisystem RequiredionitheiNutritioniFactsiPaneli-iCorrectiAnswer-Servingisize
Totalicaloriesiperiserving Theinutrientsiinitheifoodiproduct Ingredientsiinitheifoodiproduct RDAiforiProteini-iCorrectiAnswer-Adults:i0.8igrams/kgiofibodyiweight SymptomsiofiTypeiIiDiabetesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Frequentiurination Extremeifatigue Ketoneibodies Extremeihunger ProteiniStructurei-iCorrectiAnswer- Peptideibondsilinkiaminoiacidsitogether Peptideibondsiareiformedibetweenitheiacidigroupiofioneiaminoiacidiand itheinitrogenigroupiofitheinextiaminoiacid Ifitheishapeiofiaiproteiniisialtered,iitsifunctionimayibeidisrupted Normalihemoglobinihasiaisphericalishape Calculatingi"EnergyiOut"i-iCorrectiAnswer-Basalimetaboliciratei(BMR) Thermicieffectionifoodi(TEF)
Adaptiveithermogenesisi(NEAT) Physicaliactivityi(PA) FunctionsiofiWateriinitheiBodyi-iCorrectiAnswer- Removesiwasteimaterials Regulatesibodyitemperature Transportsinutrientsithroughitheibody Servesiasiaisolvent FunctionsiofiCarbohydratesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Provideienergy Sparesiproteins Provideisweetness Provideifiber Howiareicarbohydratesistorediinitheibody?i-iCorrectiAnswer-Glycogen ProteiniDigestioni-iCorrectiAnswer- ProteiniisipartiallyidigestediinitheistomachibyipepsiniandiHCL Finalidigestioniofiproteinsiandiaminoiacidsioccursiinitheismalliintestine Aminoiacidsiareiabsorbediintoitheiportaliveiniandithenitravelitoitheiliver
CCKiisiaihormoneiwhichiisiinvolvediiniproteinidigestion BenefitsiofiaiBalancediVegetarianiDieti-iCorrectiAnswer- Loweribodyiweight Betteridigestiveihealth Reducediriskiofisomeicancers Loweribloodipressure Majoriformiiniwhichinitrogeniisiexcretedifromitheihumanibody?i- iCorrectiAnswer-Urea NutrientiDensityi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aimeasureiofihowimanyinutrientsipericalorieiaifoodiprovidesicomparedit oiitsienergyicontent FunctionsiofiLipoproteinsiinitheiCirculatoryiSystemi-iCorrectiAnswer- Transportiofilipidsiandicholesteroliinitheiblood AdequateiIntakei-iCorrectiAnswer- Dailyiintakeiamountsisetiforinutrientsiforiwhichithereiareiinsufficientires earchidataitoiestablishiEstimatediAverageiRequirements FattyiAcidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Saturatedifats Unsaturatedifats
Transifats FactorsiAffectingiBasaliMetaboliciRatei-iCorrectiAnswer-Thyroxin %ileanitissue Fever ProductiofiCellulariRespirationi-iCorrectiAnswer-ATP FunctioniofiIntestinaliEpithelialiCellsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Nutrientiabsorption Barrieriandiimmuneidefense Fluidiandielectrolyteiabsorption Secretioniofiapolipoproteins ExamplesiofiMonosaccharidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Glucose Fructose Galactose Enzymesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Biologicalicatalystsithatiworkibyiloweringitheiactivationienergyiofiaireac tion MajoriFunctioniofiProteiniinitheiBodyi-iCorrectiAnswer-Transport
Fluidibalance Protection Enzymes ExamiIIi-iCorrectiAnswer-VersioniB PhysiologicaliProcessesirelateditoiVitaminiAi-iCorrectiAnswer- Nighttimeivision Childigrowth Normalidifferentiationiofiepithelialicells Reproduction WateriSolubleiVitaminsi-iCorrectiAnswer-BiVitamins VitaminiC FatiSolubleiVitaminsi-iCorrectiAnswer-VitaminiA VitaminiD VitaminiE VitaminiK Iron-deficiencyiAnemiai-iCorrectiAnswer-Smalliredibloodicells Reducedihemoglobinilevels
ExcessiIroniinitheiBodyi-iCorrectiAnswer- Increasedifreeiradicalimediatedidamage Increasedisusceptibilityitoiinfection Increasediriskiofiheartidisease TraceiMineralsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Selenium Zinc Copper Iodide Fluoride MicronutrientiDeficienciesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Niacinideficiencyicausesipellagra VitaminiDideficiencyicausesirickets Ironideficiencyicausesianemia VitaminiB12iandifolateideficienciesicauseianemia Thiaminideficiencyicausesiberiberi
NutrientsiinvolvediiniThyroidiHormoneiMetabolismi-iCorrectiAnswer- Selenium Zinc Iron Zinci-iCorrectiAnswer-CofactoriiniRNAisynthesis Stabilizesiproteinsithatiregulateigeneiexpressionithroughitheiactioniofi" ZinciFingers" Functioniasianienzymeiinimanyicellulariprocessesiincludingigrowth,iprot einisynthesis,iandisexualimaturation Stabilizesicellimembranes StatementsiaboutiWateriSolubleiVitaminsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Areinotirequiredidaily Shouldinotibeiconsumediinihighidoses Areisubjectitoicookingiandifoodistorageilosses Areiabsorbedibyitheiportalivein
Areireadilyiexcretediiniurine AbsorptioniofiFatiSolubleiVitaminsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Requires: Pancreaticilipase Bileiacids Fat Ironi-iCorrectiAnswer-Foundiin: Hemoglobin Myoglobin Cytochromes Abstracti-iCorrectiAnswer- Providesiaibriefibackgroundiofitheitopic,istudyiperformed,itheimajoriexp erimentaliresults,ianditheirirelevanceiinitheisameisubheading Warfarini-iCorrectiAnswer-VitaminiKiantagonist Poisoniforiratsiandimice Thrombophlebitis Retardiclottingiiniprostheticiheartivalve
NOT!!!,iaitreatmentiofiincreasedibleedingitendency FoliciAcidi-iCorrectiAnswer- Widelyifortifiediinifoodsiiniorderitoipreventibirthidefects MajoricirculatingiformsiofiVitaminiDi-iCorrectiAnswer- 25 - OH-D ParathyroidiHormonei-iCorrectiAnswer-Regulatesiserumicalciumilevels PlasmaiCalciumiLeveli-iCorrectiAnswer-Isitightlyicontrolled Osteoporosisi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aiconditionitypifiedibyiainormalimineralitoimatrixiratio,ibutireducediam ountsiofibothimineraliandimatrix,iresultingiinithiniandibrittleibones Transferrini-iCorrectiAnswer- Bindsitwoiironiatomsianditransportsitheiironiinitheiblooditoitissues DietaryiVitaminiDiDependencyi-iCorrectiAnswer-Skinicolor Sunlightiexposureiduration Amountiofiskiniexposeditoisunlight Ethnicity
PerniciousiAnemai-iCorrectiAnswer- InhibitsitheiabsorptioniofiVitaminiB12ibecauseitheiparietalicellsiinitheist omachiareidestroyediand,ithus,iintrinsicifactoriisinoilongerisecreted. FDAirequiresithatiaiSupplementiFactsiLabelimustiincludei- iCorrectiAnswer-Theiingredientsiinitheisupplement Whatiareisupplementilabelsialloweditoiclaimiaboutitheiriproducts?i- iCorrectiAnswer-WhatitheiUpperiLimitiisiforispecificiingredients Thatitheisupplementicontainsiaimega-doseiofiaiparticularinutrients Thatitheiproducticontainsihighipotencyiofiaiparticularinutrient NOT!!!,ithatitheiproductitreats,icures,ioripreventsiaidiseaseinotientirelyir elateditoiaiparticularinutrient Bioavailabilityi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theipercentiofiainutrientithaticanibeiabsorbed FunctionsiofiVitaminiCi-iCorrectiAnswer-Collageiformation Antioxidant Immuneifunction
StatementsiaboutiSodiumi-iCorrectiAnswer- Upperilimitiofisodiumiisi 2300 img/day CurrentiaverageisodiumiintakeiiniUnitediStateiisimoreithani 2300 img/da y Eatingitooimuchisodiumiincreasesitheiriskiofihighibloodipressure Renin-angiotensin- aldosteroneisystemicaniregulateisodiumireabsorptionibyitheikidney NOT!!!,ithatisodiumiisimainlyilocatediintracellularly GoodisourcesiofiPolyunsaturatediFati-iCorrectiAnswer-Almonds Seeds Fattyifish Walnuts NOT!!!,iButter MostiPotentiFat-SolubleiAntioxidanti-iCorrectiAnswer-VitaminiE
Hydrophobici-iCorrectiAnswer-Notiwaterisolublei (e.g.iailongichainifattyiacidsiisihydrophobic) Fortificationiandienrichmentiareiprocessesiiniwhichinutrientsiare?i- iCorrectiAnswer-Addeditoifoodsiduringiprocessing Whichihormonesiresponsibleiforitheiregulationiofibodyiwater?i- iCorrectiAnswer-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Antidiureticihormone GrandfatheriClausei-iCorrectiAnswer- Aisubstanceihistoricallyiusedibyimanitoisupplementitheidiet BenefitsiofiFiberi-iCorrectiAnswer-StimulatesiGIimotility Promotesihealthyigutimicroflora Slowsinutrientiabsorption Canilowericholesterol Howimanyicaloriesiareiiniaigramioficarbohydratesiandiprotein?i- iCorrectiAnswer- 4 ikcals Howimanyicaloriesiareiiniaigramiofifat?i-iCorrectiAnswer- 9 ikcals
StatementsiaboutiNutritionaliResearchi-iCorrectiAnswer- Nutritionaliresearchiisinecessaryitoihelpiusiunderstandihowinutrientsiaff ectivariousiphysiologicaliprocessesiinitheibody Nutritionaliresearchiisiusediinitheidevelopmentiofitherapiesithaticounte ractioripreventinutrition-relatedidiseases Nutritionaliresearchiisiconductedithroughitheiuseiofitheiscientificimetho d Theiresultsiofinutritionaliresearchishouldialwaysibeisubjecteditoichallen geiandichange NOT!!!,itheiresultsiofinutritionaliresearchiorirecommendationsicanineve richange Wheniwholeigrainsiareirefined,iwhichipartsiareilost?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Bran Germ ScientificiMethodi-iCorrectiAnswer-Observediphenomena Hypothesisigenerated Researchiexperiment Buildimodelioverilikelyiexplanation
Evaluatedibyiotheriscientists Confirmediorirejects Whoiisiatiincreasediriskiofizincideficiency?i-iCorrectiAnswer-Alcoholics PeopleiwithiAnorexiaiNervosa Theielderly Pregnantiwomen StatementsiaboutiThyroid/Thyroxinei-iCorrectiAnswer- Thyroxineiisiimportantiinithermogenesisiandilipidihomeostasis Ifithereiisinotienoughiiodideipresentiinitheibody,itheithyroidiglandiwillie nlargeitoitryitoicaptureimoreiiodide IngestingiiodizedisalticanipreventiGoiter Tooilittleithyroxineiinitheibodyiisiknowiasihypothyroidism NOT!!,itheithyroidiglandirequiresifluorideiforithyroxineisynthesis HumaniExperimenti-iCorrectiAnswer- Experimentiiniwhichithereiisisomeisortiofiinterveningiinvolved
BodyiMassiIndexi(BMI)i-iCorrectiAnswer- Bodyiweighti(kg)i/iheight^2i(m^2) FunctionsiofiBiVitaminsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Functioniasico-enzymes Criteriaiforidiagnosingisomeoneiwithimetabolicisyndrome?i- iCorrectiAnswer-Highibloodipressure Highifastingibloodiglucoseilevel Whichihumanidiseaseiisirelateditoiobesity?i-iCorrectiAnswer-Fattyiliver Dyslipidemia Albumini-iCorrectiAnswer- Bindsiabsorbedicopperianditransportsitheicopperitoitheiliver Toidetermineiifione'sibodyiweightiisihealthy,iweimusticonsideri- iCorrectiAnswer-Bodyimassiindex Bodyicomposition Ageiandigender Healthistatus Proportioniofitotalibodyiwaterithatiisilocatediextracellularlyi- iCorrectiAnswer-1/
Proportioniofitotalibodyiwaterithatiisilocatediintercellularyi- iCorrectiAnswer-2/3 FunctioniofiBodyiWateri-iCorrectiAnswer-Dissolvesisolutes Maintainsibloodivolumeiandibloodipressure Regulatesibodyitemperature Involvediinichemicalireactions NOT!!,iabsorbingianditransportingilipid-solubleisubstances Theigreatestilimitationiofiusingibodyimassiindexi(BMI)itoievaluateiobesi tyiisi-iCorrectiAnswer-Failureitoievaluateibodyicomposition ExamiIIIi-iCorrectiAnswer-VersioniC Lowiinsuliniandilowileptinilevelsiareiindicativeiofilowibloodiglucoseiandi bodyifatistores,iandisignalsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Increasedifoodiintake,idecreasedienergyiexpenditure WhatidoiGlucose,iAlcohol,iandiProteinigeticonvertediinto?i- iCorrectiAnswer-AcetyliCoA
Leptinideficiencyiresultsiini-iCorrectiAnswer-Obesity Whatiareitheithreeimuscleienergyisystems?i-iCorrectiAnswer-Power Speed Endurance Whyidoiphysicallyitrainediindividualsihaveiaihigherimaximalitrainediwor kicapacityithaniuntrainediindividuals?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Theyihaveiaigreaterimaximalioxygeniconsumptionithaniuntrainediindivi duals Whatiwillihappeniifisomeoneilimitsifatiintakeibutieatsiexcessicaloriesifro micarbohydrates?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Theyiwilligainiweightibecauseiexcessicarbohydratesicanibeiconverteditoi fattyiacids;ilipogenesis Whaticaniresultifromialcoholiabuse?i-iCorrectiAnswer-Obesity Livericirrhosis Whatiisiperistalsis?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Itiisianiinvoluntaryimuscularimovementiinvolvingitheiwallsiofitheidigesti veitractithatiservesitoimiximaterialsiandimoveithemialongitheitract
Lactaseidigestsitheidisaccharideilactoseiintoiitsitwoiperspectiveimonosa ccharides.iWhatiareitheseitwoimonosaccharides?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Glucose Galactose Whatiisiedema?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Theiabnormaliaccumulationiofifluidiunderitheiskin Statementsiaboutieatingidisordersi-iCorrectiAnswer- 90%iofihighischooliwomenidietifrequently Anorexiaihasitheihighestimortalityirateiofianyipsychiatricidiagnosis 17 - 30%ioficollegeistudentsiinitheiUnitediStatesiareisufferingifromianieatingi disorder Examplesiincludeianorexiainervosaiandibulimiainervosa NOT!!,ieatingidisordersiareirarelyilifeithreatning Whatiisitheifirstisourceiofienergyiouribodiesiuseiwheniweiareistarved?i- iCorrectiAnswer-Glycogen
Whatiisitheiphysicalifeelingiyouiexperienceiwheniyouribodyineedsienerg y?i-iCorrectiAnswer-Hunger WhatiwasitheimainipurposeiofitheiMinnesotaisemi- starvationiexperiment?i-iCorrectiAnswer-Toiunderstandihowibestitoire- feedipeopleiwhoihadisufferedifromifamineiduringiWWII WhatiisitheirelationibetweeniBMRi(basalimetabolicirate)iandiEERi(estim atedienergyirequirement)?i-iCorrectiAnswer- EERiisiapproximatelyi50%iaboveiBMR Whichiofitheithreeitypesiofienergyisourcesiforimusclei(iasiaifunctioniofiac tivityiduration)idoinotiimmediatelyirequireioxygen?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Nonioxidative Immediate TheiMinnesotaisemi-starvationiexperimentiincludedi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aicontroliphase,itoiestablishibaselineiinformationiforieachiparticipant Aistarvationiphase,iwhereiparticipants'icalorieiintakeiwasistrictlyicurtail ed Airecoveryiphase,iwhereiparticipantsiwereigivenirehabilitativeidiets
Aifriendiasksiyouiforiadviceiforiplanningiaihealthyidiet.iYouisuggestishe:i- iCorrectiAnswer-Eatireal,inotiprocessedifoods Drinkiwater Beiphysicallyiactiveimostidays Eatifoodsithatiareiaivarietyioficolors Mostifadidietsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Resultiiniweighticycling,iori"yo- yo"idieting TheiMinnesotaisemi-starvationiexperimentsifoundithatisemi- starvationiincreasei-iCorrectiAnswer-Emotionalidistress Preoccupationiwithifood Yourioverweightifriendsiwantsitoistartiworkingioutitoiloseisomeifate.iYo uilearnediaboutithei"CrossoveriConcept"iiniclassiandisuggestitoiyourifrie ndithatitheibestiwayitoiloseiaimaximaliamountiofibodyiFATiisitoiexercisei by:i-iCorrectiAnswer-Stayingiati 30 - 65%iofitheirimaximalioxygeniconsumptionirateiwhileiworkingioutitoilos eimaximalifat Whichienzymeiinitiatesitheimostisignificantipathwayiresponsibleiforithei bulkiofiethanolimetabolismiwheniconsumedimoderately?i- iCorrectiAnswer-Alcoholidehydrogenase HowimanyicarbonsidoesiEthanolihave?i-iCorrectiAnswer- 2