(UF) PSY 2012 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW Q & A 2024, Exams of Nursing

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PSY 2012

General Psychology

Final Exam Review

Q & A

1. A nursing student encounters a patient with a phobia of needles. Which psychological approach would best explain the patient's condition? A) Behavioral B) Cognitive C) Psychodynamic D) Humanistic Answer: A) Behavioral. Rationale: The behavioral approach focuses on learned behaviors and conditioning, which is relevant to understanding phobias that may develop through negative reinforcement or classical conditioning.
2. During a stressful exam period, a nursing student notices increased irritability among peers. Which concept explains this behavior? A) Fight-or-flight response B) Maslow's hierarchy of needs C) James-Lange theory of emotion D) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion Answer: A) Fight-or-flight response. Rationale: The fight-or-flight response is a physiological reaction to stress that can manifest as irritability, which is common during high-pressure situations like exams.
3. A patient exhibits memory loss and confusion. Which area of the brain is most likely affected? A) Amygdala B) Hippocampus C) Frontal lobe D) Cerebellum Answer: B) Hippocampus. Rationale: The hippocampus is crucial for memory formation, and damage to this area can result in symptoms such as memory loss and confusion.
4. When administering medication, a nurse must remember the precise dosage and schedule. This ability to retain and utilize information is known as: A) Sensory memory B) Short-term memory C) Long-term memory D) Procedural memory

Answer: C) Long-term memory. Rationale: Long-term memory involves the storage of information over extended periods, which is necessary for recalling medication dosages and schedules.

5. A patient with depression is prescribed regular exercise as part of their treatment plan. This recommendation aligns with which psychological perspective? A) Psychodynamic B) Biological C) Behavioral D) Cognitive Answer: B) Biological. Rationale: The biological perspective considers the physiological bases of behavior, including how exercise can chemically alter brain function to improve symptoms of depression.
6. A nurse observes that a patient's belief in their ability to recover significantly impacts their rehabilitation progress. This concept is known as: A) Self-efficacy B) Locus of control C) Self-actualization D) Cognitive dissonance Answer: A) Self-efficacy. Rationale: Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments, influencing their motivation and perseverance.
7. In dealing with patients from diverse backgrounds, a nurse must be aware of cultural influences on behavior. This consideration is part of which psychological domain? A) Social psychology B) Developmental psychology C) Clinical psychology D) Cognitive psychology Answer: A) Social psychology. Rationale: Social psychology examines how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others, including cultural factors.

8. A patient is experiencing anxiety about an upcoming surgery. Which therapy approach focuses on changing the patient's thought patterns to alleviate anxiety? A) Psychoanalysis B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) C) Humanistic therapy D) Gestalt therapy Answer: B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Rationale: CBT is a form of psychotherapy that treats problems by modifying dysfunctional emotions, behaviors, and thoughts, which is suitable for addressing anxiety about surgery.
9. A nurse must prioritize patient care tasks efficiently. This decision- making process is most closely associated with which cognitive function? A) Attention B) Perception C) Problem-solving D) Learning Answer: C) Problem-solving. Rationale: Problem-solving involves evaluating and choosing among alternative actions, which is essential for nurses when prioritizing patient care tasks.
10. When a patient's behavior changes drastically after a head injury, which psychological assessment tool is most appropriate to evaluate cognitive function? A) Rorschach inkblot test B) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) D) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Answer: D) Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Rationale: The MoCA is designed to assess various cognitive domains, including attention and concentration, executive functions, memory, language, visuoconstructional skills, conceptual thinking, calculations, and orientation, making it suitable for evaluating changes after a head injury.

2. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which component of the personality operates based on the pleasure principle? A. Ego B. Superego C. Id D. Self Answer: C. Id Rationale: The id operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification.
3. Which of the following best represents the concept of cognitive dissonance in social psychology? A. The tendency to conform to group norms B. The discomfort caused by holding contradictory beliefs or attitudes C. The tendency to attribute behavior to internal or external factors D. The process of forming impressions of others based on limited information Answer: B. The discomfort caused by holding contradictory beliefs or attitudes Rationale: Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort experienced when a person holds conflicting beliefs or attitudes.
4. The process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information in memory is known as: A. Sensation B. Learning C. Perception D. Memory Answer: D. Memory Rationale: Memory involves the processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

5. The concept of self-efficacy is associated with which theory in psychology? A. Social cognitive theory B. Behaviorism C. Psychoanalytic theory D. Humanistic theory Answer: A. Social cognitive theory Rationale: Self-efficacy, introduced by Albert Bandura, is a key concept in social cognitive theory related to one's belief in their ability to achieve specific goals.
6. Which of the following best defines the concept of the bystander effect in social psychology? A. The tendency to conform to group norms in a crisis situation B. The diffusion of responsibility in emergencies when others are present C. The influence of authority figures on individual behavior D. The impact of social influence on decision-making Answer: B. The diffusion of responsibility in emergencies when others are present Rationale: The bystander effect refers to the tendency for individuals to feel less responsibility to act in an emergency situation when others are present.
7. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be satisfied first before higher-level needs can be met? A. Safety needs B. Esteem needs C. Self-actualization needs D. Physiological needs Answer: D. Physiological needs Rationale: Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that physiological needs must be satisfied first before higher-level needs, such as safety and esteem, can be addressed.

8. The concept of operant conditioning involves: A. Learning through the association of stimuli and responses B. Learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviors C. Learning through observation and imitation D. Learning through forming associations between stimuli Answer: B. Learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviors Rationale: Operant conditioning, introduced by B.F. Skinner, involves learning through reinforcement and punishment of behaviors.
9. Which of the following brain structures is primarily responsible for regulating emotions and processing emotional information? A. Hippocampus B. Amygdala C. Cerebellum D. Corpus callosum Answer: B. Amygdala Rationale: The amygdala is a key brain structure involved in regulating emotions and processing emotional information.
10. The concept of conformity in social psychology refers to: A. The tendency to resist group norms and pressures B. The process of forming impressions of others based on limited information C. The tendency to change behavior or beliefs to align with a group D. The discomfort caused by holding contradictory beliefs or attitudes Answer: C. The tendency to change behavior or beliefs to align with a group Rationale: Conformity involves changing behavior or beliefs to align with a group or social norms.
11. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the primary task of adolescence is to achieve a sense of: A. Autonomy

B. Intimacy C. Identity D. Generativity Answer: C. Identity Rationale: Erikson believed that the primary task of adolescence is to achieve a sense of identity and self-understanding.

12. The concept of cognitive schemas in cognitive psychology refers to: A. Mental frameworks for organizing and interpreting information B. Unconscious urges and desires that influence behavior C. Learned responses to environmental stimuli D. Patterns of behavior observed in social situations Answer: A. Mental frameworks for organizing and interpreting information Rationale: Cognitive schemas are mental frameworks that help individuals organize and interpret information.
13. The concept of the placebo effect in psychology relates to: A. The influence of genetics on behavior and development B. The impact of culture on socialization and identity C. The psychological and physiological responses to a fake treatment D. The influence of situational factors on behavior Answer: C. The psychological and physiological responses to a fake treatment Rationale: The placebo effect refers to the psychological and physiological responses that occur after receiving a fake treatment.
14. Which of the following concepts is associated with the theory of multiple intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner? A. Emotional intelligence B. Fluid intelligence C. Crystallized intelligence D. General intelligence Answer: A. Emotional intelligence

Rationale: Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes categories such as emotional intelligence, which refers to the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions.

15. The concept of social facilitation in social psychology refers to: A. The tendency to perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others B. The tendency for individuals to exert less effort in a group setting C. The influence of situational factors on individual behavior D. The tendency for individuals to resist group norms and pressures Answer: A. The tendency to perform better on simple tasks in the presence of others Rationale: Social facilitation refers to the tendency for individuals to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others.
16. The concept of resilience in developmental psychology refers to an individual's ability to: A. Conform to social norms and expectations B. Overcome adversity and bounce back from difficult experiences C. Form positive relationships with others D. Achieve personal goals and self-actualization Answer: B. Overcome adversity and bounce back from difficult experiences Rationale: Resilience is the ability to overcome adversity and bounce back from difficult experiences.
17. The concept of social identity refers to an individual's: A. Personal sense of self and uniqueness B. Identification with a particular social group or category C. Observable behavior and responses to stimuli D. Genetic predisposition for certain traits and behaviors Answer: B. Identification with a particular social group or category Rationale: Social identity refers to an individual's sense of self based on their identification with a particular social group or category.

18. The concept of cognitive dissonance in social psychology relates to the discomfort experienced when: A. There is a lack of consistency between beliefs and behavior B. An individual is exposed to conflicting stimuli in the environment C. There is a discrepancy between internal and external motivations D. A person is influenced by group norms to act in a certain way Answer: A. There is a lack of consistency between beliefs and behavior Rationale: Cognitive dissonance occurs when there is a lack of consistency between beliefs and behavior, leading to feelings of discomfort.
19. According to attachment theory, which of the following attachment styles is characterized by a fear of rejection and a reluctance to trust others? A. Secure attachment B. Anxious-ambivalent attachment C. Disorganized-disoriented attachment D. Avoidant attachment Answer: D. Avoidant attachment Rationale: Avoidant attachment style is characterized by a fear of rejection and a reluctance to trust others.
20. The concept of reinforcement in operant conditioning involves: A. Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by providing a stimulus B. Decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing a stimulus C. Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by removing a stimulus D. Decreasing the likelihood of a behavior by providing a stimulus Answer: A. Increasing the likelihood of a behavior by providing a stimulus Rationale: Reinforcement involves increasing the likelihood of a behavior by providing a stimulus, such as a reward or positive consequence.
21. According to the social learning theory, which of the following processes is most important for observational learning to occur?

A. Reinforcement B. Punishment C. Modeling D. Conditioning Answer: C. Modeling Rationale: Observational learning in social learning theory relies on modeling, where individuals imitate the behavior of others.

22. The concept of stereotype threat in social psychology refers to the: A. Tendency of individuals to conform to stereotypes about their group B. Anxiety and stress experienced when facing negative stereotypes about one's group C. Attribution of behavior to internal or external factors based on stereotypes D. Formation of biased impressions of others based on limited information Answer: B. Anxiety and stress experienced when facing negative stereotypes about one's group Rationale: Stereotype threat refers to the anxiety and stress experienced when individuals face negative stereotypes about their group, leading to underperformance.
23. The concept of critical periods in development refers to: A. Specific times during development when a particular skill or trait must be acquired B. The gradual unfolding of genetic potential over time C. The influence of parenting styles on personality development D. The impact of culture and environment on socialization Answer: A. Specific times during development when a particular skill or trait must be acquired Rationale: Critical periods are specific times during development when a particular skill or trait must be acquired for normal development to occur.
24. The concept of self-efficacy in social cognitive theory refers to an

individual's belief in their: A. Ability to achieve specific goals and perform tasks B. Intrinsic motivation and drive to succeed C. Cultural background and identity D. Genetic predisposition for certain traits and abilities Answer: A. Ability to achieve specific goals and perform tasks Rationale: Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to achieve specific goals and perform tasks successfully.

25. According to the biopsychosocial model of health and illness, which of the following factors influences an individual's overall health and well- being? A. Genetics B. Environment C. Social factors D. All of the above Answer: D. All of the above Rationale: The biopsychosocial model considers the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in influencing an individual's health and well-being.
26. The concept of cognitive dissonance theory suggests that individuals are motivated to: A. Seek consistency between beliefs and behavior B. Resist conformity and social pressure C. Maintain a balance between competing motivations D. Solve problems through trial and error Answer: A. Seek consistency between beliefs and behavior Rationale: Cognitive dissonance theory posits that individuals are motivated to seek consistency between their beliefs and behavior to reduce feelings of discomfort.
27. According to the concept of self-determination theory, which of the following is a key factor in intrinsic motivation? A. External rewards and punishments

B. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness C. Social norms and expectations D. Cognitive schemas and beliefs Answer: B. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness Rationale: Self-determination theory suggests that intrinsic motivation is driven by the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.

28. The concept of the fundamental attribution error in social psychology refers to the tendency to: A. Attribute other people's behavior to internal factors B. Resist conformity and social pressure in group settings C. Disregard the impact of situational factors on behavior D. Form biased impressions of others based on limited information Answer: A. Attribute other people's behavior to internal factors Rationale: The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute other people's behavior to internal factors, such as personality traits, while overlooking the influence of situational factors.
29. The concept of the spotlight effect in social psychology refers to the tendency for individuals to: A. Seek attention and validation from others B. Overestimate the extent to which others notice and evaluate their behavior C. Conform to group norms in social situations D. Form stereotypes and biased beliefs about other groups Answer: B. Overestimate the extent to which others notice and evaluate their behavior Rationale: The spotlight effect refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate the extent to which others notice and evaluate their behavior in social situations.
30. The concept of confirmation bias in cognitive psychology refers to the tendency to: A. Seek out information that confirms existing beliefs or theories B. Form accurate impressions of others based on available information

C. Avoid making judgments based on limited information D. Adapt behavior and beliefs to fit social norms and expectations Answer: A. Seek out information that confirms existing beliefs or theories Rationale: Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out information that confirms existing beliefs or theories, while ignoring evidence that contradicts them. Question: What is the primary focus of psychology? A) Studying the human brain B) Understanding and explaining behavior and mental processes C) Analyzing physical health D) Exploring social interactions Answer: B) Understanding and explaining behavior and mental processes Rationale: Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It seeks to understand why individuals behave the way they do and how the mind functions. Question: Which psychologist is known for establishing the theory of psychoanalysis? A) B.F. Skinner B) Sigmund Freud C) Carl Rogers D) Jean Piaget Answer: B) Sigmund Freud Rationale: Sigmund Freud is credited with developing psychoanalysis, a theory that focuses on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences shaping adult behavior.

Question: What is the term used to describe the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge? A) Cognition B) Perception C) Motivation D) Emotion Answer: A) Cognition Rationale: Cognition refers to the mental processes of perception, thinking, and problem-solving involved in acquiring knowledge. Question: Which of the following best defines classical conditioning? A) Learning through reinforcement of behaviors B) Learning by observing others C) Associating a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a response D) Changing behavior through consequences Answer: C) Associating a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a response Rationale: Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to trigger a reflexive response. Question: What is the term for a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem? A) Algorithm B) Insight C) Heuristic D) Trial and error Answer: B) Insight Rationale: Insight is the sudden understanding of a problem that leads to a solution without conscious reasoning. Question: According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs must be

satisfied before higher-level needs can be addressed? A) Self-actualization B) Esteem C) Safety D) Love and belongingness Answer: C) Safety Rationale: Maslow's hierarchy posits that lower-level needs such as physiological and safety must be met before higher-level needs can be fulfilled. Question: What is the term for the mental framework that organizes and interprets information? A) Schema B) Prototype C) Algorithm D) Heuristic Answer: A) Schema Rationale: A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information in their environment. Question: Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating emotions, decision-making, and self-control? A) Hypothalamus B) Amygdala C) Hippocampus D) Prefrontal cortex Answer: D) Prefrontal cortex Rationale: The prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in regulating emotions, decision-making, and impulse control. Question: What is the term for the psychological discomfort experienced when behavior conflicts with beliefs or values?

A) Cognitive dissonance B) Confirmation bias C) Groupthink D) Social loafing Answer: A) Cognitive dissonance Rationale: Cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort felt when behavior is inconsistent with beliefs, leading to internal conflict. Question: Who is known for the theory of moral development that includes stages of moral reasoning? A) Erik Erikson B) Jean Piaget C) Lawrence Kohlberg D) Lev Vygotsky Answer: C) Lawrence Kohlberg Rationale: Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development that consists of stages of moral reasoning individuals progress through. Question: Which perspective in psychology emphasizes the role of unconscious processes and childhood experiences in shaping behavior? A) Humanistic B) Cognitive C) Psychodynamic D) Behavioral Answer: C) Psychodynamic Rationale: The psychodynamic perspective in psychology focuses on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences influencing behavior. Question: In operant conditioning, what term is used to describe the process of weakening a behavior through the removal of a desirable

stimulus? A) Positive reinforcement B) Negative reinforcement C) Positive punishment D) Extinction Answer: D) Extinction Rationale: Extinction in operant conditioning refers to weakening a behavior by removing the reinforcing stimulus. Question: Which research method involves studying individuals or groups over an extended period to observe changes or trends? A) Case study B) Survey C) Longitudinal study D) Experimental study Answer: C) Longitudinal study Rationale: Longitudinal studies involve observing the same individuals or groups over an extended period to track changes or developments. Question: According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the primary developmental task during adolescence? A) Trust vs. Mistrust B) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt C) Initiative vs. Guilt D) Identity vs. Role Confusion Answer: D) Identity vs. Role Confusion Rationale: Erikson's psychosocial theory posits that the primary developmental task during adolescence is establishing a sense of identity. Question: What term describes the phenomenon where individuals in a group tend to exert less effort when working collectively? A) Social facilitation

B) Group polarization C) Social loafing D) Deindividuation Answer: C) Social loafing Rationale: Social loafing refers to the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group compared to working alone. Question: Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information? A) Occipital lobe B) Temporal lobe C) Parietal lobe D) Frontal lobe Answer: A) Occipital lobe Rationale: The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for processing visual information and interpreting what we see. Question: What is the term for the psychological defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are redirected onto a more acceptable target? A) Sublimation B) Displacement C) Projection D) Rationalization Answer: B) Displacement Rationale: Displacement is a defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are redirected from their original source to a more acceptable or less threatening target. Question: According to the concept of operant conditioning, which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior? A) Positive reinforcement

B) Negative reinforcement C) Positive punishment D) Extinction Answer: B) Negative reinforcement Rationale: Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to reinforce or increase the probability of a behavior. Question: Who is known for the theory of cognitive development that emphasizes the role of schemas and adaptation in learning? A) Erik Erikson B) Jean Piaget C) Lev Vygotsky D) Lawrence Kohlberg Answer: B) Jean Piaget Rationale: Jean Piaget is renowned for his theory of cognitive development, which focuses on how individuals construct knowledge through schemas and adaptation. Question: What term describes the tendency to favor information that confirms preexisting beliefs or hypotheses? A) Confirmation bias B) Availability heuristic C) Anchoring bias D) Overconfidence bias Answer: A) Confirmation bias Rationale: Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, or remember information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. Question: Which part of the nervous system is responsible for the fight-or- flight response during stressful situations? A) Somatic nervous system

B) Autonomic nervous system C) Sympathetic nervous system D) Parasympathetic nervous system Answer: C) Sympathetic nervous system Rationale: The sympathetic nervous system is activated during stressful situations, triggering the fight-or-flight response to prepare the body for action. Question: What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals are more likely to comply with a request after agreeing to an initial small request? A) Foot-in-the-door technique B) Door-in-the-face technique C) Lowball technique D) Obedience bias Answer: A) Foot-in-the-door technique Rationale: The foot-in-the-door technique involves getting a person to agree to a small request first, making them more likely to comply with a larger request later. Question: According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, which stage is associated with the focus on toilet training and control? A) Oral stage B) Anal stage C) Phallic stage D) Latency stage Answer: B) Anal stage Rationale: The anal stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development is characterized by the focus on toilet training and control issues. Question: What term describes the process of encoding, storing, and

retrieving information in memory? A) Cognition B) Perception C) Memory D) Learning Answer: C) Memory Rationale: Memory involves the processes of encoding, storing, and retrieving information for later use. Question: Who is known for the theory of attachment that emphasizes the importance of early bonding with caregivers? A) Mary Ainsworth B) John Bowlby C) Harry Harlow D) Diana Baumrind Answer: B) John Bowlby Rationale: John Bowlby is recognized for his theory of attachment, highlighting the significance of early bonding and relationships with caregivers. Question: What term describes the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in a group than when alone due to diffusion of responsibility? A) Bystander effect B) Social facilitation C) Deindividuation D) Group polarization Answer: A) Bystander effect Rationale: The bystander effect is when individuals are less likely to help in a group setting due to diffusion of responsibility and the assumption that others will intervene.

Question: Which part of the brain is responsible for processing emotions and forming memories? A) Amygdala B) Hippocampus C) Thalamus D) Hypothalamus Answer: B) Hippocampus Rationale: The hippocampus plays a vital role in processing emotions and forming new memories in the brain. Question: What is the term for the phenomenon where individuals conform to a group's decision even if it goes against their own beliefs? A) Groupthink B) Social loafing C) Deindividuation D) Group polarization Answer: A) Groupthink Rationale: Groupthink occurs when individuals within a group prioritize harmony and conformity over critical thinking, leading to flawed decision-making. Question: According to the concept of classical conditioning, what is the term for the gradual weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus? A) Acquisition B) Extinction C) Generalization D) Discrimination Answer: B) Extinction Rationale: Extinction in classical conditioning refers to the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned

stimulus. Question: What is the term for the mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make decisions quickly? A) Algorithm B) Heuristic C) Prototype D) Insight Answer: B) Heuristic Rationale: Heuristics are mental shortcuts or strategies that simplify decision-making and problem-solving processes, often at the cost of accuracy.