Unit 2 exam psychology questions well answered to pass 8.docx, Exams of Nursing

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Unit 2 exam psychology questions well

answered to pass

The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called - correct answer ✔✔waking consciousness What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis? - correct answer ✔✔altered state of consciousness A circadian cycle is about ________ hours long. - correct answer ✔✔ 24 The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the ________. - correct answer ✔✔hypothalamus ________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland. - correct answer ✔✔melatonin Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need? - correct answer ✔✔Most young adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep. According to this theory, sleep is a product of evolution. - correct answer ✔✔adaptive theory The restorative theory views sleep as ________. - correct answer ✔✔helping the body repair the wear and tear of the day's events REM sleep refers to - correct answer ✔✔sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves? - correct answer ✔✔Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Upon just waking up, you report a vivid visual event. What term do psychologists use for such phenomena? - correct answer ✔✔hypnogogic images or hallucinations REM behavior disorder results from - correct answer ✔✔failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________. - correct answer ✔✔insomnia A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called ________. - correct answer ✔✔sleep apnea Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from ________. - correct answer ✔✔narcolepsy What two categories of dream content did Sigmund Freud describe? - correct answer ✔✔latent and manifest The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming states that ________. - correct answer ✔✔dreams are merely another kind of thinking; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to - correct answer ✔✔state of suggestibility Chemicals that can alter thinking, perception, and memory are called ________. - correct answer ✔✔psychoactive drugs The two most important symptoms of substance dependence are: - correct answer ✔✔tolerance and withdrawal Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ________. Correct! - correct answer ✔✔drug tolerance

Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called ________. - correct answer ✔✔stimulants Drugs derived from opium are called - correct answer ✔✔Narcotics Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of - correct answer ✔✔endorphins After taking a drug for several years, Bruce decides to quit taking it. He begins to experience a variety of physical symptoms, psychological symptoms such as irritability, and a strong craving for the substance. What term is used to describe what Bruce is experiencing? - correct answer ✔✔withdrawal is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. - correct answer ✔✔learning The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________. - correct answer ✔✔Pavlov Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called - correct answer ✔✔classical conditioning Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) - correct answer ✔✔unconditioned stimulus Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus. - correct answer ✔✔fish (food) Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________. - correct answer ✔✔conditioned stimulus The abbreviation CS stands for - correct answer ✔✔conditioned stimulus

The abbreviation CR stands for - correct answer ✔✔conditioned response You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________. - correct answer ✔✔the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear? - correct answer ✔✔Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur. The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning? - correct answer ✔✔conditioned emotional response In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the - correct answer ✔✔loud noise It is even possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called ________. - correct answer ✔✔vicarious conditioning Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________. - correct answer ✔✔conditioned taste aversion Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ________. - correct answer ✔✔biological preparedness The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________. - correct answer ✔✔operant conditioning Any behavior that is voluntary is referred to as a(n) ________. - correct answer ✔✔operant A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.

• correct answer ✔✔primary

Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________. - correct answer ✔✔do not inherently satisfy physical needs Positive reinforcement is to _______ as negative reinforcement is to _______. - correct answer ✔✔presenting good results; removing aversive stimuli A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior. - correct answer ✔✔strengthens; weakens A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as ________. - correct answer ✔✔punishment by application A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of ________.

• correct answer ✔✔behavior modification An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over his or her own biological response is ________. - correct answer ✔✔biofeedback Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________. - correct answer ✔✔brain wave activity Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are _________. - correct answer ✔✔receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage The first step in the memory process is _________ information in a form that the memory system can use. - correct answer ✔✔encoding Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth and can almost remember it; she knows that it starts with a "T." Janie is walking down the stairs, when all of a sudden, she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too late. Janie was suffering from _________. - correct answer ✔✔tip of the tongue phenomenon

When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list. This is known as the _________. - correct answer ✔✔recency effect The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been _________. - correct answer ✔✔Loftus Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called _________. - correct answer ✔✔flashbulb memories Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten _________. - correct answer ✔✔quickly at first, then tapers off gradually Most people have difficulty actually recognizing the correct image of the Lincoln penny. The most likely cause of this problem is ________ - correct answer ✔✔encoding failure Jessica took psychology in the fall semester and is now taking sociology. Several of the concepts are similar, and Jessica finds that she sometimes has trouble recalling some of the major psychological theorists. She keeps getting them confused with sociological theorists. Jessica's problem is most likely due to _________. - correct answer ✔✔retroactive interference A man known as H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his _________. - correct answer ✔✔hippocampus Loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward is called _________. - correct answer ✔✔anterograde amnesia Which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia? - correct answer ✔✔Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old. The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are _________. - correct answer ✔✔sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

The duration of iconic memory is _________ than echoic memory, but iconic's capacity is probably _________. - correct answer ✔✔shorter, larger Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of _________. - correct answer ✔✔selective attention In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number _________. - correct answer ✔✔7 plus or minus 2 Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short- term memory through the process of _________. - correct answer ✔✔chunking What are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from short-term to long-term memory)? - correct answer ✔✔Elaborative; maintenance The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called _________. - correct answer ✔✔long term memory Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________. - correct answer ✔✔declarative memories Personal facts and memories of one's personal history are parts of ___________. - correct answer ✔✔episodic memory In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning _________. - correct answer ✔✔are stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in _________. - correct answer ✔✔the biology classroom Which of the following is an example of a test using recall? - correct answer ✔✔short answer, essay, fill in the blank