Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Fundamentals, Exams of Nursing

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UAS end of course exam What are the two distinctive types of unmanned aircraft systems? - correct answer ✔✔Autonomous and remote control Why is the term "unmanned aircraft system" used versus terms like UAV or drone? - correct answer ✔✔To represent all of the components of a UAS not just the air vehicle What was the primary mission of the Lightning Bug in Vietnam? - correct answer ✔✔Reconnaissance In what year did Congress mandate UAS integration into the national airspace? - correct answer ✔✔2012 What technology was added to the TDR-1 that made it different from all previous UAS? - correct answer ✔✔Television guidance What modern-day sUAS powerhouse did Dr. Paul MacCready start? - correct answer ✔✔AeroVironment What are the FAA's three categories of UAS? - correct answer ✔✔Micro, Small, UAS What did Elmer Sperry contribute to the history or UAS? - correct answer ✔✔Automatic stabilization What was the first full-scale remotely piloted aircraft? - correct answer ✔✔Sopwith Aerial Target What are the three technology issues facing UAS' full integration into the airspace? - correct answer ✔✔Reliability, development of Detect and Avoid technology, control link security UAS like the Lightning Bug initially used INS guidance. What technology increased the accuracy and capability of UAS? - correct answer ✔✔Global Positioning System What is the upper GTOW limit of a small UAS? - correct answer ✔✔Less than 55 pounds What is the difference between a guided missile and a modern UAS? - correct answer ✔✔Modern UAS are intended for recovery and guided missiles are expendable. Which of the following would be an example of a sUAS? - correct answer ✔✔ScanEagle What are the four core components of a UAS? - correct answer ✔✔Unmanned aircraft, payload, control station, control link What year did nonmilitary agencies begin using UAS? - correct answer ✔✔2004 What type of UAS remote pilots did the FAA first authorize? - correct answer ✔✔Public What UAS was created by Israel in the 1970s and battle tested in 1982? - correct answer ✔✔Scout Who patented a way to control vehicles remotely using radio waves? - correct answer ✔✔Nikola Tesla What system was the original genesis of the modern-day Predator? - correct answer ✔✔Leading Systems Amber What "first" for UAS was first credited to Reginald Denny? - correct answer ✔✔Mass produced UAS What was the first operational targeting drone? - correct answer ✔✔De Havilland Queen Bee Name the component of a UA that houses most of the equipment and acts as the basic structure - correct answer ✔✔Fuselage What is the primary advantage of rotary-wing aircraft over a fixed-wing? - correct answer ✔✔VTOL and hovering flight capability What is the term used to name what happens when an uplink or down link is broken? - correct answer ✔✔Lost link What is the greatest advantage of a directional antenna/transceiver over an omni antenna transceiver? - correct answer ✔✔Range What is absorption? - correct answer ✔✔Radio waves consumed by an object What is scattering? - correct answer ✔✔Beam of radio waves hitting a mass of smaller materials, which individually reflect and spread the radio waves in different directions What are the three main types of datalinks? - correct answer ✔✔Simplex, half-duplex, and duplex What U.S. government organization regulates frequencies? - correct answer ✔✔Federal Communications Commission (FCC) What information is transmitted through a downlink? - correct answer ✔✔Payload What is diffraction? - correct answer ✔✔Radio waves bending and moving around an object What is antenna gain? - correct answer ✔✔Resultant increase by amplitude of the signal What is reflection? - correct answer ✔✔Result of radio waves bouncing off the surface of an object and changing direction Name the two primary types of antennas. - correct answer ✔✔Omni and directional What information is transmitted through uplink? - correct answer ✔✔Commands What is used to measure distance of a radio wavelength? - correct answer ✔✔Two adjacent points on the wave How does LOS and BLOS differ? - correct answer ✔✔BLOS has link establishment through satellite or relay A waypoint is a place where the AV is halfway through the mission - correct answer ✔✔False The term used to describe UAS operations and flight without humans monitoring or being in control of the AV is human _____. - correct answer ✔✔out of the loop Most UAS pilot displays of a modern-day GCS are in a _____ configuration. - correct answer ✔✔lateral An orbit is when an AV can fly a circular pattern until the AV is reacquired, in the event of a lost communications - correct answer ✔✔True The payload operator mostly uses command and control equipment. - correct answer ✔✔False From the GCS, who may also need to perform external communications via voice communications with the external crewmembers, air traffic control, customer(s), or company? - correct answer ✔✔UAS crew The term used to explain and relate the human aspect of being in the GCS and controlling the AV is human _____. - correct answer ✔✔In the loop Which of the following describes a PCB? - correct answer ✔✔Ground station with a small tablet attached What is the primary role of a GCS? - correct answer ✔✔Keep the pilot out of the plane The MCE will usually work rotating shifts and enable the aircraft to loiter longer on station. - correct answer ✔✔True Which of the follow is considered contingency planning? - correct answer ✔✔Lost communications flight plan Which of the following joins two independent computer networks together to engage communication between them? - correct answer ✔✔Bridged network Many GCS mission management stations/equipment have the _____ and mission planning software. - correct answer ✔✔moving map software The payload operator and AV remote pilot work together to get the best imagery. - correct answer ✔✔True The term used to explain that a human is involved in the overall action, but is removed from the control loop, allowing autonomous systems to function with infrequent or no human intervention, is called human _____. - correct answer ✔✔on the loop What is based on information critical to the operation of the aircraft? - correct answer ✔✔Display design The forward GCS is usually a large building with many floors in configuration. It has an antenna that allows a remote pilot to take a control and handoff of an AV that was launched and will be recovered elsewhere. - correct answer ✔✔False A function of the GCS is payload monitoring and control. - correct answer ✔✔True The term sense and avoid is used in the UAS industry to _____. - correct answer ✔✔transmit information for aircraft self-separation A UAS remote pilot can collapse and make his/her display completely disappear, if desired. - correct answer ✔✔True Which of the following is usually found in a manned cockpit and UAS remote pilot display? - correct answer ✔✔Airspeed Indicator What bandwidth of EMR is useful for looking at the thermal emittance of an object? - correct answer ✔✔Infrared As the number of sUAS batteries increases, what must be reduced, so that the aircraft remains below the 55-pound requirement? - correct answer ✔✔Payload A sUAS operated by the New York City Police Department and utilized to search for a fleeing suspect was conducted at night, what level of Federal Aviation Administration authorization would be required? - correct answer ✔✔Either a Part 107 exemption or Certificate of Authorization or waiver A sUAS operated by the New York City Police Department and utilized to search for a fleeing suspect would be classified in the _____ user category. - correct answer ✔✔Government An outlook weather briefing is appropriate to obtain _____. - correct answer ✔✔If the departure time is greater than 6 hours distant In relation to UAS preflight operations, a "FRAT" is a _____. - correct answer ✔✔Flight risk analysis tool The first step in planning a commercial UAS operation is _____. - correct answer ✔✔Defining mission objectives Overcoming regulatory and technological barriers are major factors in _____. - correct answer ✔✔Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) sUAS operations Limited research indicates that sUAS can perform _____% of the missions performed by traditional manned aircraft. - correct answer ✔✔33 to 75 The high cost of purchasing and operating sUAS is a significant limiting factor in adoption of the technology by police and fire agencies. - correct answer ✔✔False Inspections of pipelines and powerlines utilizing sUAS beyond visual line of sight procedures are routinely conducted on a daily basis throughout the United States. - correct answer ✔✔False U.S. law enforcement agencies have been more proactive in utilizing sUAS than U.S. fire departments. - correct answer ✔✔True The Federal Aviation Administration's extremely rapid and efficient rulemaking process has been a major factor in the widespread adoption of sUAS technology. - correct answer ✔✔False A sUAS operated by Bill Jones, a real estate agent, and used to take aerial photos of a home that Bill has listed for sale would be classified in the _____ user category. - correct answer ✔✔Commercial The sUAS operated by a university and utilized to conduct research on snow distribution would be classified in the _____ user category. - correct answer ✔✔Scientific Which are limitations that UAS pilots are experiencing? (Select all that apply) - correct answer ✔✔Capacity of battery life, sense and avoid technology As altitude increases, the remote PIC should expect: - correct answer ✔✔Winds to increase Following the passage of a cold front, winds should generally be expected to come from: - correct answer ✔✔A northerly direction The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is a layer in the atmosphere that: - correct answer ✔✔Is a dynamic environment whose character changes within the period of a day (1/2) At night, remote PICs should expect: - correct answer ✔✔Mechanical turbulence A sUAS is required to: - correct answer ✔✔Maintain a minimum clearance of 500 feet below a cloud (1/2) When wind is channeled through areas, such as a narrow valley or between tall structures, the remote PIC should expect: - correct answer ✔✔An increase in wind speed and turbulent flow Aircraft (not battery) performance improves as: - correct answer ✔✔Temperature decreases Thunderstorms evolve through the following three-stage life cycle: - correct answer ✔✔Cumulus, mature, dissipating Winds are usually named for: - correct answer ✔✔The direction or place from which they are blowing Near the surface, and in the Northern Hemisphere, winds blow: - correct answer ✔✔Counter-clockwise; converging somewhat into lows At select stations, METARs provide: - correct answer ✔✔An observation of past weather conditions Which of the following associations are correct? - correct answer ✔✔A valley breeze during the day, a mountain breeze at night time, a sea breeze blows from the sea to the land During the passage of a warm front, which of the following conditions should be expected: - correct answer ✔✔Stratiform clouds, bringing widespread light and continuous precipitation To conduct flight, a visibility of ____________ statute miles is required. - correct answer ✔✔3 Why is maintenance recordkeeping recommended? (Select all that apply) - correct answer ✔✔Records help establish trends on the service life of components, which in turn help create a scheduled maintenance program. and Records show that maintenance has been performed and the remote pilot is attempting to keep the UAS airworthy. What does the study of ethics do for a professional? - correct answer ✔✔Distinguishes intentions, actions, or behaviors as being either right or wrong What does the remote pilot need to do if experiencing a UAS flyaway? - correct answer ✔✔Monitor the system's location, and if the UA enters airspace that requires new authorization, then the remote pilot needs to immediately notify ATC. What is flight termination? - correct answer ✔✔Deliberate controlled flight of a UAS into terrain Can anyone other than a RPIC manipulate the controls of a UAS? - correct answer ✔✔Yes, however, these flights can only be conducted under the supervision of the remote PIC. When does a remote pilot need to report a sUAS accident to the FAA? - correct answer ✔✔When a serious injury requires hospitalization or any loss of consciousness Anytime property damage (excluding the UAS) exceeds $500 in value Most sUAS operations occur in Class- A airspace. - correct answer ✔✔False What types of flight operations can be exceeded with the granting of Certificates of Waiver? - correct answer ✔✔Operations in certain airspace, Flying over spectators, BLOS operations What are the minimum requirements for a Remote Pilot Certificate (not previously certified under Part 61)? - correct answer ✔✔16 years of age, Pass an Aeronautical Knowledge Exam, Complete a TSA background check When is an exemption needed? - correct answer ✔✔Any operational limits not specifically listed in part 107 A remote pilot will need permission from ATC to fly a UAS 400 feet and below in Class G airspace. - correct answer ✔✔False What subchapter part of US Code Title 14 covers small unmanned aircraft? - correct answer ✔✔Part 107 In which of the following airspaces must a remote pilot, operating under Part 107, obtain permission to enter? - correct answer ✔✔Only classes B C D and E Pursuant to 14 CFR Part 107, no coordination with air traffic control is required for operations in Class-G airspace. - correct answer ✔✔True What is the maximum altitude that a remote pilot can fly a sUAS under Part 107 flight rules? - correct answer ✔✔400 feet AGL What is the primary step that remote pilots should take when experiencing a known physical or mental condition that would interfere with the safe operation of a sUAS? - correct answer ✔✔Exclude themselves from any crew duties What is the target turnaround time for Certificates of Waiver applications? - correct answer ✔✔90 days What are the visibility requirements for sUAS flight operations? - correct answer ✔✔3 statute miles Which is true regarding flight operations in Class B airspace? - correct answer ✔✔The pilot must receive an ATC clearance before operating in that area. A pilot is given instruction from ATC to fly a standard traffic pattern upon flying into a towered airport under VFR conditions. A standard traffic pattern consists of: - correct answer ✔✔Left turns The ICAO phonetic alphabet telephony for the character "N" is _____. - correct answer ✔✔November The FAA has applied Class G (night) weather minimums for a RPIC to fly an unmanned aircraft under VFR. These minimums include: - correct answer ✔✔3 SM visibility and 500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal of clouds When identifying a runway at an airport, a pilot can observe a large white number on each end that corresponds to a degree on a compass. If a pilot were to land on Runway 5, what would be the runway heading at the opposite end? - correct answer ✔✔230 You should monitor the tower frequency of an airport, if you were to deploy your UA within _____NM of an airport. - correct answer ✔✔5 According to the AIM, initial contact with the tower should be made approximately ____ NM out from the airport. - correct answer ✔✔15 What are the two broad categories of airport facilities in the United States? - correct answer ✔✔Towered and non-towered If a pilot is flying a textbook downwind leg (parallels runway) for Runway 09, what heading would show on the heading indicator display? - correct answer ✔✔270 If a pilot observed this sign, where would the aircraft be located? (black sign with yellow border and yellow A) - correct answer ✔✔Taxiway Alpha Remote pilots operating under Part 107 are required to maintain VLOS between the _____ - correct answer ✔✔PIC and UA Which of the NOTAMs is most import to a remote pilot? - correct answer ✔✔distance If a pilot was to enunciate an aircraft altitude over radio communications, how would the altitude of 13,500 feet be said? - correct answer ✔✔One three thousand five hundred What two parts of effective radio communication techniques allow for the professional and successful transmission of the communication? - correct answer ✔✔Thinking and listening Where could a remote pilot find the CTAF of an airport? - correct answer ✔✔U.S. Chart Supplement and VFR Sectional Charts Pilots at towered airports can only deviate from towered airport instructions when _____. - correct answer ✔✔receiving an amended clearance or during an emergency What does this sign mean? (yellow and block alternating diagonal stripes) - correct answer ✔✔What does this sign mean? Which is true regarding flight operations to or from another airport for Class C (towered) airspace area? - correct answer ✔✔Prior to entering that airspace, pilots must establish and maintain communication with the ATC serving facility. There are two sets of rules for flying aircraft in the NAS. These include: - correct answer ✔✔VFR and IFR A common training shortfall is _____. - correct answer ✔✔All of the answers are correct _____ work involves sustained monitoring. It is mentally demanding and draws heavily on attention. - correct answer ✔✔Vigilance sometimes, knowledge does not activate and is not recalled when needed. In order to avoid this, you could _____. - correct answer ✔✔All answers are correct What is the name of the syndrome associated with vigilance work? - correct answer ✔✔Out of the loop syndrome A design that represents the work environment structures and cues that matter is a called _____ design. - correct answer ✔✔An ecological Cognitive heuristics are a means to _____. - correct answer ✔✔All answers are correct which of these are CRM Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP)? - correct answer ✔✔leadership communication situation awareness Which of the following are systems within the UAS operational environment? - correct answer ✔✔Unmanned aircraft (possibly multiple) Control station(s) Air traffic control facility The acronym CRM stands for _____. - correct answer ✔✔Cockpit Resource Management Crew Resource Management Which of the following are examples of clear communication and standardized terminology? - correct answer ✔✔Callouts/code words CUS words "Go-around" What is "normalization of deviation"? - correct answer ✔✔Noncompliance with SOPs that becomes accepted practice When is the mission complete? - correct answer ✔✔When all objectives of the flying operation are performed What is "VVM" as it relates to CRM/TEM? - correct answer ✔✔Verify, Validate, and Monitor all crewmembers on actions taken by any crewmember Which of the following is a potential crewmember for a UAS team? - correct answer ✔✔Remote Pilot in Command (RPIC) Other Person Manipulating Controls (OPMC) Visual Observer (VO) Crew chief The three most important steps for crews-to-resource UAS missions are _____. - correct answer ✔✔planning, executing, and assessing Which of the following are elements that fit in an effective debriefing? - correct answer ✔✔Mission objectives Weather data for next mission SOP improvements Errors and hazards identified during the flight The RPIC as a leader must establish an open tone that solicits input, feedback, and questions, even in a high workload, high-tempo operation. - correct answer ✔✔true Complacency can result from automation bias and is a high threat to effective mission performance - correct answer ✔✔true Which of the following are elements of SA relevant to effective CRM and TEM? - correct answer ✔✔Flight path of all aircraft in the operating environment Time Objectives Location of terrain Airspace USI defines CRM as the _____. - correct answer ✔✔crew using resources and tactics to manage UAS flight operations The three levels of situation awareness formation are _____. - correct answer ✔✔Perception, Comprehension, and Projection TEM, Threat and Error Management, includes _____. - correct answer ✔✔identification of potential sources of error, often denoted as "threats" recognizing and mitigating damage of errors as they occur applying effective control measures to ensure that errors do not lead to undesirable consequences What does planning the mission involve? - correct answer ✔✔Set objectives, tasks, and timelines. Choose the right team for the mission. Determine the resources necessary to attain objectives. How do you determine that an objective is achieved? - correct answer ✔✔All Measures of Performance (MP) for that objective are attained. The bottom line for CRM in UAS operations is _____. - correct answer ✔✔mission objectives are achieved efficiently and safely What hazardous attitude occurs in situations where the remote pilot feels the need to do something— anything—immediately? - correct answer ✔✔Impulsivity What antidote can be applied to the hazardous attitude of resignation? - correct answer ✔✔You are not helpless, you can make a difference if you put your mind to it. Which of the following is the best stress-coping technique? - correct answer ✔✔Vigilance What are the four factors that elicit a need for the UAS remote pilot to react? - correct answer ✔✔Performance of key personnel, operation being conducted, system status, and environment What are the parts of the DECIDE decision-making model? - correct answer ✔✔Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate What are the four pillars of SMS? - correct answer ✔✔Safety Policy, Safety Risk Management (SRM), Safety Assurance (SA). and Safety Promotion Who was the first person to die in a fatal (powered) airplane accident? - correct answer ✔✔Thomas Selfridge What are the functions an emergency response plan must do? (There is more than one answer.) (0.5 out of 1) - correct answer ✔✔Provide a Point of Contact (POC) recall list Care for the survivors and families of organization personnel Provide directions for first steps response team members must take in the event of an emergency recall Provide checklists for personnel/responders assisting in emergency response Outline how the organization's emergency response team will coordinate with other organizations and governmental authorities Outline the emergency authorities within the aviation organization and assigned responsibilities to specific personnel or positions Outline timelines in the event of a response Aviation safety was born in the wake of the first aviation accidents. Why? - correct answer ✔✔First attempts led to preventing further mistakes. More than any other technical innovation, this improvement (in the 1950s and 1960s) decreased the aviation accident rate more than any other. - correct answer ✔✔Implementation of the jet engine What is the aviation organization's documented commitment to safety? - correct answer ✔✔Safety Policy Who is the accountable executive for an aviation organization? - correct answer ✔✔The accountable executive holds the ultimate responsibility for the SMS program. What is the risk in making a safety policy that is too tight-fitting or restrictive? How does this affect program safety in a larger sense? - correct answer ✔✔A safety policy that is too tight-fitting may get breached, eroding credibility from the entire document. One of the four basic steps for delivering an SMS Implementation Plan is _____. - correct answer ✔✔moving the organization toward further compliance with SMS processes What is safety accountability and who does it directly affect within an aviation organization? - correct answer ✔✔Safety accountability is the extent to which the members of an aviation safety organization are both aware of their roles in the safety of the organization and active participants in the execution of their duties within the SMS program. The FAA considers an SMS program "implemented" when the aviation organization has _____. - correct answer ✔✔the plan accepted/approved A hazard that has been assessed for probability and severity becomes a(n) _____. - correct answer ✔✔evaluated risk Safety Risk Management (SRM) encompasses the _____ and _____ of safety risks. - correct answer ✔✔assessment, mitigation Match the term with its appropriate definition: - correct answer ✔✔Probability => The likelihood of an event coming to pass Mitigation => To lessen the overall risk by decreasing the probability and/or severity of a hazard Hazard => A real or perceived condition, event, or circumstance that a pilot encounters Risk => The assessed potential for adverse consequences resulting from a hazard Severity => The degree to which the negative effects occur or are experienced RPICs must be knowledgeable about the _____, in order to quickly realize at what point in an event a mitigator is to be employed, how it is to be employed, and to what level of fidelity - correct answer ✔✔implementation of mitigators A _____ should be utilized by the flying organization whenever a new type of mission is undertaken. They should not be conducted for every flight, but are very productive and useful for the first flight in a new style of flying. - correct answer ✔✔deliberate risk analysis When seeking to identify all of the hazards that will be associated with a flight operation, the first best way to start a list is to look at the flight from a _____ perspective. - correct answer ✔✔chronological/sequential A _____ should be conducted prior to the first flight of the day on every fly day. - correct answer ✔✔time-critical risk analysis Which is the most common approach to continuous improvement and operational change? - correct answer ✔✔Shewart cycle Which is not a characteristic of a voluntary reporting system? - correct answer ✔✔the reporting employee is reprimanded due to procedural violations. Which is not an element of Safety Assurance? - correct answer ✔✔Hazard identification and analysis Which is incorrect regarding employee hazard reporting programs? - correct answer ✔✔Mandatory Safety briefing characteristics should include, but are not limited to _____. - correct answer ✔✔All of these answers According to the ICAO Safety Management Manual, Safety Promotion training should include which of the following? - correct answer ✔✔Accountable executive and senior managers who may not be actively engaged in the implementation of SMS Policy, roles, and responsibilities, and SMS principles to help illustrate the importance of reporting incidents What techniques should not be used to help train team members in hazard reporting and analysis? - correct answer ✔✔Using an incident or accident that occurred, demanding why those involved accepted the risk and why their calculation failed to address the problem before hand, in front of peers Communication silos _____. - correct answer ✔✔require training and a positive safety culture in order to ensure information is shared appropriately across the organization Management involvement in SMS, specifically Safety promotion, can take the form of _____. - correct answer ✔✔All of these answers What is Safety Culture is defined as? - correct answer ✔✔I got this wrong. it's not all of these answers or The temporal state of perceptions within the organization of safety The temporal state of perceptions within the organization of safety - correct answer ✔✔All of these answers The Safety Priority "Top 5" is a technique that _____. - correct answer ✔✔highlights the Top 5 safety concerns you have identified for your company and that you would like your operators to be mindful of moving forward Change management is important, because _____. - correct answer ✔✔any changes made to the system should be considered a hazard and must be assessed for how that change represents a risk An SMS manual must be _____. - correct answer ✔✔provided to all members of the organization and kept up to date and approved by the organization, with any major changes/updates highlighted available in hardcopy and/or digital copy According to Safety Promotion doctrine, what is safety communication defined as? - correct answer ✔✔The manner by which management disseminates vital safety information throughout an organization in an appropriate and well-defined approach Safety newsletters are best described as providing safety information in the following way: - correct answer ✔✔Unidirectional technique that should be friendly in tone and focused on safety, but can also have other helpful information Why is documentation practice important? - correct answer ✔✔All of these answers How are bidirectional communication and unidirectional communication relevant to SMS in UAS operations? - correct answer ✔✔Bidirectional communication ensures that safety information relevant to the organization is expressed from management and to management. Unidirectional communication relates to the traditional expectation that management gives information and the crest of the organization receives information. Which of the following team members should be involved in training and education programs related to safety? - correct answer ✔✔All of these answers What is the overall goal of Safety Promotion? - correct answer ✔✔Disseminate safety critical information throughout all levels of an organization in the interest of providing a positive safety culture that supports hazard reporting, proper documentation, and ultimately avoids the occurrence of incidents and accidents Safety Promotion is a(n) _____. - correct answer ✔✔systematic way to provide safety knowledge throughout your organization in support of developing a safety culture Why are checklists important? - correct answer ✔✔They provide a consistent procedure that is not overly burdensome, which helps identify problems that may arise. Safety Promotion is often referred to as the _____ pillar of SMS. - correct answer ✔✔fourth What does "Compliance is not Safety" mean? - correct answer ✔✔It is not enough to comply with the federal regulations, you must proactively integrate safety policies and procedures for your organization. When someone reports an incident they were involved in, what should you do? - correct answer ✔✔Investigate the problem and share any findings with the organization, as appropriate, in order to help prevent it from happening in the future.