Urban Planning Concepts and Techniques, Exams of Nursing

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1. Fiscal Impact Analysis - Correct Answer-A tool that compares the local government revenues associated with development policies and projects
2. Collector Road - Correct Answer-A low-to-moderate capacity road which serves to move traffic from local streets to arterial roads; they are designed d to provide access to residential properties.
3. Arterial Road - Correct Answer-A high-capacity urban road; delivers traffic from collector roads to freeways or expressways, and between urban centers at the highest level of service possible
4. Local roads - Correct Answer-Roads with the lowest speed limits and carries low volumes of traffic and maybe unpaved in some areas
5. Cost-effectiveness Analysis - Correct Answer-Compares the relative costs and outcomes of different courses of action; it assigns a monetary value to the measure of effect.
6. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) - Correct Answer-A systematic approach to estimate the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives; it is used to determine options that provide the best approach to achieve benefits while preserving savings
7. Development Agreement - Correct Answer-A voluntary contract between a local jurisdiction and a person who owns or controls

property within the jurisdiction detailing the obligations of both parties and specifying the standards and conditions that will govern development of the property.

8. Special Use permit - Correct Answer-A permit that allows for a specific exemption to zoning regulations for a particular piece of land in a location that has a particular zoning characteristic.
9. Impact fee - Correct Answer-A fee charged by a community and paid by a developer that is commensurate with the externalities created by a development. Intended to cover the development's impact on such things as roads, sewer systems, schools, and police and fire protection.
10. Subdivision Regulation - Correct Answer-the standards and procedures that regulate the subdivision of land for development and sale
11. City Beautiful Movement - Correct Answer-A turn-of-the- twentieth-century movement that advocated landscape beautification, playgrounds, and more and better urban parks.
12. City Efficient Movement - Correct Answer-A major movement in the U.S., Britain and other industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy and society, and to develop and implement best practices
13. Public Health Movement - Correct Answer-an effort to remedy the high disease and mortality rate that occurred in cities
14. Garden City - Correct Answer-A self-contained planned town combining work, residential, agricultural, and recreational facilities, and surrounded by a rural belt.

15. Audience Response System - Correct Answer-Computer application that enables voting and then collects and displays the results, simplifying decision-making among event participants.
16. Visual Preference Survey - Correct Answer-a technique that can be used to assist citizens in evaluating physical images of natural and built environments. Citizens are asked to view and evaluate a wide variety of pictures depicting houses, sites, building styles, streetscapes, etc. Scores are used to indicate whether a design is what a citizen sees as appropriate for their community.
17. Dot Voting - Correct Answer-write ideas on a large board, have people vote by putting a dot by it
18. Design Charette - Correct Answer-an intense period of design or planning activity.
19. random sample - Correct Answer-a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected
20. stratified sample - Correct Answer-a sample drawn in such a way that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the general population
21. cluster sample - Correct Answer-obtained by selecting all individuals within a randomly selected collection or group of individuals
22. Nominal Group Technique - Correct Answer-A decision- making technique in which group members write down ideas and solutions, read their suggestions to the whole group, and discuss and then rank the alternatives.
23. Public Hearing - Correct Answer-hearings held for public comment on proposed action at public meeting

24. Tax increment - Correct Answer-Additional tax revenues that result from increases in property values within a redevelopment area.
25. Consensus Building - Correct Answer-process of working toward achieving general agreement within a group
26. Delphi Technique - Correct Answer-a decision-making method in which members of a panel of experts respond to questions and to each other until reaching agreement on an issue
27. Downzoning - Correct Answer-reducing the intensity of zoning on a site
28. Scatter Plot - Correct Answer-A graph with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data.
29. Bell Curve - Correct Answer-distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall toward the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the "tails" or extremes
30. Line Graph - Correct Answer-a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space
31. Bar Graph - Correct Answer-a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items
32. New York State Tenement House Law - Correct Answer- outlawed dumbbell tenements, increased plumbing in apartment buildings, increased number of windows
33. Civil Laws - Correct Answer-laws regulating interactions between individuals
34. Nuisance Laws - Correct Answer-Government may limit use of property if it harms others or is "unreasonable"

35. Chamber of Commerce - Correct Answer-seek to advocate for businesses in the community while advancing the community as a whole
36. Appreciative Inquiry Summit - Correct Answer-multi-day large events designed to bring people together to agree on changes that are needed in the community or organization; the summit lasts from two to five days and have between 100 and 250 people
37. Participatory Technology Assessment - Correct Answer-to provide advice to policy-makers and to encourage wider public debate about socio-technological developments
38. County Board of Commissioners - Correct Answer-the governing body responsible for oversight of emergency management and hazard mitigation for the county
39. Business Improvement District - Correct Answer-property owners agree to an increase in the tax rate in the district; the funds from the tax increase are used to fund improvements inside the district
40. Urbanized Area - Correct Answer-An urban nucleus of 50,000 or more people.
41. Urban Cluster - Correct Answer-At least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,00 persons per square mile.
42. Metropolitan Statistical Area - Correct Answer-Includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or an urbanized area of at least 50,000 inhabitants, and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,

43. Micropolitan Statistical Area - Correct Answer-Has a population of more than 10,000 people and less than 50, people.
44. Census Designated Places - Correct Answer-The equivalent of an incorporated place for data purposes.
45. Consolidated MSA - Correct Answer-Made of up several primary metropolitan statistical areas
46. Core Based Statistical Area - Correct Answer-To provide data description for areas where there is a core area with at least 10,000 people that when combined with other adjacent communities is socially and economically integrated
47. Megalopolis - Correct Answer-Any many-centered, multi-city urban area of more than 10 million inhabitants, generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization
48. Megacity - Correct Answer-A megalopolis areas with more than 10 million people
49. Census Tract - Correct Answer-Has a population between 2,000 and 8,000 people
50. Census Block - Correct Answer-Typically 400 housing units per block (the smallest level at which census data is collected)
51. Census Block Group - Correct Answer-A group of census blocks
52. Minor Civil Division - Correct Answer-A unit only used in 29 states and usually corresponds to a municipality
53. Census County Divisions - Correct Answer-Used in 21 states that do not have minor civil divisions

54. Tribal Designated Statistical Area - Correct Answer-A unit drawn by tribes that do not have a recognized land area (defined independently of the standard county based census delineations)
55. Threshold Population - Correct Answer-A term that is under a number of government programs to determine program eligibility.
56. Geographic Information Systems - Correct Answer-field of computerized mapping
57. Attributes - Correct Answer-information about an object or feature
58. Topographic Map - Correct Answer-two-dimensional representation of a portion of the three-dimensional surface of the earth
59. Global Positioning System (GPS) - Correct Answer-A system of satellites, computers, and receivers that is able to determine the latitude and longitude of a receiver on Earth by calculating the time difference for signals from different satellites to reach the receiver.
60. Business Improvement Districts - Correct Answer-a defined area within which businesses are required to pay an additional tax (or levy) in order to fund projects within the district's boundaries
61. Adaptive Reuse - Correct Answer-the process of reusing an old site or building for a purpose other than which it was built or designed for
62. Environmental Justice - Correct Answer-the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the

development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies

63. Clarence Perry's Neighborhood Unit - Correct Answer-5,000- 9,000 residents with a density of 10 units per acre and a school at the center and buildings around the edges for shopping
64. Council of Governments - Correct Answer-regional governing and/or coordinating bodies that exist throughout the United States
65. Biophilic Design - Correct Answer-brings humans and nature together through sustainable strategies, which can include lighting, ventilation, access to water and natural elements
66. Computer-Aided Negotiation - Correct Answer-allows for models to be quickly developed and allows participants to search for alternatives that can best meet interested parties needs
67. Hectare - Correct Answer-2.47 acres
68. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) - Correct Answer-the number of vehicles that travel on a road in a typical day
69. Level of Service - Correct Answer-a qualitative measure used to relate the quality of motor vehicle traffic service. it is used to analyze roadways and intersections by categorizing traffic flow and assigning quality levels of traffic based on performance measure like vehicle speed, density, congestion, etc.
70. Saul Alinsky - Correct Answer-an advocate of community organizing. organized Chicago's poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1946, he published Reveille for Radicals, which encouraged those who were poor to become involved in American democracy. Later he published Rules for Radicals, which provided 13 rules for community organizing.

71. Advocacy Planning (Paul Davidoff) - Correct Answer- planning for the needs of a diverse group of stakeholders in the community
72. Arbitration - Correct Answer-a form of dispute resolution; an independent third party makes a judicial determination of a dispute; commonly used in union contract disputes
73. Mediation - Correct Answer-a method in which a neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement; a dispute- resolution process that is typically used to help resolve conflict without involving the court system.
74. Linear programming - Correct Answer-a method used for determining an optimal solution
75. Zero Based Budgeting - Correct Answer-a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period; very function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs
76. Program Evaluation and Review Technique - Correct Answer-a statistical tool used in project management, which was designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project.
77. Herbert Simon - Correct Answer-known for satisficing
78. Satisficing - Correct Answer-a decision-making strategy that entails searching through the available alternatives until acceptability threshold is met
79. Coupon Rate - Correct Answer-the rate of interest for bonds, notes and other securities

80. Chicane - Correct Answer-a short shallow, S-shaped turn that requires drivers to turn slightly left and then right again to stay on the road which results in slowing speeds down; they are most effective when there are volumes of traffic that are similar from both approaches
81. Adverse possession - Correct Answer-a method of acquiring title to a property by possession for a period of time, based on statue
82. Squatting - Correct Answer-occupying an unused building or piece of land
83. Critical Path Method - Correct Answer-an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities
84. Lease-purchase - Correct Answer-allows for rental of a building or property with the exclusive option to purchase at specified points in the agreement
85. Renewable Energy - Correct Answer-energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
86. Nuclear Power - Correct Answer-he use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.
87. City Walk - Correct Answer-a technique used to sensitize people to community problems and opportunities
88. Future Search - Correct Answer-a planning meeting that helps people transform their capability into action very quickly.
89. Brownfields - Correct Answer-contaminated industrial sites

90. Brown towns - Correct Answer-cities with minority mayors
91. Greenfields - Correct Answer-land that is not currently used for development
92. Gray fields - Correct Answer-former development sites that are not contaminated
93. Inclusionary Zoning - Correct Answer-usually practiced in urban areas, is planning communities and developments that will provide housing to all income brackets; their zoning ordinances often require any new housing construction to include a set percentage of affordable housing units
94. Exaction - Correct Answer-a concept in US real property law where a condition for development is imposed on a parcel of land that requires the developer to mitigate anticipated negative impacts of the development.
95. The Law of Large Numbers - Correct Answer-the average of the results obtained from a large number of samples should be close to the expected value and will come closer as more samples are taken
96. Central Limit Theorem - Correct Answer-the sampling distribution of the sample means approaches a normal distribution as the sample size gets larger
97. Environmental Impact Statement - Correct Answer-a document required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for certain actions "significantly affecting the quality of the human environment"
98. Environmental Indicator - Correct Answer-a simple measure that tells us what is happening in the environment

99. Dross cape - Correct Answer-an urban design framework that examines urbanized regions as the product of past economic and industrial processes
100. Infill - Correct Answer-the urban planning term for the rededication of land in an urban environment, usually open- space, to new construction
101. Blueway - Correct Answer-a water path or trail that is developed with launch points, camping locations and points of interest for canoeists, paddle boarders and kayakers.
102. Dillon's Rule - Correct Answer-local governments are not provided with authority absent an express delegation of power from the state.
103. Charles Linblom - Correct Answer-known for incremental planning
104. Incremental Planning - Correct Answer-a method of working by adding to a project using many small incremental changes instead of a few (extensively planned) large jumps
105. Binary variables - Correct Answer-typically displayed as 0 and 1 and are used for variables for which there are only two possibilities, such as male or female or yes or no
106. Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act - Correct Answer-requires that religious freedom not be interrupted by treating churches with stronger requirements than other like uses
107. John Friedmann - Correct Answer-known for transactive planning

108. Topographic map - Correct Answer-Two-dimensional representation of a portion of the three-dimensional surface of the earth
109. Facilitation - Correct Answer-Uses a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of the meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consensus.
110. Brainstorming - Correct Answer-an informal approach to gathering input in the initial stages of a project, or in trying to determine goals.
111. Visioning - Correct Answer-a process whereby citizens attend a series of meetings that provide the opportunity for them to offer input on how the community could be in the future.
112. Contour lines - Correct Answer-the lines of equal elevation
113. Contour interval - Correct Answer-the distance between contour lines
114. Slope - Correct Answer-calculated by the change in elevation divided by the horizontal distance
115. Floor area ratio - Correct Answer-the ratio of the gross floor area of a building to its ground area; used primarily to determine building density on a site
116. Social justice - Correct Answer-equal access to wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society
117. Subdivision - Correct Answer-The division of land into or more parcels, sites, or lots, for the purpose of transfer of ownership, development, or other forms of valuable interest.
118. Plat - Correct Answer-A map or tract or parcel of land.

119. Replat - Correct Answer-Allows for lots to be subdivided further or added back together
120. Amending plat - Correct Answer-Corrects errors or adds additional information to a plat
121. Vacating plat - Correct Answer-allows for a plat to be terminated prior to the selling of any lots.
122. Preliminary plat - Correct Answer-a to-scale mechanical drawing with precise topography and prescribed intervals showing the calculated location of all lots, streets, drainage patterns, facilities, and proposed dedications.
123. Final plat - Correct Answer-approved preliminary plat with all bearing, monuments, curves, and notations, together with all dedications, easement, and approvals.
124. Performance bond - Correct Answer-an agreement between the property owner and the community to ensure that the final plat is built as shown on the drawings within a certain time period.
125. Teardown - Correct Answer-the demolition of a home for the purposes of building a larger home on the same lot
126. Sustainable Development - Correct Answer-balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment so that the present and future population's needs can be met.
127. Carrying capacity - Correct Answer-the maximum population size of a species that could be sustained in perpetuity within the environment, given the availability of food, water, habitat, etc.

128. Choker - Correct Answer-a curb extension in the middle of a block, which narrows the street width to restrict the speed of traffic in each direction
129. Infrastructure - Correct Answer-includes water, sewers, telecommunications, and solid waste, etc.
130. Concurrency - Correct Answer-the practice of requiring that infrastructure be in place and available at. a specified level of service prior to allowing new development to occur
131. Daylighting - Correct Answer-the practice of placing windows , or other transparent media and reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination during the day
132. Effluent Standards - Correct Answer-set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment
133. Point Source Pollution - Correct Answer-is discharged directly from a specific site, such as a sewage treatment plant or an industrial pipe.
134. Non-point Source Pollution - Correct Answer-contaminated runoff from many sources
135. Potable water - Correct Answer-safe water to drink
136. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) - Correct Answer-requires Federal agencies to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for all major Federal actions that may significantly affect the quality of the human environment.
137. The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1989 - Correct Answer- prohibited the construction of any bridge, dam, dike, or causeway

over any navigable waterway in the U.S. without Congressional approval.

138. The Water Quality Act of 1965 - Correct Answer-established the Water Pollution Control Administration within the Department of the Interior
139. The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 - Correct Answer-focused efforts to reduce polluted runoff in 29 states
140. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 - Correct Answer- provides protection of animal and plant species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services designates as threatened or endangered
141. The Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1978 - Correct Answer-promotes alternative energy sources, energy efficiency, and reduced dependence on foreign oil.
142. The Resources Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 - Correct Answer-provided EPA with the ability to control hazardous waste from the "card-to-grave"
143. The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 - Correct Answer- provided EPA with responsibility for reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements and restrictions relating to chemical substances and/or mixtures
144. Safe Drinking Water Act - Correct Answer-protects both the sources of drinking water and the end product
145. Biomass Energy - Correct Answer-uses organic material which is burned to create energy
146. Hydroelectric Power - Correct Answer-uses falling water to produce power, which is moved through a turbine

147. Enterprise Zones - Correct Answer-geographic areas in which companies can qualify for a variety of subsidies.
148. Context-sensitive Design - Correct Answer-roadway standards and development practices that are flexible and sensitive to community values
149. National Housing Act - Correct Answer-established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages
150. Sweat equity - Correct Answer-the interest or increased value in a property earned from labor put towards the restoration of a property
151. Colonias - Correct Answer-unincorporated subdivisions with little or no infrastructure that are sold to low-income individuals
152. Conservation Easements - Correct Answer-legal agreements between a property owner and a land trust in which the property owner agrees to place restrictions on the use of the property to protect natural resources
153. National trust for Historic Preservation - Correct Answer-a privately funded nonprofit organization initially established for the acquisition and administration of historic sites
154. Health Impact Assessment - Correct Answer-uses quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the health consequences of a policy, project or program where health is not the primary objective
155. Greenbelt - Correct Answer-undeveloped natural land areas that have been set aside for the purposes of open space and recreation, linking urban residents with nature

156. Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago - Correct Answer- the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level
157. Carrying out the City Plan - Correct Answer-first major textbook on city planning
158. San Francisco - Correct Answer-the first land use zoning restrictions on noxious uses; first major city to apply city beautiful principles
159. Cleveland, OH - Correct Answer-created the first local civic center plan in the U.S.
160. Hartford, CO - Correct Answer-created the first town planning board
161. Daniel Burnham - Correct Answer-created the first metropolitan regional plan
162. New York City - Correct Answer-adopted the first comprehensive zoning code written by Edward Bassett
163. Los Angeles County - Correct Answer-formed the first regional planning commission
164. Secretary Herbert Hoover - Correct Answer-issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
165. City of Cincinnati - Correct Answer-first major city to adopt a comprehensive plan produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
166. Hawaii - Correct Answer-the first state to introduce statewide zoning

167. Jacob Riis - Correct Answer-The author of How the Other Half Lives
168. Ebenezer Howard - Correct Answer-The author of Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
169. Patrick Geddes - Correct Answer-The author of Cities in Evolution
170. Nelson Lewis - Correct Answer-The author of Planning of Modern City
171. Ladislas Segoe - Correct Answer-The author of Local Planning Administration
172. F. Stuart Chapin - Correct Answer-The author of Urban Land Use Planning
173. Kevin Lynch - Correct Answer-Author of The Image of the City
174. Rachel Carlson - Correct Answer-Author of Silent Spring
175. TJ Kent - Correct Answer-Author of Urban General Plan
176. Ian McHarg - Correct Answer-Author of Design with Nature