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Cities formed at Break-bulk Point - ✔✔✔-»»A station or point at which all or portions of a truckload, boatload, or carload are unloaded and distributed The Future of Cities (start of Triumph of the City) - ✔✔✔-»»Centrality of Globalization
Centrality of Globalization - ✔✔✔- »»1. Globalization has brought huge returns to idea-producing entrepreneurs
- For this reason cities as engines of innovation
- Cities serve as critical nodes in the global economy Globalization has brought huge returns to idea-producing entrepreneurs - ✔✔✔-»»1. cities produce a chain of interconnected ideas
- cities are the absence of physical space between people and organizations
- Centers for Communication Transportation Hubs - ✔✔✔- »»typically at break-in-bulk points Economies of Scale - ✔✔✔-»»1. large city size makes it easier to cover fixed costs of large investments
- spreads costs over a large number of people Human Capital Formation - ✔✔✔- »»1. human capital more important than physical infrastructure in explaining a city's success
- as share with college degree increases by 10%, gross metro product increases by 22%
- we live in an age of expertise when earnings and knowledge are closely linked
- reflects effect of human capital externalities Reflects effect of human capital externalities - ✔✔✔-»»1. skilled people become more productive
- when they work around other skilled people 3.value of dense work environment
- unplanned meetings, observations, and connections Centers for Communication - ✔✔✔- »»1. cities are the most effective way to transfer knowledge between civilizations
- IT has made the world more information intensive IT has made the world more information intensive - ✔✔✔-»»1. has made knowledge more valuable
- increasing the value of learning from other people Paradox of the Modern Metropolis - ✔✔✔-»»1. proximity has become more valuable as the cost of connecting across distances has fallen
- electronic interactions have not made face-to-face interactions obsolete
- high correlation between urbanization and prosperity across nations Electronic interactions have not made face-to-face interactions obsolete - ✔✔✔-»»1. electronic and face-to- face interactions are complements not substitutes
- cities speed innovation by connecting smart inhabitants to one another
- cities serve as gateways between markets an cultures High correlation between urbanization and prosperity across nations - ✔✔✔-»»industrial diversity,
exchange of information, creation of knowledge
- Externalities: congestion, contagion, pollution, cost Primary goal is to care for citizens both poor and rich through investments in - ✔✔✔-»»1. Public Health
- Personal Health
- Education
- Transportation
- Housing
- Commercial Space From the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution - ✔✔✔-»»Regional governments exist in all metro areas. They need to perform better by:
- Better coordinating infrastructure with growth
- Reinvesting in older parts of the region
- Developing regional land-use plans Swing Districts: Regional reform is possible - ✔✔✔-»»1. 80 percent of swing districts are in at-risk and bedroom-developing suburbs.
- The party that wins these districts will control state legislatures, governorships, Congress and the presidency.
- Regionalism is deeply in the self- interest of these suburbs.
Precepts of Regional Coalition Building - ✔✔✔-»»1. Understand Region's Demographics and Make Maps
- Reach Out and Organize the Issue on a Personal Level
- Build Broad and Inclusive Coalitions
- It's the Suburbs Stupid
- Reach into Central Cities to Make Sure Message Understood
- Reach Out to Religions Communities
- Seek Out Philanthropic and Reform Groups
- Draw in Distinct but Compatible Organizations
- Use Coalition to Seek Out Media
- Prepare for Conflict and Controversy
- Move Simultaneously on Several Fronts
- Accept Good Compromises Strangers in a Strange Land: Chapter One - ✔✔✔-»»1. Most prior attention, however, has focused on links between and among elements within the environmental and macrosocial cluster, with less attention paid to the microsocial cluster.
- Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and social psychology, however, make the time ripe for a reintegration of microsocial relations into the panorama of social change and societal evolution.
and migrated outward to populate the remoter corners of earth, with the sole exception of Antarctica. Throughout the long period of human evolution, our ancestors lived in small social groups that gradually increased in size as cranial capacity grew to accommodate the expanded social intelligence that was required to keep track of a multiplying set of social relationships.
- Most of the early brain expansion occurred in areas of the cerebral cortex connected with dexterity, hand-eye coordination, and emotion. The last region of the brain to expand was the the prefrontal cortex, the frontmost part of the brain that is associated with logical reasoning and forward planning. Reflecting this
evolutionary history, neurons in the human prefrontal cortex are the last to myelinate (i.e. to be covered with a layer of myelin that enables synaptic transmissions to travel efficiently and rapidly), a maturation process that is not complete until around age 20 or
During most of the time that hominids were evolving into modern human beings- some 300, generations- social communities were small and mobile, containing no more than 150 people whose most permanent settlement was a seasonal base camp. Only with the appearance of the Neanderthals around 300,000 years ago do the first signs of real permanence appear in the form of hearths, postholes, and
Why Cities Decline - ✔✔✔-»»1. Industrial Monocultures
- Segregation and Disinvestment
- Unchecked Congestion
- Poor Human Capital
- Prime Examples Industrial Monocultures - ✔✔✔-»»1. Discourage new ideas and innovation
- Leads to institutional and individual stagnation Segregation and Disinvestment - ✔✔✔-»»1. Racial and class segregation promotes disinvestment
- Racial redlining and unequal tax capacities
Unchecked Congestion - ✔✔✔-»»1. Increases costs of transportation and face-to-face communication
- Increases likelihood of contagion Poor Human Capital - ✔✔✔-»»1. Failing schools and poor health care
- Cannot sustain human capital formation needed for growth Prime Examples - ✔✔✔-»»1. Detroit
- Gary
- Buffalo Exemplar of Detroit - ✔✔✔-»»1. Industrial monoculture
- Racial segregation and disinvestment
