US Army Space Cadre Basic Course (ASCBC): Day 1 Review, Exams of Nursing

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US Army Space Cadre Basic Course

(ASCBC): Day 1 Review(updated)

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Gravity - correct answer ✔✔A defining natural feature that is the reason why satellites are able to orbit around the Earth Period (T or P) - correct answer ✔✔how long it takes a satellite to make 1 full rotation around Earth Apogee - correct answer ✔✔The point at which a satellite is furthest away from Earth and travelling at its lowest/slowest velocity Perigee - correct answer ✔✔The point at which a satellite is closest to Earth and travelling at its highest/fastest velocity Prograde - correct answer ✔✔Rotational movement that is With the Earth's normal rotation (counter- clockwise) Retrograde - correct answer ✔✔Rotational movement that is Against the Earth's normal rotation (clockwise) Ground Trace - correct answer ✔✔A projection of the satellite's orbit/path onto the Earth's surface Kepler's 3 Important Laws for Satellites - correct answer ✔✔Orbits, Areas, and Periods Law of Orbits - correct answer ✔✔The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus Law of Areas - correct answer ✔✔The orbits of planets sweep out equal areas in equal time, think of Perigee (fast) and Apogee (slow)

Law of Periods - correct answer ✔✔The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the average distance to the sun. ie: larger orbits have larger periods Classical Orbital Elements - correct answer ✔✔give us an address in space as to where a satellite is at any given time Semi-Major Axis - correct answer ✔✔Orbit Size (a) Eccentricity - correct answer ✔✔Orbit Shape (c/a), a measure of how round an orbit is with 0 being a perfect circle and 1 launching satellites out of orbit Inclinations - correct answer ✔✔Orbital Tilt (i) from 0 to 180 with respect to the equator Right Ascension of the Ascending Node - correct answer ✔✔Orbit Twist (Ω) (Argument of Perigee) angle measured along the orbital path between the ascending node and perigee - correct answer ✔✔Orbit Rotation (ω) True Anomoly - correct answer ✔✔Satellite Position (v) Orbit Inclination relationship to Ground Trace - correct answer ✔✔It determines the maximum latitude that the ground trace will reach both above and below the equator. sun-synchronous orbit - correct answer ✔✔an orbital path set up so that the satellite always crosses the same areas at the same local time. This allows for the use of shadow analysis. LEO Definition - correct answer ✔✔Low Earth Orbit LEO Description - correct answer ✔✔From 200-900 miles 90-120 minute periods

Varied Inclination Varied Eccentricity LEO sub categories - correct answer ✔✔Polar orbit: 82-98 degrees Sun-Synchronous: 96-98 degrees LEO Missions - correct answer ✔✔Imagery Manned Missions Weather MEO Definition - correct answer ✔✔Medium Earth Orbit MEO Description - correct answer ✔✔From 900-22,000 miles 2-23.5 hour periods Varied Inclinations Varied Eccentricity MEO sub categories - correct answer ✔✔semi-synchronous: 12,500 miles, 12 hours MEO Missions - correct answer ✔✔GPS GEO Definition - correct answer ✔✔Geosynchronous Orbits GEO Description - correct answer ✔✔22,300 mile altitude 24 hour/ 1 day period Varied Inclination Eccentricity Near 0 GEO sub categories - correct answer ✔✔Geosynchronous:

-24 hour period -any inclination -non circular orbit Geostationary: inclination near 0 24 hour period circular eccentricity near 0 GEO Mission - correct answer ✔✔SATCOM Missile Warning HEO Definition - correct answer ✔✔Highly Elliptical Orbit HEO description - correct answer ✔✔Long dwell time during high altitude Elliptical pattern orbit, perigee of 200 miles and apogee of 24,000 miles 12 hour periods HEO sub categories - correct answer ✔✔Molniya Orbit: -63.4 inclination -12 hour period -semi synchronous HEO Missions - correct answer ✔✔High Altitude SATCOM Missile Warning Passive Sensors - correct answer ✔✔Sensors that record the naturally occurring electromagnetic radiation that is reflected or emitted from an object. Think eyes

Active Sensors - correct answer ✔✔Sensors that provide their on EM energy source for collection, which is reflected off an object and collected back by the transmitting source. Think RADAR 3 characteristics of EM Radiation - correct answer ✔✔-Stream of photons (massless particles) -Travel in wave like patters -Moves at the speed of light relationship between wavelength and frequency - correct answer ✔✔inversely proportional EM spectrum - correct answer ✔✔the range of frequencies (difference between lowest and highest) that make up a signal Computing Bandwdith - correct answer ✔✔the amount of data (symbols) which can be carried from 1 point to another in a given amount of time, usually 1 second The relationship between EM Spectrum Bandwidth and Computing Bandwith - correct answer ✔✔The more available bandwidth allows more data to be sent per second The radio frequency portion of the EM Spectrum is _____ - correct answer ✔✔crowded and has little room for growth The portion of the EM spectrum used for satellite communication is _____ - correct answer ✔✔Microwaves The type of RADAR that is dependent on cueing systems in order to be effective is _______ - correct answer ✔✔Track RADAR The primary factor that determines RADAR performance is _______ - correct answer ✔✔Frequency When transmitting a signal, in order for it to be received, the signal must be ______ than the signal of the background noise - correct answer ✔✔greater than

The two types of solar emissions that are continuously emitted from the sun and are the cause of most space weather impacts on Earth - correct answer ✔✔-Solar Wind -EM Radiation Solar wind - correct answer ✔✔Charged Particle constantly emitted from the sun Take about 3-5 days to get to Earth Typical solar cycle length - correct answer ✔✔11 years Harmful effects of space weather on satellites - correct answer ✔✔Atmospheric drag- can cause LEO satellites to deorbit prematurely Spacecraft Charging- unexpected and damaging discharges of electrical components Computer Logic Errors- changing a 0 to a 1 or vice versa Radiation Damage What are the greatest effects on LEO spacecraft during a period of increased solar activity? - correct answer ✔✔Atmospheric Drag Van Allen Belts - correct answer ✔✔-Consist of Charged Particles -Expanded & Contract based on suns activity -Potentially harmful to LEO satellites Solar conjunction - correct answer ✔✔when the sun appears directly behind a GEO COMSAT as viewed by the ground receivers, rendering it useless for the time due to high interference What effects on military systems does Solar Conjunction have? - correct answer ✔✔-Auto Tracking -Data Loss What are the mitigation tech against Solar Conjunction? - correct answer ✔✔-Disable Auto Track -Schedule data transmission around outage period

-Shift antenna to alternate comms Scintillation - correct answer ✔✔Increase presence of Charged Particles in the ionosphere snapping back to the earths form the earth's magneto tail Cause of scintillation - correct answer ✔✔geomagnetic storms- when solar winds disrupt the magnetotrails ultimately resulting in them snapping back When does scintillation occur, where? - correct answer ✔✔It happens 20 degrees +/- from the equator from dusk until dawn local time What military systems can be degraded by space weather? - correct answer ✔✔UNH, SATCOM, GPS, ISR systems, RADAR systems