US history landmark of supreme court cases Study Guide, Exams of Nursing

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In the 1780's, mqany Americans distrusted a strong central government. This distrust is best shown by the A lack of debate over the ratification of the United States Constitution B plan of government set up by the Articles of Confederation C development of a Federal court system D constitutional provision for a strong President - Correct Answer ✅B: plan of government set up by the Articles of Confederation Colonists had fought a bitter war in order to achieve their independence from an oppressive British government. Therefore, the Articles of Confederation were drafted in order to ensure that a strong central government would not be a problem. The Dred Scott decision on the issue of slavery upheld the Southern viewpoint that

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A the power of the Supreme Court does not extend to cases of race B Congress could not pass a law depriving territorial residents of their property a national vote should be held to decide the legality of slavery the economic well-being of the western states depended on slave labor - Correct Answer ✅B: Congress could not pass a law depriving territorial residents of their property The Supreme Court ruled in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) that blacks were not citizens and that slaves were property and could be taken anywhere, regardless of a state's status as free or slave holding. This also served to declare the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional due to its establishment of free/slave state borders. This decision was ultimately nullified by the passage of the 13th amendment feeing the slaves and the 14th amendment establishing citizenship and equal protection under the law.

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The decisions of the United States Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, and Escobedo v. Illinois all advanced the A voting rights of minorities B guarantees of free speech and press C principle of separation of church and state D rights of accused persons - Correct Answer ✅D: rights of accused persons In numerous decisions the Warren Court was active in expanding the rights of the accused. The most famous of these was the 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision that established a suspect's right to be informed of his or her rights. Many cases such as Mapp v. Ohio (right against illegal search and seizure) Gideon v. Wainwright (right to counsel) and others further helped establish Earl Warren's legacy as an activist Chief Justice

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An immediate result of the Supreme Court decision in Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1935) and United States v. Butler (1936) was that A some aspects of the New Deal were declared unconstitutional B State governments took over relief agencies C Congress was forced to abandon efforts to improve the economy D the constitutional authority of the President was greatly expanded - Correct Answer ✅A: some aspects of the New Deal were declared unconstitutional When the Supreme Court struck down several provisions of FDR's New Deal in the 1935 Schecter Poultry v. US case and the 1936 US v. Butler decision, they were exercising a check upon the Legislature and the Executive branches by declaring laws of the Congress and actions of the President unconstitutional. FDR's reaction to these events was an attempt to "pack the court" with his supports. He first attempted to pass a retirement age for

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justices (which would have forced many to step-down) and later attempted to increase the number of justices to 12. Both tactics failed and the resulting backlash against FDR's attempt to usurp the Court resulted in a loss of support for The New Deal programs in Congress. Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court was considered "activist" because of its A reluctance to overturn state laws B insistence on restricting freedom of speech to spoken words C expansion of individual rights in criminal cases D refusal to reconsider the issues of the Plessy v. Ferguson case - Correct Answer ✅D: refusal to reconsider the issues of the Plessy v. Ferguson case In numerous decisions the Warren Court was active in expanding the rights of the accused. The most famous of these was the 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision that established a suspect's right to be informed of his or her rights.

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Many cases such as Mapp v. Ohio (right against illegal search and seizure) Gideon v. Wainwright (right to counsel) and others further helped establish Earl Warren's legacy as an activist Chief Justice The "clear and present danger" ruling of the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States illustrates the continuing conflict between A free speech and governmental authority B the use of search warrants and the rights of the accused C state powers and Federal powers D religious freedom and separation of church and state - Correct Answer ✅A : free speech and governmental authority Schenck's speech was anti-government and ant-war (WWI). The ruling established the ability of the government to suppress speech and press that present a danger to it or its efforts.

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The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic." -Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes "Which interpretation of the Bill of Rights does this statement illustrate? A The needs of the government are more important than civil liberties. B Constitutional protections of liberty are not absolute. C The Supreme Court can eliminate freedoms listed in the Bill of Rights. D The Bill of Rights does not safeguard individual liberties. - Correct Answer ✅B: Constitutional protections of liberty are not absolute. The civil liberties granted by the Constitution, the Bill of Rights and other amendments are not absolute. This means that they may be limited or suspended depending on circumstance or situation, usually in cases of national emergency (examples include: suspension of habeas corpus by Lincoln during the Civil War, limiting of freedom of speech and press during

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World War I and the internment of Japanese-Americans without dues process during World War II). Which generalization is consistent with the ruling of the United States Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States? A The freedoms guaranteed in the Bill of Rights are virtually unlimited B Government has the right to suspend any rights at any time. C Individual rights can be limited in the national interest D The balance between individual rights and the general social welfare almost always favors individual rights. - Correct Answer ✅C:Individual rights can be limited in the national interest Schenck's speech was anti-government and ant-war (WWI). The ruling established the ability of the government to suppress speech and press that present a danger to it or its efforts.

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The significance of the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison is that the decision A advanced civil rights for minorities B upheld the constitutionality of a national bank C limited Presidential control of foreign policy D established the power of judicial review - Correct Answer ✅D: established the power of judicial review The specific power of judicial review is not addressed in article 3 of the Constitution, however many Constitutional scholars agree the founding fathers meant the Supreme Court to have this power. The Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) effectively cemented the Supreme Court's claim to judicial review, in which the Court first stated the right to declare laws unconstitutional.

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"Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." -Brown v. Board of Education A The effect of this Supreme Court ruling was to establish affirmative action programs in higher education B require the integration of public schools C desegregate the armed forces and the military academies D force states to spend an equal amount on each public school student - Correct Answer ✅B: require the integration of public schools the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) established that "separate but equal" facilities were legal (thereby upholding the Jim Crow laws of Southern states) and was later overturned in the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ruling.

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The decision of the United States Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the power of the A House of Representatives to impeach the president B Congress to override a presidential veto C president to veto congressional legislation D Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of laws - Correct Answer ✅D:Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of laws What was the result of many of the Supreme Court decisions made under Chief Justice John Marshall between 1801 and 1835? A The system of slavery was weakened. B The federal government was strengthened.

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C The rights of workers were supported. D Antitrust laws were upheld. - Correct Answer ✅B:The federal government was strengthened. Supreme Court decisions in Mapp v. Ohio, Gideon v. Wainwright, and Miranda v. Arizona affected individual liberties by A eliminating the poll tax as a voting requirement B preventing the use of organized prayer in public schools C requiring equal pay for men and women performing the same job D expanding the constitutional rights of people accused of crimes - Correct Answer ✅D:expanding the constitutional rights of people accused of crimes As a result of the Supreme Court ruling in Miranda v. Arizona (1966), a person accused of a crime is entitled to

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A a speedy trial B reasonable bail C a reading of his or her rights at the time of arrest D protection against cruel or unusual punishment - Correct Answer ✅C: a reading of his or her rights at the time of arrest The Supreme Court decisions in Mapp v. Ohio, Gideon v. Wainright, and Miranda v. Arizona all expanded A integration of public facilities B rights of the accused C presidential powers

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D equality in the workplace - Correct Answer ✅B: rights of the accused The police enter an individual's home without invitation or a warrant and seize evidence to be used against the individual. Which Supreme Court decision may be used to rule this evidence inadmissible in court? A Baker v. Carr B Gideon v. Wainwright C Mapp v. Ohio D Roe v. Wade - Correct Answer ✅C:Mapp v. Ohio The Supreme Court decisions in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) and Miranda v. Arizona (1966) have been criticized because these rulings A expanded the rights of the accused

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B granted more powers to federal judges C lengthened prison sentences for the guilty D reinstated the use of capital punishment - Correct Answer ✅A expanded the rights of the accused The case of John Peter Zenger (1735) and New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) both involved a government's attempt to limit A freedom of religion B freedom of the press C the right to bear arms D the right to counsel - Correct Answer ✅B freedom of the press

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The Supreme Court cases of Tinker v. Des Moines and New Jersey v. TLO involved the issue of A freedom of the press B the rights of students in school C freedom of religion D the rights of prison inmates - Correct Answer ✅B the rights of students in school The decisions of the United States Supreme Court in Tinker v. Des Moines and New York Times Co. v. United States were based on interpretations of the A meaning of a republican form of government

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B powers delegated specifically to Congress C president's right to executive privilege D rights guaranteed by the 1st amendment - Correct Answer ✅D rights guaranteed by the 1st amendment The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade (1973) was based on the constitutional principle of A protection of property rights B freedom of speech C right to privacy D freedom of religion - Correct Answer ✅C right to privacy

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The Supreme Court decisions in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) and United States v. Nixon (1974) reinforced the principle that the president of the United States A has unlimited use of the veto power B is protected from unfair media criticism C may not be convicted of a crime D is not above the law - Correct Answer ✅D is not above the law "We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." —Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Which constitutional idea was the basis for this Supreme Court decision?

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A protection against double jeopardy B equal protection of the law C freedom of speech D right of assembly - Correct Answer ✅B equal protection of the law In the 1960s, Supreme Court decisions in the cases Miranda v. Arizona and Gideon v. Wainwright specifically protected the rights of A the accused Bwomen C military veterans

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D persons with disabilities - Correct Answer ✅A the accused The Jim Crow legal system, which expanded in the South after Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), was based on the Supreme Court's interpretation of the A due process clause of the 5th Amendment B states' rights provision of the 10th Amendment C equal protection clause in the 14th Amendment D voting rights provision in the 15th Amendment - Correct Answer ✅C equal protection clause in the 14th Amendment "We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal... ." — Chief Justice Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

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This quotation illustrates the Supreme Court's power to A uphold previous decisions B overrule state laws C check the powers of the executive branch D provide for educational funding - Correct Answer ✅B overrule state laws In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court ruled that A states may not secede from the Union

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B racial segregation was constitutional C slaves are property and may not be taken from their owners D all western territories should be open to slavery - Correct Answer ✅B racial segregation was constitutional Which headline illustrates the use of judicial review? A "Congress Passes a Civil Rights Bill" B "Conference Committee Meets to Finalize Budget" C "New York State's Reapportionment Plan Ruled Unconstitutional" D"President Signs SALT Agreement with Russia" - Correct Answer ✅C "New York State's Reapportionment Plan Ruled Unconstitutional"

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The Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. United States (1919) stated that A immigrants have limited rights B freedom of speech is not absolute C rights of the accused may not be limited D women should be granted suffrage - Correct Answer ✅B freedom of speech is not absolute The cartoonist is commenting on public reaction to the Supreme Court decision that A restricted attendance in churches B mandated home-based prayer C declared school-sponsored prayer unconstitutional

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D banned public observance of religious holidays - Correct Answer ✅C declared school-sponsored prayer unconstitutional In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) and Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that persons convicted of crimes had been A denied due process of law B denied a speedy and public trial C victimized by illegal search and seizure D sentenced to cruel and unusual punishment - Correct Answer ✅A denied due process of law The Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) helped to increase sectional conflict because the decision A denied Congress the power to regulate slavery in the territories

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B allowed for the importation of enslaved persons for ten years C prohibited slavery in lands west of the Mississippi River D gave full citizenship to all enslaved persons - Correct Answer ✅A : denied Congress the power to regulate slavery in the territories The Dred Scott decision invalidated the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by affirming the status of property to slaves no matter what part of the nation (slave or free) they were taken to. This essentially denied Congress any power to regulate slavery in the growing western territories and enflamed already growing tensions over the slavery that would soon ignite the Civil War. The Supreme Court cases of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) and Miranda v. Arizona (1966) dealt with the constitutional principle of A freedom of religion