USABO Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024, Exams of Advanced Education

Download USABO Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024 and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! USABO Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Updated 2024 axon hillock - Correct Answer-the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates -trigger zone hyperopia - Correct Answer-A condition in which visual images come to a focus behind the retina of the eye and vision is better for distant than for near objects -- called also farsightedness. axon hillock has high concentration of what voltage gated pumps - Correct Answer-sodium and potassium how to calculate membrane potential - Correct Answer-the outside of the neuron, the other side of the membrane is always zero ions inside neuron - Correct Answer-K+, Na+ and proteins pg. 1 professoraxe l Protein charge - Correct Answer-The net charge of a protein decreases linearly with molecular weight, with small proteins being mostly positively charged and large proteins negatively charged. Astrocytes - Correct Answer-Star shapes neuron cells Functions 1. Create blood barrier function and prevent diffusion and passage of pathogens in vessels by using podocytes (foot like extensions) 2. Prevents hemmorage 3. Creates scarring in response to damage 4.lay in between neurons? all clotting factors are made in the liver EXCEPT - Correct Answer-Factor 8 and 4 Billrubin function - Correct Answer-Just a waste product of atrophied rbc But has some antioxidant effect pg. 2 professoraxe l -GABA carboxyl group - Correct Answer-COOH Amine - Correct Answer-R-NH2 carbonyl group - Correct Answer-C=O Nucleosides consist of - Correct Answer-sugar and nitrogenous base (no phosphate) Na/K pump - Correct Answer-3 Na out, 2 K in what creates the -70 mV in neuron what creates resting potential in neuron - Correct Answer- leaky channels of sodium and potassium na k pump Cl- ions Ions in Neurons - Correct Answer-Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- pg. 5 professoraxe l granulocytes and agranulocytes - Correct Answer-two types of leukocytes Leukocytes - Correct Answer-white blood cells Neutrophils - Correct Answer--segmented nuclear phagocyte -granulocyte with phago/lysosome -most abundant wbc -bacterial infection innate response -innate response *What IgE-mediated cell secretes major basic protein and has elevated levels in the blood during asthma and parasitic infections? *What type of WBC is present in increased numbers during an allergic reaction? - Correct Answer-eosinophil Eosinophils - Correct Answer--bone marrow granulocyte -fights EXTRACELLULAR parasites (helminths) -abundant in immediate hypersensitivity and allergic reactions pg. 6 professoraxe l basophil - Correct Answer--circulating granulocyte -similar to function and structure in mast cells -release histamine -recruited to sites of immediate hypersensitivity monocyte - Correct Answer--an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection -precusor of macrophage -differentiate into macrophage at inflammatory site lymphocyte - Correct Answer-WBC that are in lymph, Mononuclear, T and B erthrocytes - Correct Answer-red blood cells Eosinophilic Oesophagitis - Correct Answer-May be related to food allergy Overpopulation of eosinophils in the oesophagus -closing and over inflamation in the esophagus making it hard to breathe pg. 7 professoraxe l edema - Correct Answer- IBS - Correct Answer- Lipidema - Correct Answer- mTORC1 - Correct Answer-Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, kinase Increases translation therefore, increases protein synthesis Rapamycin - Correct Answer-mTOR inhibitor Prevents ageing decreases cholesterol IgA function - Correct Answer-IgA (dimeric) - protects mucosal surfaces - highest concentration of Ab throughout the body Major Ig present in external secretions - colostrum, milk and saliva A first line of defense against microbes entering through mucosal surfaces Respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts pg. 10 professoraxe l Secretory (dimeric) IgA is synthesized locally by plasma cells in mammary and salivary glands and along the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts IgA prevents colonization of mucosal surfaces by pathogens and mediates their phagocytosis IgD function - Correct Answer-Naive B cell antigen receptor IgG function - Correct Answer-Opsonization, complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, neonatal immunity, feedback inhibition of B cells -single IgM function - Correct Answer-Naive B cell antigen receptor, complement activationIgM is the first antibody produced by B cells Is the antigen receptor (B cell receptor) Expressed as a four-chain unit - two H-chains and two L-chains Also present as a soluble molecule in the blood IgE function - Correct Answer-Provides protection from large parasites pg. 11 professoraxe l Initiates an inflammatory reaction to attract eosinophils When produced against innocuous environmental antigens, they are a common cause of allergies Fc portions of IgEs are bound to mast cells hapten - Correct Answer-small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen example: poison ivy Lipidsome - Correct Answer- mucosal epithelium - Correct Answer-Tract begins and ends with stratified squamous epithelium Stomach, small and large intestines are simple columnar Chylomycrons - Correct Answer- Integrins structure and function - Correct Answer- FAK (focal adhesion kinase) - Correct Answer- pg. 12 professoraxe l (exposure of collagen attracts what?) - Correct Answer- Provides structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel EXPOSURE ON COLLAGEN ATTRACTS platelets Collagen in ECM - Correct Answer--Fibrous protein, secreted from the cell -Forms supra-molecular structures (fibrils) outside the cell -Fibrils have different diameters and organization depending on ECM and collagen type Collagen in bone - Correct Answer-provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension chief cells of the stomach - Correct Answer-secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase Pepsin - Correct Answer-An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins cardiac pacemaker cells - Correct Answer-usually it is controlled by the SA node becuase this has the fastest firing pg. 15 professoraxe l rate of all conductive cells. The cells in other areas of the conduction system (AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers) may serve as pacemakers if normal impulse conduction is impaired Fibronectin - Correct Answer-A glycoprotein that helps animal cells attach to the extracellular matrix. Elastin - Correct Answer-protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue proteoglycan aggregates - Correct Answer-enormous supramolecular assemblies of many core proteins all bound to a single molecule of hyaluronan GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) - Correct Answer-polysaccharides that tend to trap water ranging from a consistance of fluid to viscous gel. Common gels are Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate physiological buffers - Correct Answer-Respiratory and urinary systems to alter the output of acids, bases, or CO2. regulate carbonic acid pg. 16 professoraxe l What is the most abundant extracellular matrix protein in the body? - Correct Answer-collagen Leptin - Correct Answer-A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite. Adiponectin - Correct Answer-a protein produced by adipose cells that inhibits inflammation and protects against insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease resisten - Correct Answer-insulin antagonist Scurvey - Correct Answer-Vitamin C deficiency rickets or osteomalacia - Correct Answer-Vitamin D deficiency Alchohol group - Correct Answer-OH- GABA - Correct Answer-a major inhibitory neurotransmitter pg. 17 professoraxe l longitudinal fissure - Correct Answer-separates cerebral hemispheres Norephinephrine (NE) - Correct Answer-released by adrenergic neurons -most sympathetic postganglionic neurons Epinephrine - Correct Answer-Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline. endorphins and enkephalins - Correct Answer-belong to a naturally occurring class of opiates that reduce pain in the nervous system Endorphins - Correct Answer-"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. Serotonin - Correct Answer-A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood. pg. 20 professoraxe l dopamine - Correct Answer- Gluccocorticoids - Correct Answer-helps control the body's use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure; increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation. Corticosteroids - Correct Answer-A group of hormones, including cortisol, released by the adrenal glands at times of stress Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) 1. what triggers it 2.what does it do 3. from where 4. what inhibits this - Correct Answer-1. renin from the JG cells in kidney (which is converted to angiotensin 2 by ACE (Angio converting enzyme) in lung cells) AND CRH from the hypothalamus, or the ACTH from the anterior pit gland (corticotropin-releasing hormone triggers acth) 2. raises blood pressure and volume, by increasing sodium concentration and thus promoting retention , loss of potassium through urine (does this by increasing pores and pg. 21 professoraxe l sodium potassium pumps in distal convoluted tubule), also released IN STRESS greater blood volume = greater bp and heart rate + metabolism 3. from the outermost layer of adrenal cortex (ZONA GLOMERULOSA) 4.atrial narituetic peptide- more peeing ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - Correct Answer-Produced by Posterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets kidneys for water conservation. Aldosterone - Correct Answer-"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure Orthologs - Correct Answer-same genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation homologs - Correct Answer-Matching Chromosomes that are similar in function but not identical pg. 22 professoraxe l arachnoid villi - Correct Answer-The arachnoid mater makes arachnoid villi, small protrusions through the dura mater into the venous sinuses of the brain, which allow CSF to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the bloodstream veneus sinuses - Correct Answer- ventricles of the brain - Correct Answer-canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid folds in the brain are called - Correct Answer-sulci internal cerebral vein - Correct Answer-receives venous blood from the thalamus, striatum, caudate nucleus, internal capsule, choroid plexus, hippocampus Src protein kinase - Correct Answer--first tyrosine kinase to be discovered -have multiple domains within amino acid chain to regulate function pg. 25 professoraxe l Ras protein - Correct Answer-G protein that relays signal from growth factor on plasma membrane -GTPase GTPase - Correct Answer-an enzyme that hydrolyses the GTP to GDP to inactivate a G protein G-protien coupled receptors - Correct Answer-plasma membrane receptors that are associated with a protein (GTPase enzyme), GAPS and GEPS The activated g receptor initiates the exchange of GDP to GTP of the protein, activating it and separating the protein from the recptor, to activate other downstream proteins GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) - Correct Answer-Proteins that regulate GTP-binding proteins by increasing the rate of GTP hydrolysis, like kinase GAP and GEF are analogous to those of a protein phosphatase and a protein kinase, respectively pg. 26 professoraxe l what releases the GDP from the GTP-ase - Correct Answer- Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) G protein complex are composed of how many units - Correct Answer-trimeric Billrubin - Correct Answer-bile pigment formed in the liver from hemoglobin GTPase= g protein - Correct Answer- SCF Ubiquitin ligase - Correct Answer-*responsible for degrading G1/S Cyclins and certain CKI (Cdk inhibitory protein) that control S Phase initiation *activity constant in cell cycle *only specifically phosphorylated proteins are targeted (indirectly regulated SCF activity) *Has three subunits: skp1, Cullin, F Box polyubiquitination on Lys 48 - Correct Answer-targets proteins for degradation in proteasome pg. 27 professoraxe l Moves to cytoplasm to trigger Ca++ release from intracellular stores leading to Ca++/calmodulin cascade. Mimicked by calcium ionophores (ionomycin) scaffolding proteins - Correct Answer-A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached to increase the efficiency of signal transduction. like cullin in scf ubituitin ligase connect proteins together, like dimerization of caspases ubiquitin binds to where on protein - Correct Answer-carboxyl binds to lysine amine multiubiquitylation - Correct Answer-endocytosis Lys 63 polyubiquitination - Correct Answer-DNA repair melatonin - Correct Answer-A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. pg. 30 professoraxe l F-box protein - Correct Answer-the subunit of SCF that binds phosphorylated targets. -allows targeted destruction of proteins Cullins - Correct Answer-Family of scaffolds known as...give rise to family of SCF-like ubiquitin ligases vans deferens - Correct Answer-duct that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct (vas=vessel; deferens=carrying away) Auxins - Correct Answer-Hormones involved in plant-cell elongation, shoot and bud growth, and rooting. southern blot - Correct Answer-gel electro and blotting of DNA fragment- blotting includes nucleotide markers western blot - Correct Answer-a test that detects HIV antibodies and confirms the results of earlier EIA tests 1. protien isolation 2. gel 3. antibody assay, molecolar weight, type, amount, pg. 31 professoraxe l northern blot - Correct Answer-mRNA version of southern blot -can see specific phases of genetic expression by electrophoresis and lyse of cell electropheretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) (WESTERN BLOT) - Correct Answer-to blot the proteins, they are attracted by an anode end of the battery snd then transferred on the paper also called electropheroic transfer restriction enzymes - Correct Answer-Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides Expression vectors are designed to ensure that ________ can be efficiently ________. - Correct Answer-gene of interest expressed Steps of DNA extraction - Correct Answer-cell lysis - burst open the cell to remove the cell contents precipitating proteins - separates nucleic acids from proteins DNA purification - DNA must be placed in a suitable buffer that will allow it to maintain its integrity pg. 32 professoraxe l Which end does DNA polymerase add nucleotides to? - Correct Answer-3' end OH 3' end - Correct Answer-OH terminal 5' end - Correct Answer-Phosphate end Pyrimidines - Correct Answer- Purine - Correct Answer- HbA1c - Correct Answer-glycosylated hemoglobin; measures blood glucose level ground tissue is any - Correct Answer-cell that is not vascular Corpus ablicans of ovary - Correct Answer-a scar on the surface of the ovary that is remnant of ovulation; the circle thing before tube stem cell part of plant - Correct Answer-meristem pg. 35 professoraxe l blepharitis - Correct Answer-inflammation of the eyelid plant cell wall composition - Correct Answer-peptidoglycan largest family of cell surface receptors - Correct Answer-G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Opsonins are non-specific. - Correct Answer- thymus function - Correct Answer-immune response -- secretes thymosins that stimulate lymphocytes to become T cells. Catecholamines - Correct Answer-Substances that can produce a sympathomimetic response. They are either endogenous catecholamines (such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) or synthetic catecholamine drugs (such as dobutamine). -secretd by adrenal medulla pg. 36 professoraxe l