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USABO Exam Review With 100% Correct Answers 2024, Exams of Advanced Education

USABO Exam Review With 100% Correct Answers 2024 insterstitial fluid - Correct Answer-fluid located between cells and among tissues cuboidal epithelium - Correct Answer-cube shaped epithelial cells that function in secretion, and are located in various endocrine glands simple columnar epithelium - Correct Answer-lines intestines, secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients, one cell thick pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - Correct Answer-forms a mucous membrane in portions of the respiratory tract; contains cilia that move the film of mucous stratified squamous epithelium - Correct Answer-regenerates cells rapidly at the basal lamina, located in areas of abrasion (anus, vagina, skin, linings of esophagus) simple squamous epithelium - Correct Answer-thin and leaky, located at sites of diffusion (alveoli and blood vessels) basal lamina - Correct Answer-a mat of extracellular matrix that separates an organ from epithelial tissue

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2023/2024

Available from 06/26/2024

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USABO Exam Review With 100% Correct

Answers 2024

insterstitial fluid - Correct Answer-fluid located between cells and among tissues cuboidal epithelium - Correct Answer-cube shaped epithelial cells that function in secretion, and are located in various endocrine glands simple columnar epithelium - Correct Answer-lines intestines, secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients, one cell thick pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium - Correct Answer-forms a mucous membrane in portions of the respiratory tract; contains cilia that move the film of mucous stratified squamous epithelium - Correct Answer-regenerates cells rapidly at the basal lamina, located in areas of abrasion (anus, vagina, skin, linings of esophagus) simple squamous epithelium - Correct Answer-thin and leaky, located at sites of diffusion (alveoli and blood vessels)

basal lamina - Correct Answer-a mat of extracellular matrix that separates an organ from epithelial tissue lumen - Correct Answer-cavity, external area around organ loose connective tissue - Correct Answer-connects organs/tissues to epithelium cartilage - Correct Answer-connective tissue that is sturdy, but softer and more flexible than bone chondroitin sulfate - Correct Answer-a rubbery matrix made of a protein-carbohydrate complex located in cartilage chondrocytes - Correct Answer-cells in cartilage that secrete collagen chondroitin sulfate fibrous connective tissue - Correct Answer-includes tendons and ligaments, made of fibers in parallel bundles, which maximize non-elastic strength

adipose tissue - Correct Answer-tissue that protects, insulates, and cushions the body, holds fat in adipose cells which contain fat droplets that can grow and shrink bone - Correct Answer-mineralized connective tissue; contain a matrix of bone with which calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions combine to form a mineral osteoblasts - Correct Answer-secretes matrix of collagen in bone osteons - Correct Answer-repeating units inside bone, contain concentric layers of mineralized collagen wrapped around blood vessels and nerves fibroblasts - Correct Answer-cells of connective tissue that secrete the protein ingredients macrophages - Correct Answer-engulf foreign particles and debris through phagocytosis collagenous fibers - Correct Answer-made of collagen, nonelastic and do not tear easily

reticular fibers - Correct Answer-made of collagen, joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues, continuous with collagenous fibers elastic fibers - Correct Answer-made of elastin, easily stretched but bounce back to original shape sarcomeres - Correct Answer-repeating units in muscles glial cells or glia - Correct Answer-located in nervous tissue; nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons regulator - Correct Answer-manages internal conditions to combat changes caused by external conditions conformer - Correct Answer-allows internal conditions to conform to external conditions normal range (of a variable - homeostasis) - Correct Answer- range for which action is taken to maintain homeostasis

acclimatization - Correct Answer-when an animal changes certain aspects of its metabolism, behavior, etc. to temporarily conform to changing external conditions endothermic (animal) - Correct Answer-maintain the temperature inside the body through their internal metabolism ectothermic (animal) - Correct Answer-gain their heat from external sources, do not perform internal mechanisms to maintain temperature poikilotherm - Correct Answer-animal whose body temperature varies with its environment homeotherm - Correct Answer-animal whose body temperature does not vary with its environment radiation - Correct Answer-emission of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves evaporation - Correct Answer-removal of heat along with liquid being turned into gas

convection - Correct Answer-transfer of hear by the movement of air or liquid past a surface conduction - Correct Answer-the direct transfer of heat between objects in direct contact vasodilation - Correct Answer-increasing the diameter of blood vessels as to bring it closer to the surface of the body and warm it vasoconstriction - Correct Answer-decreasing the diameter of blood vessels as to take it farther away from the surface of the body and cool it countercurrent exchange - Correct Answer-the flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions that maximizes transfer rates of heat or solutes thermogenesis - Correct Answer-heat production

non-shivering thermogenesis - Correct Answer-heat production without moving brown fat - Correct Answer-tissue specialized for heat production hypothalamus - Correct Answer-part of the brain that acts like a thermostat for the body, controlling the internal mechanisms that control internal temperature bio-energetics - Correct Answer-the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal metabolic rate - Correct Answer-the sum of all the energy- requiring biochemical reactions over a given time interval basal metabolic rate (BMR) - Correct Answer-in an endotherm, the minimum metabolic rate at rest with an empty stomach without any stress standard metabolic rate (SMR) - Correct Answer-in an ectotherm, the minimum metabolic rate when resting, nonstressed, and fasting

torpor - Correct Answer-a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases hibernation - Correct Answer-long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity essential nutrients - Correct Answer-nutrients that are essential for an organism to ingest because they cannot produce it themselves vitamins - Correct Answer-essential nutrients that are organic molecules and perform various functions minerals - Correct Answer-essential nutrients that are inorganic and perform various functions undernourishment - Correct Answer-not receiving enough food to have sufficient energy malnourishment - Correct Answer-not receiving enough of a certain essential nutrient

epidemiology - Correct Answer-the study of human health and disease at the population level ingestion - Correct Answer-consuming food digestion - Correct Answer-breaking down food suspension feeders - Correct Answer-filter and eat food suspended in water substrate feeders - Correct Answer-live on or in their food source fluid feeders - Correct Answer-drink fluid from other organisms (nectar, blood) bulk feeders - Correct Answer-eat lots of food in bulk absorption - Correct Answer-absorbing nutrients from food

elimination - Correct Answer-removing waste from food from the body enzymatic hydrolysis - Correct Answer-hydrolysis caused by enzymes intracellular digestion - Correct Answer-digestion that occurs inside a cell by lysosomes extracellular digestion - Correct Answer-digestion that occurs outside of a cell through various complex processes gastrovascular cavity - Correct Answer-a cavity in many organisms that has one opening and allows food to be absorbed by cells in the body and digested intracellularly complete digestive tract (alimentary canal) - Correct Answer-a more complex digestive system cavity; has two openings: mouth and anus crop - Correct Answer-area where food is stored and moistened

gizzard - Correct Answer-location of mechanical digestion typhlosole - Correct Answer-bend in intestines of earthworm that increase its surface area gastric cecae - Correct Answer-pouches along a grasshopper's midgut where chemical digestion and absorption occur gastric gland - Correct Answer-glands located in stomach that secrete chemicals essential to digestion parietal cells - Correct Answer-secretes HCl that activates pepsinogen into pepsin chief cells - Correct Answer-secrete pepsinogen, the inactive form of pepsin, a protease mucus cells - Correct Answer-secrete the mucus that lines the stomach pepsinogen - Correct Answer-inactive from of pepsin

pepsin - Correct Answer-protease of the stomach cholecystokinin (CCK) - Correct Answer-hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and pancreas to release enzymes into the duodenum; also inhibits stomach acid secretion and peristalsis secretin - Correct Answer-hormone that stimulates pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes chyme, into the duodenum; also inhibits stomach acid secretion and peristalsis gastrin - Correct Answer-circulates via the bloodstream to the stomach to secrete gastric juices brush border - Correct Answer-the border/edge of the small intestine lined with microvilli bile salts - Correct Answer-particles produced by the liver that emulsifies fat and keeps fat droplets from coalescing

chlylomicrons - Correct Answer-the units of triglycerides, phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol that enter the lacteal and travel through the lymphatic system to the circulatory system lacteal - Correct Answer-a vessel at the core of each villus that is part of the lymphathic system and accepts fatty acids and monoglycerides hepatic portal vein - Correct Answer-the vein that all the veins of villi eventually connect to; transports absorbed food and water from the intestines to the liver cecum - Correct Answer-extension of the large intestine below the ascending colon coprophagy - Correct Answer-behavior in which animals re- digest their feces ruminants - Correct Answer-type of animal that has a digestive system with four chambers

rumen - Correct Answer-first chamber of a ruminent's digestive system in which mutualistic prokaryotes and protists feed on cellulose reticulum - Correct Answer-second chamber of a ruminent's digestive system in which mutualistic prokaryotes and protists feed on cellulose omasum - Correct Answer-chamber in which water is removed from food in a ruminent abomasum - Correct Answer-chamber in which digestion of food and nutrients occurs in a ruminent overnourishment - Correct Answer-the consumption of more calories than are needed for the body leptin - Correct Answer-appetite suppressant; produced by adipose tissue ghrelin - Correct Answer-appetite stimulant; secreted by stomach

PYY - Correct Answer-appetite suppressant; counters ghrelin; produced by small intestine after meals insulin - Correct Answer-hormone that allows cells to take up glucose; also suppresses appetite/hunger, produced by pancreas open circulatory system - Correct Answer-a type of circulatory system that does not include vessels but instead nourishes all the fluid in the body called hemolymph hemolymph - Correct Answer-the fluid of an open circulatory system that is not separate from interstitial fluid capillary beds - Correct Answer-a matrix of capillaries in one region that connect an artery to a vein single circulation - Correct Answer-a circulatory system that includes a heart with two chambers and one circuit of blood

double circulation - Correct Answer-a circulatory system that includes a heart with three (amphibians and reptiles) or four (mammals and birds) and two circuits of blood pulmocutaneous circuit - Correct Answer-a circuit of blood that transports blood not only to the lungs but also to skin tissue pulmonary circuit - Correct Answer-the circuit of blood that transports blood only to the lungs atrioventricular valve - Correct Answer-a valve between an atria and ventricle in the heart semilunar valve - Correct Answer-a valve between a ventricle and vessel in the heart heart murmur - Correct Answer-occurs when valves don't function properly an some of the blood goes back into the previous chamber endothelium - Correct Answer-the inner layer of epithelial tissue in blood vessels

endothelin - Correct Answer-the hormone produced by endothelium that causes vasodilation sphygmomanometer - Correct Answer-a device that allows for systolic and diastolic blood pressure reading precapillary sphincters - Correct Answer-the sphincters at the opening of capillaries in capillary beds that control the amount of blood entering lymphatic system - Correct Answer-the system of the body that returns fluid and proteins lost to the tissues to the circulatory system lymph nodes - Correct Answer-organs of the lymphatic system that filter the lymph and house cells that attack viruses and bacteria immunoglobulins - Correct Answer-antibodies; plasma proteins

albumin - Correct Answer-a plasma protein that functions in osmotic balance and pH buffering fibrinogen - Correct Answer-a plasma protein which is a precursor of fibrin, which aggregates into threads and forms the framework of a blood clot thoroughfare channel - Correct Answer-the straight channel between a vein and artery through a capillary bed (when all the precapillary sphincters are closed) prothrombin - Correct Answer-precursor to thrombin, which stimulates activation of fibrinogen thrombus - Correct Answer-a type of blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel stem cells - Correct Answer-lead to development of specialized cells; lymphoid or macrobid erythropoietin (EPO) - Correct Answer-increases the amount of oxygen that red blood cells can pick up

partial pressure - Correct Answer-the amount of pressure that one gas in a larger body of gas contributes parapodia - Correct Answer-flattened appendages that act as gills and function in crawling ventilation - Correct Answer-maintains pp gradients of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory surface that are necessary for gas exchange operculum - Correct Answer-layer that covers gills tracheal system - Correct Answer-respiratory system in insects; consists of lots of tubes all around the body vocal cords - Correct Answer-pair of elastic bands in the larynx surfactants - Correct Answer-reduce friction in air tubules to allow fluid to flow

positive pressure breathing - Correct Answer-pushing air into the lungs (lungs open up for air) negative pressure breathing - Correct Answer-pulling air into lungs (diaphragm contracts and the pressure inside lungs decreases) diaphragm - Correct Answer-muscle beneath lung that contracts to lift it up breathing control centers - Correct Answer-control centers in the brain that control breathing by examining the pH level of blood, caused by carbonic acid and CO2 in the blood (pons and medulla oblongata) cerebrospinal fluid - Correct Answer-fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord respiratory pigments - Correct Answer-protein molecules in the blood such as hemoglobin that can increase or decrease how easily oxygen leaves and enters the blood

Bohr shift - Correct Answer-low pH reduces oxygen affinity, allowing oxygen to diffuse more easily to cells that require it pathogens - Correct Answer-foreign organisms/viruses that are capable of causing harm to the body immune system - Correct Answer-the system of the body that is responsible for protecting against infection and cancer innate immunity - Correct Answer-nonspecific defense, the immune system that is not specific to the pathogen and that the person is born with acquired immunity - Correct Answer-specific defense against pathogens; cell mediated response and humoral response lysozyme - Correct Answer-enzyme in lysosomes that breaks down pathogens during phagocytosis hemocytes - Correct Answer-immune cells in insect blood, called hemolymph

phagocytosis - Correct Answer-process through which cells ingest and digest foreign particles antimicrobial peptides - Correct Answer-disrupt pathogens in insects by inactivating or killing them by disrupting their plasma membrane barrier defenses (skin, mucous membranes, secretions) - Correct Answer-physical defenses that fight against pathogens internal defenses (phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response, natural killer cells) - Correct Answer- chemical and cellular processes that fight against pathogens humoral response (antibodies) - Correct Answer-immune response to pathogens in the blood but not necessarily the cells cell-mediated response (cytotoxic lymphocytes) - Correct Answer-immune response to pathogens that have infected living cells

toll-like receptor (TLR) - Correct Answer-recognizes antigens and begins immune response in blood neutrophils - Correct Answer-engulf and destroy microbes, receive signals from damaged tissues eosinophils - Correct Answer-important in defending against multicellular pathogens dendritic cells - Correct Answer-located in the appendages and surface tissue and provide information to the CNS interferons - Correct Answer-chemicals released by virus- infected cells to alert other cells complement system - Correct Answer-a system of about 30 proteins that fight infections by causing lysis inflammatory response - Correct Answer-histamines make blood vessels more permeable, allowing fluid contain macrophages to enter blood

mast cells - Correct Answer-secrete histamines histamine - Correct Answer-make blood vessels more permeable natural killer (NK) cells - Correct Answer-phagocyte that releases chemicals that cause cell death when they recognize MHC molecules lymphocytes - Correct Answer-white blood cells that are involved in acquire immunity T cells - Correct Answer- B cells - Correct Answer-cells that create antibodies thymus - Correct Answer-place where T cells mature, located behind breastbone antigen - Correct Answer-foreign particle

antibody (immunoglobin) - Correct Answer-protein that marks antigens in the body, soluble form of antigen receptors antigen receptors - Correct Answer-located on the surface of B cells and T cells and recognize antigens epitope - Correct Answer-the area of an antibody/antigen receptor that actually recognizes the antigen B cell receptor - Correct Answer-y shaped molecule with heavy chains and light chains heavy chains - Correct Answer-one part of the antigen receptor light chains - Correct Answer-one part of the antigen receptor (connected by disulfide bridges) T cell receptor (alpha and beta chain) - Correct Answer-the antigen receptor on T cells major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - Correct Answer-