VCLA Study Material: Context Clues, Main Ideas, and Writing Styles, Exams of Nursing

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Context Clues - Correct Answers ✅Using the "___________" To determine the meaning of a word with Multiple meanings Familiar word - Correct Answers ✅Use a familiar word in a context that is not so familiar., Use a familiar word in a context that is not so familiar. Punctuation mark use - Correct Answers ✅Besides actual clue words, context hints can also come from punctuation marks like commas or dashes. Main Idea - Correct Answers ✅Identify the Stated Main Idea of a Paragraph or Passage Expository Writting - Correct Answers ✅Writing that explains - the main idea of a passage is usually stated in the passage; it is explicit. Frequently, it will be stated as the first sentence of the passage or at the end of the introduction. Own writting or User writting - Correct Answers ✅In your own writing, you may have learned to call this main idea a topic statement. Stated Main Idea - Correct Answers ✅In order to draw an inference, the reader must use past knowledge plus the facts and opinions of the

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writer. Keep the main idea in mind as you read, and determine whether or not you can conclude the same ideas as those of the writer. Also, and, besides, again - Correct Answers ✅A word, phrase, sentence adds to the content of the preceding one. In fact, in other words, obviously, of course, too, evidently - Correct Answers ✅A word, phrase, sentence clarifies the content of the preceding one. Also, likewise, similar, by the same token - Correct Answers ✅A phrase/sentence indicates a comparison to the preceding one. Although, but, however, in contrast, nevertheless, yet, on the contrary, on the other hand - Correct Answers ✅A phrase/sentence indicates contrast to the preceding one. for example, to illustrate, for instance, thus, that is - Correct Answers ✅A phrase/sentence provides an example of a preceding generalization. below, above, near, next to, opposite, elsewhere, within - Correct Answers ✅A phrase/sentence shows location or spatial order.

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because, as a result of - Correct Answers ✅A phrase/sentence shows cause and effect. to conclude, in short to summarize - Correct Answers ✅A phrase/sentence summarizes. After, at that time, before, during, while, at last, now, first, second, immediately - Correct Answers ✅A phrase/sentence shows time order. Signal Words - Correct Answers ✅alert the reader to the relationships intended. Adjacent Sentences Clues - Correct Answers ✅Using adjoining sentences to present adjoining definition Luminosity - Correct Answers ✅Emission of light Contingency Fund - Correct Answers ✅Cash that is set aside for unexpected needs of the business. Emergency money Furrows - Correct Answers ✅Long cuts made by a plow

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Shambling - Correct Answers ✅Walking awkwardly, falling apart Entire passage clues - Correct Answers ✅Look at the entire paragraph or passage to figure out the definion of word or term. Nostalgia - Correct Answers ✅Greek word for "away from home, "pain" Nostalgic - Correct Answers ✅Feeling distress discomfort, alienated, separated from the love ones or a love place credibility - Correct Answers ✅believability assuage - Correct Answers ✅To make easier or milder, relieve; to quiet, calm; to put an end to, appease, satisfy, quench Hyperbole - Correct Answers ✅a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor Apahty - Correct Answers ✅lack of caring or eamotion

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Xenophobic - Correct Answers ✅having a fear or hatred for foreigners incarceration - Correct Answers ✅imprisonment; jailing; confinement Main idea - Correct Answers ✅What the author says about the topic; the most important message of the selection. sequence of events - Correct Answers ✅Identify the proper order in which specific steps of a task are performed transition words - Correct Answers ✅Words or phrases that signal a change from one idea to another. supporting details - Correct Answers ✅ideas that support, or back up, the main idea of a selection skeleton of a paragraph - Correct Answers ✅sentences that help to frame and support the main idea on a paragraph writers purpose - Correct Answers ✅the reason or reasons an author has for writing a selection

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Basic expository writing - Correct Answers ✅Gives information not previously known about a topic or is used to explain or define one. descriptive writing - Correct Answers ✅writing that uses details that appeal to one or more of the readers 5 senses Narrative writing - Correct Answers ✅writing about the events in a personal way; a story Persuasive writing - Correct Answers ✅a type of writing that aims at convincing people to think or act in a certain way Journalistic writing - Correct Answers ✅Factual and objective. Free of bias. Relays info about event, person or thing. Cause and effect - Correct Answers ✅is a text structure that writers use to explain how or why one thing leads to another. The cause is the reason that an action or reaction takes place. The effect is the result or consequence of the cause Causal chain - Correct Answers ✅(rhetoric) when one event triggers another and in turn triggers another, and so on

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Explicit Cause and effect - Correct Answers ✅definite, clearly stated Implicit cause and effect - Correct Answers ✅(adj.) implied or understood though unexpressed; without doubts or reservations, unquestioning; potentially contained in opposition to argument - Correct Answers ✅Analyzes relationships between ideas in disagreement exhilaration - Correct Answers ✅thrill; invigoration inference - Correct Answers ✅A conclusion one draws based on premises or evidence, conclusion based on the content of the passage tone - Correct Answers ✅(linguistics) a pitch or change in pitch of the voice that serves to distinguish words in tonal languages synthax - Correct Answers ✅the ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns

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diction - Correct Answers ✅the manner in which something is expressed in words bias - Correct Answers ✅influence in an unfair way fact - Correct Answers ✅a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened opinion - Correct Answers ✅a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty reasoning - Correct Answers ✅using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable valid - Correct Answers ✅founded on fact or evidence invalid - Correct Answers ✅not good enough; not correct analogy - Correct Answers ✅an inference that if things agree in some respects they probably agree in others

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sumarize - Correct Answers ✅Make a big "chuck" of information smaller. outline - Correct Answers ✅describe roughly or briefly or give the main points or summary of Outlines - Correct Answers ✅helpful tools that organize information in visual way to better understand concepts. mapping - Correct Answers ✅the process of linking content from one terminology or classification scheme to another qualitative descriptions - Correct Answers ✅qualities or characteristics such as color, texture, heat changes, form of material quantitative descriptions - Correct Answers ✅How much of of the results of one of one treatment differ from another classification - Correct Answers ✅the process of grouping things based on their similarities Estimation - Correct Answers ✅method of making an educated guess at a measurement

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comparison - Correct Answers ✅relation based on similarities and differences tables - Correct Answers ✅A simple way to organize information using rows and columns to align data in an easy-to-read format. graphs - Correct Answers ✅Charts that represent data (Ex: Pie, Bar, Line) maps - Correct Answers ✅provide info about specific geographic location; look for a legend with symbols, compass, and scale illustrations - Correct Answers ✅Drawings, photographs, maps, graphs, tables, charts, cartoons, etc. in an article pictograph - Correct Answers ✅a graph that uses pictures to show and compare information bar graph - Correct Answers ✅a graph that uses horizontal or vertical bars to display data

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line graph - Correct Answers ✅a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space circle graph - Correct Answers ✅A graph of data where the entire circle represents the whole or 100% scatter plot - Correct Answers ✅a graph with points plotted to show a possible relationship between two sets of data. steam and leaf plots - Correct Answers ✅graphs the frequencies of quantitative variables like a frequency histogram turned on its side. histograms - Correct Answers ✅A graph that uses bars to represent the frequency of numerical data that has been organized into intervals values - Correct Answers ✅Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable audience needs - Correct Answers ✅what the audience needs to learn/needs to know constrains - Correct Answers ✅limits or restrict

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demographic information - Correct Answers ✅The "person" characteristics (age, sex, race, and occupation)-- of descriptive epidemiology used to characterize the population at risk, Information relevant to population statistics such as age, cultural group, place of birth, religion, and the like unity - Correct Answers ✅quality of a piece of writing (also see coherence) coherence - Correct Answers ✅quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle focus - Correct Answers ✅The center of interest or attention. point of view - Correct Answers ✅the perspective from which a story is told third person writting - Correct Answers ✅It is recommended that you write in this person

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tense - Correct Answers ✅a grammatical category of verbs used to express distinctions of time Number - Correct Answers ✅the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural) enhancing interest - Correct Answers ✅attention grabbing dynamic vocabulary avoid cliches ensuring understanding - Correct Answers ✅avoid; "clearly", "obviously", "and Undoubtedly use words that fits the meaning intended when in doubt explain futher maintain focus - Correct Answers ✅focus on main point start paragraph with topic sentence stick to the point be flexible

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select material with - Correct Answers ✅accuracy, relevance, importance, and sufficiency accuracy - Correct Answers ✅1. The condition or quality of being true, correct, or exact; precision; exactness. 2. The degree of correctness of a quantity or expression. relevance - Correct Answers ✅the quality of information that indicates the information makes a difference in a decision Importance - Correct Answers ✅the quality of being important and worthy of note sufficiency - Correct Answers ✅an adequate quantity Logical order - Correct Answers ✅pattern of organization used for an expository essay statement support - Correct Answers ✅the main idea is stated and the rest of the paragraph explains or proves it

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comparison - contrast - Correct Answers ✅A method of informing that explains something by focusing on how it is similar and different from other things spatial place - Correct Answers ✅System of paragraph organization in which descriptions are organized according to the location of items in relation to each other and/or the larger context. example, clarification, definition - Correct Answers ✅explains of elaborates on the main idea, show specific cases. describes one term extensively definition - Correct Answers ✅a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol similarity - Correct Answers ✅Also, in the same way just as, so too, likewise, exception/contrast - Correct Answers ✅but, however, in spite of, on the one hand.... on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, in contrast on the contrary, still , yer sequence/order - Correct Answers ✅first, second third, next, then finally

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time - Correct Answers ✅afterward, after , at last, before, currently, during, earlier, immediately, later, meanwhile, now, recently, simultaneously,suvsequently example - Correct Answers ✅for example for instance, namely specifically, to illustrate emphasis - Correct Answers ✅even, indeed, in fact of course, tuly place/ possition - Correct Answers ✅above , adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front , in back, nearby, there cause and effect (relationships) - Correct Answers ✅accordingly, consecutively, hence, so, therefore, thus Additional Support or evidence - Correct Answers ✅Additionally, again , also , and , as well, besides, equally important, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, then Conclusion/ Summary - Correct Answers ✅Finally, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, in the end in the final analysis , on the whole, thus, to conclude, to summarize , in sum, in summary.

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topic sentence - Correct Answers ✅A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis. Write topic sentences - Correct Answers ✅Relate topic to the thesis statement. State clearly and concretely the subject of the paragraph. Provide transition from the previous paragraph. Avoid topic sentences that are fact, questions , or announcers. fragment - Correct Answers ✅1. Word groups standing alone are missing either a subject of a verb or 2. If word groups containing a subject and verb and standing alone are actually made dependent because of the use of subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns. run on sentences - Correct Answers ✅A run-on sentence consists of two or more main clauses that are run together without proper punctuation comma splices - Correct Answers ✅A comma instead of a period or semicolon is used to join, or splice, two independent sentences

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Use of verbs - Correct Answers ✅A verb must correspond to the singular or plural form with the simple subject. to bake ----past tense - Correct Answers ✅baked to bake ---- past participle - Correct Answers ✅baked to be ---- past tense - Correct Answers ✅was (singular). were (plural) to be ---- past participle - Correct Answers ✅been To Become---- past tense - Correct Answers ✅became To Become---- past participle - Correct Answers ✅become to break---- past tense - Correct Answers ✅broke to break---- past participle - Correct Answers ✅broken

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agreement between pronoun and antecedent - Correct Answers ✅Mus correspond to its antecedent in number (singular or plural), person (first, second, or third) and gender (male, female or neutral) pronoun must refer to single word, not a complete idea. Pronoun shifts - Correct Answers ✅Avoid shifts between first person ("I," "we"), second person ("you"), and third person ("he," "she," "it," "they") while you are still referring to the same people or things relative clause - Correct Answers ✅A clause introduced by a relative pronoun, such as WHO, WHICH, THAT, or by a relative adverb, such as WHERE, WHEN, WHY., A clause which is attached to a noun phrase, which it modifies by giving extra information. expletives - Correct Answers ✅words without meaning in the sentence ambiguity sentences - Correct Answers ✅sentences are ambiguous if they are composed of the same sounds in the same order, and have different meanings relative pronouns - Correct Answers ✅joins a dependent clause to an independent clause (who, whom, whose, which, that and all of the W's

• ever)

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who/ subjective nominative whom /objective whose/ possesive demonstrative pronouns - Correct Answers ✅This, that, these, those slow - Correct Answers ✅slower (comparative) slowest (superlative) Young - Correct Answers ✅younger (comparative) youngest (superlative) Tall - Correct Answers ✅taller (comparative) tallest (superlative) Quiet - Correct Answers ✅More quiet (comparative) Most quiet (superlative) Energetic - Correct Answers ✅More energetic (comparative) Most energetic (superlative)

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Quick - Correct Answers ✅More Quickly (comparative) Most Quickly (superlative) homonyms - Correct Answers ✅words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings (sale/sail) homographs - Correct Answers ✅words that are spelled the same but have different meanings Heteronyms - heterophones - Correct Answers ✅words that are spelled the same but differ in pronunciation and meaning capitonym - Correct Answers ✅A word that changes meaning depending on the capitalization accept - Correct Answers ✅tolerate except - Correct Answers ✅leave out add - Correct Answers ✅put together ad - Correct Answers ✅advertisement

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allowed - Correct Answers ✅permitted aloud - Correct Answers ✅aydibly allot - Correct Answers ✅to distribute allocatte - Correct Answers ✅a lot, much, many bare - Correct Answers ✅naked, exposed, very little bear - Correct Answers ✅1. large mammal

2. verb to carry boy - Correct Answers ✅child, male adolescent buoy - Correct Answers ✅floating marker in the sea allusion - Correct Answers ✅indirect, reference illusion - Correct Answers ✅a distortion of sensory perception

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bridal - Correct Answers ✅pertinent to a bride bridle - Correct Answers ✅part of a horse's tack capital -Capital - Correct Answers ✅1.punishable by death

2. With upper case the principal town or city
3. With upper case wealth and money Capitol - Correct Answers ✅A building where a legislative body of a republic, state or country meets chord - Correct Answers ✅a combination of three or more notes that blend harmoniously when sounded together cord - Correct Answers ✅a line made of twisted fibers or threads compliment - Correct Answers ✅a remark (or act) expressing praise and admiration complement - Correct Answers ✅something added to complete or make perfect

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discrete - Correct Answers ✅constituting a separate entity or part discreet - Correct Answers ✅marked by prudence or modesty and wise self-restraint dyeing - Correct Answers ✅the use of dye to change the color of something permanently dying - Correct Answers ✅process of decline in body functions, resulting in death of an organism effect - Correct Answers ✅produce, outcome affect - Correct Answers ✅have an effect upon gorilla - Correct Answers ✅largest anthropoid ape guerrilla - Correct Answers ✅a member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harassment

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hair - Correct Answers ✅a filamentous projection or process on an organism hare - Correct Answers ✅rabbit hoard - Correct Answers ✅hide, store, accumulate horde - Correct Answers ✅a group of people; a large crowd lam - Correct Answers ✅a rapid escape (as by criminals) lamb - Correct Answers ✅young sheep medal - Correct Answers ✅an award for winning a championship or commemorating some other event meddle - Correct Answers ✅intrude in other people's affairs or business metal - Correct Answers ✅a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten