Chemistry & Physiology of Vitamin E: Structure, Synthesis, & Therapeutic Uses, Assignments of Pharmacy

Download Chemistry & Physiology of Vitamin E: Structure, Synthesis, & Therapeutic Uses and more Assignments Pharmacy in PDF only on Docsity! 0 CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCT (MPC 104T) ASSIGNMENT TOPIC – Chemistry & Physiological significance of Vitamin E Session – 2020-21 SUBMITTED TO - SUBMITTED BY- Prof. N.S. Hari Narayana Moorthy RAM RUDRA SAHU (Dept of pharmacy) M.Pharmacy 1st sem. (Pharma. Chem.) 1 ❖ Definition of Vitamin :- thus, conserved by the organism; whereas storage of th e Chemistry of Vitamin E - Vitamin E Tocopherols Tocotrienoits Alpha-tocopherol Alpha-tocotrienol Beta-tocopherol Beta-tocotrienol Gamma-tocopherol Gamma-tocotrienol Delta-tocopherol Detta-tocotrienol o Vitamin E is the name given to a group of tocopherols and tocotrienols. co About four tocopherols (vitmin E vitamers) have been identified aloha, beta, gama, delta. 2 Alpha- tochopherols is the most active. a The tochopherols are the derivatives of 6- hydroxy chromane (tocol) ring with isoprenoid (Sunits) side chain. o The antioxidant property is due to chromane ring. = Vitamin E refers to a family of eight molecules having a chromanol ring (chroman ring with an alcoholic hydroxyl group) and a 12-carbon aliphatic side chain containing two methyl groups in the middle and two more methyl groups at the end. = For the four tocopherols the side chain is saturated, whereas for the four tocotrienols the side chain contains three double-bonds, all of which adjoin a methyl group. = The four tocopherols and the four tocotrienols have an alpha, beta, gamma and delta form — named on the basis of the number and position of the methy! groups on the chromanol ring. = The alpha form has three methyl groups, the beta & gamma forms have two methyl groups and the delta for has only one methyl group. (4 J  5 Alpha-tocopherol is a lipid-soluble antioxidant functioning within the glutathione peroxidase pathway and protecting cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction. This removes the free radical intermediates and prevents the oxidation reaction from continuing. The oxidized α-tocopheroxyl radicals produced in this process may be recycled back to the active reduced form through reduction by other antioxidants, such as ascorbate, retinol or ubiquinol. Other forms of vitamin E have their own unique properties; for example, γ-tocopherol is a nucleophile that can react with electrophilic mutagens. 6 Tocotrienols have only a single chiral center, which exists at the 2' chromanol ring carbon, at the point where the isoprenoid tail joins the ring. The other two corresponding centers in the phytyl tail of the corresponding tocopherols do not exist as chiral centers for tocotrienols due to unsaturation (C-C double bonds) at these sites. Tocotrienols extracted from plants are always dextrorotatory stereoisomers, signified as d-tocotrienols. In theory, levorotatory forms of tocotrienols (l-tocotrienols) could exist as well, which would have a 2S rather than 2R configuration at the molecules' single chiral center, but unlike synthetic dl-alpha- tocopherol, the marketed tocotrienol dietary supplements are all d- tocotrienol extracts from palm or annatto oils. CH, HO CH; HC ° . i, CH, CH; CH; CH e Alpha Tocopherol (Vitamin E) (Lipid Vitamin C R* Free Radicals) CH, *O CH, H.C or 3 CH, CH; CH CH. CH3 3 3 3 3 Tocopheroxy! Free Radical (Oxidized Vitamin E) = "Genarally the free radicals attack the cell membrane, proteins, and DNA causing severe health problums such as cancer and cardivascular diseases. Vitamin E readily reacts with these free radicals and transforms them into less reactive and non harmful forms. Vitamin E providers the stability and intergrity of cellular membranes and imparts protection from various pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases,neuronal diseases,dermal diseases and other chronic diseases. vitamin E aids in proper blood clotting and skeletal and cardiac muscles. It also useful in ---- Regulating cellular metabolism in the body including protein synthesis muscles. Provides vitamin C form oxidation. production of red blood cells. Stabilization of fats and amino acids. Metabolism of nucleic aids and steroids. (9 J  e THERAPEUTIC USES - Vitamin E is also particularly vital in treating many skin problems and diseases such as psoriasis. As for the treatment of scars, although many people have experienced and claimed that vitamin E lotions help soften the appearance of acne and surgical scars . They have nevertheless, help preventing skin damage and cancer due to its sun protection quality and its powerful antioxidant properties. There was a 40% reduced risk of coronary artery disease for those who took vitamin E supplements compared to those who did not. Many types of cancer are believed to result from oxidative damage to DNA caused by free radicals. Antioxidants - such as vitamin E - help protect against the damaging effects of free radicals, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. Vitamin E also may block the formation of nitrosamines, which are carcinogens formed in the stomach from nitrites consumed in the diet. Vitamin E may also protect against the development of cancers by enhancing immune function. Prostate cancer: some evidence associates higher intake of vitamin E with a decreased incidence of prostate cancer. The study showed that pre-menopausal women with a family history of breast cancer who consumed the highest quantity of vitamin E enjoyed a 43% reduction in breast cancer A potent antioxidant, Vitamin E is useful for a range of topical applications, including treating burns, reducing wrinkles, healing irritations, and protecting against sun damage. Many physicians, surgeons, and wound technicians use and recommend vitamin E to help reduce scarring from surgery or injury. Vitamin E is also a popular treatment for post-pregnancy stretch marks, which is supported by a number of studies. The formation of amyloid plaques in the brain is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. (2 J  vitamin E can help prevent chronic age-related illnesses, including heart disease and Alzheimer’s. Vitamin E supports many of the body’s daily functions such as protecting red blood cells and maintaining the immune system. It may also safeguard skin from harmful ultraviolet rays. Vitamin E, an antioxidant that protects the skin from free radicals. The top layer (epidermis) protecting the skin from harsh weather and reducing the dryness that causes ashy skin. Vitamin E brings a lot of health benefits for the body and is particularly important especially for our skins, hearts, muscles and red blood cells. In addition, Vitamin E also protects our cell membranes as well as keeping our blood circulations and nerves healthy. In actual, one of the major benefits of Vitamin E is protecting Vitamin A from the damage of free radicals which are substances that are known to damage body cells and cause cancer. Vitamin E works to defends the body against tissue damage. As it also protects the body’s red blood cells, it can ward of the possible development of anemia. Other benefits of Vitamin E include helping to control blood pressure and lowering blood sugar. Side effects/adverse effects. Taking vitamin E supplements for up to 4 months at doses of 530 mg or 800 IU (35 times the current RDA) had no negative side-effect on general health, body weight, levels of body proteins, lipid levels, liver or kidney function thyroid hormones amount or kinds of blood cells and bleeding time over doses may cause Nausea, vomitng, diarrhoea. vitamin E products in excess of 1200 IU daily may interfere with absorption and metabolism of vitamins A and K. But one can get benefits with much lower levels of vitamin. individuals who are vitamin K(people who are on blood thinners) deficient should not take alpha-tocopherol supplements without close medical supervision because of the increased risk of hemorrhage. (uJ