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Vocabulary Building: Synonyms and Antonyms, Exams of English Language

A comprehensive list of vocabulary words with their synonyms and antonyms. It covers a wide range of terms, from abstract concepts like "grandeur" and "veracity" to more concrete words like "mutton" and "porter". Structured in an easy-to-navigate format, making it a valuable resource for students, writers, and anyone looking to expand their vocabulary. By exploring the nuances of these words and their relationships, readers can develop a deeper understanding of the english language and improve their communication skills. Whether you're preparing for an exam, working on a writing project, or simply interested in language, this document offers a wealth of information to enhance your linguistic abilities.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/26/2024

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Ap Lang Exam Review Questions & Detailed

Answers

Argumentative/Synthesis Essay - ANS -intro, 2-3 main points, counterargument, conclusion -counterargument can be separate paragraph anywhere in the body, or tied in to one of the main point paragraphs -use at least 3 sources, 1 to back up counterargument -use specific evidence; don't make the reader look up evidence -"According to Source A..."; put (Source A) at the end of sentence using specific evidence -high diction -clear, concise thesis -don't stress over qualifying, defending, or challenging; whatever you choose, do it well Rhetorical Analysis Essay - ANS -analyze diction, syntax, rhetorical strategies -show respect for author -refer to author (if any) by full name first, and then last name once you use full name -avoid cliches ("so-and-so paints a picture," etc.") -do not waste time on intro -no contractions- spell everything out

-clear, concise thesis Argumentative/Elaboration Essay - ANS -use examples from history, literature, science, personal, etc (at least 3 examples is best) -come up with your own evidence -refer to author (if any) by full name first, and then last name once you use full name -clear, concise thesis Alliteration - ANS when two words in a sentence begin with the same letter EX: The big blue ball Antonomasia - ANS a substitution of any epithet or phrase for a proper name EX: "The King of Rock n Roll" for Elvis Presley Anthimeria - ANS any novel change in a word's use, most commonly the use of a noun as if it were a verb EX: "Chill-cold; there's a time to break and a time to chill"

Assonance - ANS the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usually in successive or proximate words EX: "she sells seashells by the seashore" Anaphora - ANS repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines EX: "and so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire...let freedom ring from...let freedom ring from..." Epistrophe - ANS ending a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words EX: "where now? when now? who now?" Anadiplosis - ANS the repetition of the last word of a preceding clause. The word is used at the end of the sentence and then used again at the beginning of the next sentence EX: "The mountains look on Marathon - And Marathon looks on the sea..." "He retained his virtues amidst all his - misfortunes — misfortunes which no prudence could foresee or prevent." "For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime,

Young Lycidas and hath not left his peer." Epizeuxis - ANS the repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession, for vehemence or emphasis EX: "And thou no breath at all? Thou'lt come no more, Never, never, never, never!" -King Lear "We are never ever ever ever getting back together" -Taylor Swift Caricature - ANS device used in descriptive writing and visual arts where particular aspects of a subject are exaggerated to create a silly or comic effect EX: "Mr. Chadband is a large yellow man, with a fat smile, and a general appearance of having a good deal of train oil in his system. Mrs. Chadband is a stern, severe-looking, silent woman. Mr. Chadband moves softly and cumbrously, not unlike a bear who has been taught to walk upright. He is very much embarrassed about the arms, as if they were inconvenient to him." Parenthesis - ANS an explanatory or qualifying word, clause, or sentence inserted into a passage that is not essential to the literal meaning EX: my dog, who is very hyper, has shaggy hair

Indirect discourse - ANS discourse consisting not of an exact quotation of a speaker's words but of a version transformed from them for grammatical inclusion in a larger sentence EX: He said he was hungry Diatribe - ANS a forceful and bitter attack against someone or something EX: a father lecturing his son about how the son is not doing anything with his life Diacope - ANS the repetition of a word or phrase with one or two intervening words EX: "All happy families are alike, but an unhappy family is unhappy after its own fashion." ("unhappy" is the diacope) Parallelism - ANS refers to grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence EX: "good we must love, and must hate ill" Epanalepsis - ANS the repetition of the initial word(s) of a clause or sentence at the end of that same clause or sentence

EX: "the king is dead; long live the king" Isocolon - ANS a string of phrases of corresponding structure and equal length EX: "I came; I saw; I conquered" Ellipsis - ANS the suppression of ancillary words to render an expression more lively or more forceful EX: John can play the guitar; Mary can too Polysyndeton - ANS opposite of asyndeton, the deliberate use of many conjunctions for emphasis EX: we ran and sang and jumped and danced and laughed and smiled Paradox - ANS an apparently contradictory statement that nevertheless contains a measure of truth; like oxymoron EX: "all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others" Antithesis - ANS the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure; emphasizes dissimilarities and contraries; produces the quality of an aphorism

EX: "it was the best of times, it was the worst of times" Anastrophe (or inversion) - ANS when the syntactically correct order of subject, object, and verb might be changed to object-subject-verb EX: "to me alone there came a thought of grief" Apposition - ANS placing side by side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first EX: "we were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages" Asyndeton - ANS the omission of conjunctions in a series of related clauses EX: "are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, shrunk to this little measure?" "without looking, without making a sound, without talking" Antimetabole - ANS repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order; sounds like an aphorism EX: "eat to live, not live to eat"

"if you fail to plan, you plan to fail" Chiasmus - ANS the repetition and arrangement of two key terms in a sentence using the ABBA pattern EX: "his time a moment, and a point his space" "do I love you because you're beautiful? Or are you beautiful because I love you?" Metonymy - ANS substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is actually meant EX: "friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears" Synecdoche - ANS a figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole EX: "his eyes met hers as she sat there paler and whiter than anyone in the vast ocean of anxious faces about her" (faces refers to people) Zeugma - ANS where a single word is used in relation to two other parts of a sentence although the word grammatically or logically applies to one EX: "[They] covered themselves with dust and glory"

Personification - ANS investing abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities or abilities EX: "the woods are getting ready to sleep" Apostrophe - ANS addressing an absent person or a personified abstraction EX: "twinkle twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are..." Hyperbole - ANS the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect EX: "I had to wait in the station for ten days- an eternity" Cataphora - ANS when a term is used to first insert an expression or word that co- refers with a later expression in the discourse EX: "Why do we envy him, the bankrupt man?" ("him" and "man") Litotes - ANS deliberate use of understatement, not to deceive someone but to enhance the impressiveness of what is stated EX: "I am not unaware how the productions of the Grub Street brotherhood have of late years fallen under many prejudices"

Oxymoron - ANS the yoking of two terms that are ordinarily contradictory; produces a startling effect EX: "why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate!" Onomatopoeia - ANS use of words whose sound echoes the sense EX: "it went zip when it moved and bop when it stopped..." Declarative sentence - ANS assertive, makes a statement EX: the king is dead Imperative sentence - ANS authoritative, gives a command EX: wash the dishes Interrogative sentence - ANS questioning, asks a question EX: is the king dead?

Exclamatory sentence - ANS emotional, makes an exclamation EX: the king is dead! Simple sentence - ANS contains one subject and one verb; has only one main, complete thought EX: I ran Complex sentence - ANS one simple sentence and one or more clauses connected to simple sentence with subordinating conjunctions EX: Because I fell down the stairs, I had a scratch on my knee Compound sentence - ANS two independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction or semicolon EX: She walked home, but her mom had already driven to school to pick her up Compound-complex sentence - ANS a combination of the above EX: Since I was tired, I went back to sleep, but I slept through my alarm

Loose sentence (cumulative) - ANS makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending EX: I watched TV, reclining in the chair, eating ice cream, talking on the phone Periodic sentence - ANS makes sense only when the end of a sentence is reached EX: Reclining in the chair, eating ice cream, talking on the phone, I watched TV Balanced sentence - ANS the phrases and clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length EX: "life is a comedy to those who think, a tragedy to those who feel" Participle - ANS a word that looks like a verb but is used as an adjective EX: The man carrying the bricks is my father (the phrase carrying the bricks describes the man, thus an adjective) Infinitive - ANS a word that looks like a verb but is used as a noun, adjective, or adverb EX: I like to swim (to swim is used as a noun in the infinitive form)

Absolute - ANS when a participle and the noun that comes before it together forms an independent phrase EX: "the man stood laughing, his weapon at his hips" "we decided to have our picnic, the weather being warm and clear" Gerund - ANS a word that looks like a verb but is used as a noun EX: I enjoy reading (reading is a noun) Cause and effect (Causal analysis) - ANS a writer chooses a subject and determines how he/she is going to examine the causes and effects in relation to it EX: "in recent decades, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for this occurrence. First, the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, attracted many people from rural areas. Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. The promise of a better education persuaded many families to leave farming communities and move to the cities. Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities"

Comparison and contrast - ANS writer examines how two subjects are similar or different EX: "work and school are very much alike in at least five ways. First, both require an early start...Second,...Next,...Also,...Finally,..." "however, there are also some differences between the two institutions..." Definition - ANS writing that explains what a term or concept means EX: "Happiness is a very complex emotion that can be felt in many ways. It can come from the senses: the sight of a smile on a child's face, the smell of flowers in the air, the feeling of the sun on one's face, or the sound of music. Happiness can also come from basic necessities such as food for the hungry, a blanket for the cold, and a drink for the thirsty. More lasting emotions can give rise to happiness, too-- for example, love: love of parents, brothers and sisters, husband or wife, and love of all mankind. In essence, happiness seems to result from being in accord with life and its experiences. When such happiness is achieved, it can bring great peace of mind" Narration - ANS writer tells or retells a sequence of evens within a particular time frame for a specific purpose

EX: "One of my most unforgettable experiences was seeing a tornado. My husband and I had spent a day in Cincinnati and were on the way back to Dayton. It was an unusually hot day for the early spring. Later in the afternoon the temperature dropped, and a few dark clouds gathered. Then I saw the twister. The great funnel moved extremely fast and constantly changed its position and shape. First, it became tall and skinny, and later, it shrank back to a smaller size. Even though it must have been miles away from us, we could see the flying and swirling pieces of objects in the air. The twister lifted them up and threw them all over the countryside. Later that night we learned the tragic news about Xenia, Ohio. The swirling objects that we had seen were houses, roof tops, and cars. Today, when an announcement of a tornado warning is given, I search for a hiding place. Seeing the incredible power of the tornado made a believer out of me, and earned my everlasting respect" Illustration (exemplification) - ANS writer uses examples to show, explain, prove a point EX: "There are many types of friendship, but a true friendship that stands the test of time requires patience, sacrifice, and shared experiences. Friends must be patient with each other. Even though friends may be alike in many ways, they will be different in other ways. So if you are a fast eater, but your friend is a slow eater, you may have to wait for him or her to finish eating if you go out to a restaurant. You might also have to compromise on the air temperature or the music level if you and your friend go on a road trip..." Description - ANS writing that creates a clear and vivid impression of the topic; translates experience into words often by appealing to the five senses

EX: "My doctor's office is a gloomy place. The walls are a depressing institutional green, and the one facing the entrance features the standard Norman Rockwell painting of a country physician. The frame is chipped, and the faded print has a layer of dust on it. The furniture looks like garage sale rejects, with torn vinyl and loose legs, and it's not even as comfortable as a park bench. The magazines, Readers Digest and Newsweek, are out of date and so badly worn that reading them is nearly impossible. There used to be a pot of live flowers near the door, but it's gone now. All that remains is an ugly water stain that has left a smelly, moldy ring in the corner. Adding the final touch is the usual, large group of sick people, coughing and moaning. The whole place makes a patient wonder if being ill at home isn't better than being there" Classification - ANS writer groups items together that share important characteristics EX: "People looking to lose weight have a few options: exercise, diet, weight loss pills, and surgery. Exercising involves going to a gym, working out at home, or joining some sort of class or sports team. Those who are dieting can talk to a doctor about a plan for them. Weight loss pills can be taken, if proper precautions and directions are followed. Individuals who are severely overweight can talk to a doctor about having surgery to lose the weight that they need" Process analysis - ANS either explains how to do something or explains how something works EX: "To be a good friend, an individual has to spend time working on her friendships, or they will eventually fade. When two people first meet, they both

need to be sure they are acting in good manor, so they don't scare the other away. After they meet and start talking a few times, they will start getting to know each other, calling each other, and spending more time with each other. That is how a friendship begins. After they call each other "friends", the friendship has to be made through the effort of more than just one person, so each has to do her own part. Friendships shouldn't take a lot of money but they do take a lot of time and care. Friends should always listen to what the other has to say, and then should give advice only when asked for it. No matter how much friends are alike, everyone has differences, so a friend should be able to accept their differences. After being a friend to a person for a long period of time, one might get tired of hearing repeated problems everyday, but a good friend will always be there for her friend no matter what" Apathetic - ANS indifferent to something, unconcerned Contrite - ANS apologetic, showing remorse Cynical - ANS bitter, resentful, distrusting Callous - ANS unfeeling, coldhearted Impetuous - ANS brash, foolhardy Infantile - ANS childish, immature

Erudite - ANS learned, cultured, scholarly Pedantic - ANS meticulous, exact, precise Inquisitive - ANS curious, questioning Jovial - ANS good-natured, light-hearted Melancholic - ANS forlorn, despondent Wistful - ANS nostalgic, sentimental Poignant - ANS touching, upsetting Quixotic - ANS romantic, loving (idealistic) Ribald - ANS coarse, vulgar Sardonic - ANS bitterly scornful, cynically disdainful Induction - ANS process of reasoning by which you develop evidence in order to reach a useful generalization

Deduction - ANS process of reasoning that proceeds from the general to the particular Refutation - ANS acknowledgment and handling of opposing viewpoints Justification - ANS what defines a claim as being something worth arguing about, that the claim requires some evidence and interpretation (grounds) in order to be believed, and the claim is not already accepted by likely readers Conclusion - ANS derives logically from the major and minor propositions; the end of an argument Claim - ANS an opinion that can be justified by further evidence and interpretation Counterargument - ANS alternative interpretation of evidence that challenges rather than supports claim Argument - ANS a series of statements intended to justify some opinion Fallacy - ANS a weak interpretation of evidence, as opposed to a valid, strong, or convincing interpretation of evidence

Evidence - ANS that part of the argument that is interpreted in support of the claim Grounds - ANS the evidence and interpretation combined in support of your claim Backing - ANS an even broader principle that serves as the function for a warrant Warrant - ANS a stated/unstated belief, rule, principle that underlies an argument Ethos - ANS establishing credibility; using ethics to establish credibility Pathos - ANS appeal to emotions Logos - ANS using logical appeals Transfer - ANS add strength to argument by referring to respected sources or authorities and explaining their positions on the issues discussed Ad hominem - ANS a character attack, insulting a person or cause instead of addressing the argument or issue Hasty generalization - ANS utilizing stereotypes in an argument, making sweeping conclusions based on little evidence

Oversimplification - ANS careless reasoning that doesn't factor in all of the issues at hand Begging the question - ANS a cyclical argument that's based on an assumption made by the writer Post hoc - ANS assuming that two events are related, that one is the cause for the other when it could just be coincidence False analogy - ANS assuming without sufficient proof that if two things are similar in some ways, they will be similar in other ways acuity (n) - ANS the ability to see, hear, or understand something easily; keenness of perception SYNONYMS: sharpness, acuteness, perceptivity adept (n) - ANS a highly skilled person SYNONYMS: expert, know-it-all, connoisseur, hotshot adept (adj) - ANS very good at doing something that is not easy

SYNONYMS: proficient, masterful, virtuoso admonish (v) - ANS to speak to (someone) in a way that expresses disappointment or criticism; to tell or urge (someone) to do something SYNONYMS: chide, reproach, reprimand ambiguous (adj) - ANS a doubtful or uncertain especially from obscurity of indistinctness; capable of being understood in two or more possible senses or ways SYNONYMS: obscure, murky, arcane apocalyptic (adj) - ANS of, relating to, or resembling an apocalypse; forecasting the ultimate destiny of the world; foreboding imminent disaster or final doom; wildly unrestrained; ultimately decisive SYNONYMS: climactic, epochal, cataclysmal apocryphal (n) - ANS well-known but probably not true; of doubtful authenticity SYNONYMS: fictitious, mythical, inaccurate appellation (n) - ANS an identifying name or title

SYNONYMS: name, denotation, moniker archetype (n) - ANS the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are copies; a perfect example SYNONYMS: idea, prototype, form ascertain (v) - ANS to find out or learn with certainty; to make certain, exact or precise SYNONYMS: discover, realize, find out assiduous (adj) - ANS showing great care, attention, and effort SYNONYMS: diligent, sedulous, engaged banal (adj) - ANS lacking originality, freshness, or novelty; not interesting SYNONYMS: insipid, watery, flat base (n) - ANS the lowest or bottom part: the base of a cliff; the base of a lamp; the part of a plant or animal organ that is nearest to its point of attachment; the point

of attachment of such an organ ; a supporting part or layer; a foundation: a skyscraper built on a base of solid rock; a basic or underlying element; infrastructure: the nation's industrial base; the fundamental principle or underlying concept of a system or theory; a basis; a fundamental ingredient; a chief constituent: a paint with an oil base; the fact, observation, or premise from which a reasoning process is begun; a starting point, safety area, or goal; any one of the four corners of an infield, marked by a bag or plate, that must be touched by a runner before a run can be scored; a center of organization, supply, or activity; a headquarters; the portion of a social organization, especially a political party, consisting of the most dedicated or motivated members; a fortified center of operations; a supply center for a large force of military personnel; a facial cosmetic used to even out the complexion or provide a surface for other makeup; a foundation; the lowest part of a structure, such as a wall, considered as a separate unit: the base of a column; the lower part of a shield; a morpheme or morphemes regarded as a form to which affixes or other bases may be added; the side or face of a geometric figure to which an altitude is or is thought to be drawn; the number that is raised to various powers to generate the principal counting units of a number system. The base of the decimal system, for example, is 10; the number raised to the logarithm of a designated number in order to produce that designated number; the number at which a chosen logarithmic scale has the value 1; a line used as a reference for measurement or computations; any of a class of compounds base (adj) - ANS not honest or good SYNONYMS: sordid, ignominious, nasty base (v) - ANS to form or provide a base for; to find a basis for; to assign to a base

SYNONYMS: station, create, establish bastion (n) - ANS a projecting part of a fortification; a well-fortified position; one that upholds or defends something, as against neglect or unpopularity SYNONYMS: citadel, fortress, mainstay berate (v) - ANS to rebuke or scold angrily and at length SYNONYMS: chide, reprimand, castigate bourgeoisie (n) - ANS the middle class; in Marxist theory, the social group opposed to the proletariat in the class struggle SYNONYMS: club, league, middle class, circle calumny (n) - ANS a false statement maliciously made to injure another's reputation; the utterance of maliciously false statements SYNONYMS: slander, defamation, lie cant (n) - ANS angular deviation from a vertical/horizontal surface; an inclination or slope; a slanted or oblique surface; an outer corner; tedious or hackneyed language, esp. when used sanctimoniously; the special vocabulary to the members