Walden University NURS6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm & Final Exam Part 1, Exams of Nursing

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Walden University

NURS6501 Advanced

Pathophysiology

Midterm & Final Exam

Part 1

Updated April 2021

NURS 6501 Advanced

Pathophysiology

Midterm & Final Exam

Part 1

26 of the 100 Questions on

the Multiple Choice Test

*with Answers

Note: This document is the summation of test questions and answers found on the NURS 6501 course Mid-term and Final exams. The document is intended to facilitate remediation and review of the NURS 6501 Mid-term and Final exams. This document is not intended for the purpose of cheating or academic dishonesty. Please note that the issuer will not be held liable for the misuse of the document for its original and intended purpose(s).

1. A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior? Answer: B a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL

b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL

c. (^) Sodium 149 mEq/L

d. (^) Potassium 2.5 mEq/L

2. A person has hypothyroidism. What chemical does the healthcare professional advise the person to include in the diet? Answer: B a. Iron

b. Iodine

c. Zinc

d. Magnesium

3. In teaching a women's community group, which risk factor does the healthcare professional teach is related to high morbidity of cancer of the colon, uterus, and kidney? Answer: C a. (^) Women older than 45 years of age

b. (^) Women who have never had children

c. (^) Women who have high body mass index

d. (^) Women who have smoked for more than 10 years

4. A professor has taught the students about the pathogenesis of abdominal pain. Which statement by a student indicates the professor needs to review the material? Answer: D

a. Chemical mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin, produce abdominal pain.

b. (^) Edema and vascular congestion produce abdominal pain by stretching.

c. (^) Ischemia, caused by distention of bowel obstruction or mesenteric vessel

thrombosis, produce abdominal pain.

d. Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides , produce abdominal pain.

5. What effect is a result of inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system with a drug such as atropine? Answer: B a. (^) Salivation becomes thinner

b. (^) Salivation decreases

c. (^) The pH of saliva changes

d. (^) Digestive enzymes are inhibited

6. A student asks why carbon monoxide causes tissue damage. What response by the professor is best? Answer: B a. (^) Competes with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted

b. Binds to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen

c. Destroys the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen

d. (^) Removes iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen

7. A healthcare professional is caring for a patient who has a delay in electrical activity reaching the ventricle as seen on ECG. What ECG finding would the healthcare professional associate with this problem? Answer: C a. (^) A prolonged ST interval

b. (^) Variability in measurement with heart rate

c. (^) PR interval measuring 0.28 sec

d. (^) A QRS complex measuring 0.08 sec

8. Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism? Answer: B a. Primary

b. (^) Secondary

c. (^) Exogenous

d. Inflammatory

9. What is one function of the tumor cell marker? Answer: D a. (^) To provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer

b. (^) To treat certain types of cancer

c. (^) To predict where cancer will develop

d. (^) To scree individuals at high risk for cancer

10. A patient is in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional assess for? Answer: B a. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

b. Hyper secretion of aldosterone

c. Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea

d. (^) Excessive diuretic therapy

11. A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the healthcare professional associate with this condition? Answer: B a. Low white blood cell count

b. (^) Low platelet count

c. (^) High red cell count

d. (^) High hemoglobin and hematocrit

12. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell? Answer: B a. (^) Oxidative phosphorylation

b. (^) Glycolysis

c. Lactolysis

d. Passive transport

13.A healthcare professional is educating a patient about asthma. The professional states that good control is necessary due to which pathophysiologic process? Answer: B a. Norepinephrine^ causes^ bronchial^ smooth^ muscle^ contraction^ and mucus secretion but it also causes high blood pressure. b. Uncontrolled^ inflammation^ leads^ to^ increased^ bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eventual scarring. c. The^ release^ of^ epinephrine^ leads^ to^ development^ of^ cardiac dysrhythmia d. Immunoglobulin^ G^ causes^ smooth^ muscle^ contraction^ which^ will eventually weaken the respiratory muscles

14.A pregnant woman has Graves disease. What test/s does the healthcare professional advise the woman about?

Answer: B a. (^) Frequent tests of the newborn's muscular strength and movement

b. (^) Blood test for hyperthyroidism

c. (^) Monthly OB checkups for fetal anomalies or pregnancy loss

d. (^) Serum complete blood count including platelet count

15. Where is two thirds of the body’s water found? Answer: C a. (^) Interstitial fluid spaces

b. Vascular system

c. Intracellular fluid compartments

d. (^) Intraocular fluids

16.A student asks why some vaccinations are given orally and some are given by injection. What response by the professor is best?

Answer: D a. Different^ routes^ allow^ the^ speed^ of^ onset^ of^ the^ antigen^ to^ be varied, with the intravenous route being the fastest.

b.

Some individuals appear to be unable to respond to an antigen by a specific route, thus requiring the availability of different routes for the same antigen. c. Antigen-presenting^ cells^ are^ highly^ specialized^ and^ thus^ require stimulation by different routes. d. ach^ route^ stimulates^ a^ different^ lymphocyte-containing^ tissue, resulting in different types of cellular and humoral immunity

17. If a patient develops acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to react in which manner? Answer: A a. Shift^ to^ the^ right,^ causing^ more^ oxygen^ (O^ )^ to^ be^ released^ to the cells b. (^) Shift to the left, allowing less O 2 to^ be^ released^ to^ the^ cells c. (^) Show no change, allowing the O 2 concentration^ to^ remain^ stable d. Show^ dramatic^ fluctuation,^ allowing^ the^ O^ concentration^ to increase
18. A patient had a thyroidectomy and now reports tingling around the mouth and has a positive Chvostek sign. What laboratory finding would be most helpful to the healthcare professional? Answer: C a. (^) TSH and T (^4)

b. (^) Serum Sodium

c. Serum Calcium

d. (^) Urine Osmolality

19. A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions. What description by the professor is best? Answer: D a. Antibodies^ coat^ mast^ cells^ by^ binding^ to^ receptors^ that^ signal^ its degranulation, followed by a discharge of preformed mediators b. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues c. Cytotoxic^ T^ lymphocytes^ or^ lymphokine-producing^ helper^ T^1 cells directly attack and destroy cellular targets d. (^) Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface.

20. A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare professional is best?

Answer: A a. Give the patient an antihistamine

b. Prepare to give the patient a blood transfusion

c. Ask the patient if he/she is having pain at the site

d. Apply warm, moist heat to the affected area

21. A healthcare professional is caring for a patient who has continuous increases in left ventricular filing pressures. What disorder would the professional assess the patient for?

Answer: C

a. Mitral regurgitation

b. Mitral Stenosis

c. Pulmonary Edema

d. Jugular vein distention

22. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone? Answer: C

a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction

b. Secretion of cortisol

c. Increased retention of water

d. Breakdown of fat

23. A student asks the professor to differentiate Type 2 diabetes mellitus from Type 1. The professors' response would be that Type 2 is best described as what? Answer: A

a. Resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues

b. Need for lifelong insulin injections

c.

Increase of glucagon secretion from beta cells of the

pancreas

d.

Presence of insulin autoantibodies that destroy beta cells

in the pancreas

24. What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?

Answer: C

a. Release of inflammatory cytokines

b. Macrophages adhere to vessel walls

c. Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery wall

d. Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor

25. A patient is having a spirometry measurement done and asks the healthcare professional to explain this test. What response by the professional is best?

Answer: B a. (^) To evaluate the cause of hypoxia

b. (^) To measure the volume and flow rate during forced air expiration

c. (^) To measure the gas diffusion rate at the alveolocapillary

membrane

d. (^) To determine pH and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations

26. A student asks the healthcare professional to describe exotoxins. Which statement by the professional is best? Answer: D

a. (^) Exotoxins are contained in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria

b. (^) Exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria

c. Exotoxins^ are^ able^ to^ initiate^ the^ complement^ and^ coagulation cascades d. (^) Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth