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A comprehensive overview of wastewater treatment concepts, including the different stages of treatment (primary, secondary, and tertiary), the various treatment methods and technologies used, and the key parameters and processes involved. It covers topics such as the characteristics of wastewater, the role of microorganisms in biological treatment, the importance of disinfection, and the management of onsite wastewater systems. The document also delves into the regulatory framework governing wastewater discharge and the environmental impacts of improper wastewater treatment. With a focus on both municipal and onsite wastewater systems, this resource offers a detailed understanding of the fundamental principles and practices in the field of wastewater management, making it a valuable reference for students, professionals, and anyone interested in the sustainable management of water resources.
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Bacteria with the ability to live under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions are called: A. obligate bacteria B. facultative bacteria C. anoxic aerobic bacteria D. non-facultative bacteria ✔✔ B. facultative bacteria The difference between the initial dissolved oxygen in a sample of water and the dissolved oxygen in a duplicate sample after a stated period of time is referred to as: A. total suspended solids B. chemical oxygen demand C. total nitrogen D. biochemical oxygen demand ✔✔ D. biochemical oxygen demand Which of the following is NOT a disease/infection associated with drinking contaminated water? A. Hepatitis A B. Dysentery C. Typhoid Fever D. Hepatitis D ✔✔ D. Hepatitis D
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Ammonia are chemical compounds that are commonly found in wastewater and are capable of contaminating groundwater supplies and aquatic environments. Collectively, these compounds are often referred to as: A. supplements B. nutrients C. refractory organics D. redoximorphs ✔✔ B. nutrients Which of the following measurements of water pollution is considered the best single-strength measure of polluted water containing degradable wastes? A. TSS B. BOD C. fecal coliforms D. total nitrogen ✔✔ B. BOD Water quality classifications as assigned by the U.S. EPA and the states are based on: A. size of local wastewater treatment facilities B. the percentage of fresh vs. salt water available in a particular watershed C. the best overall usage of the water based on stream flow, quality, and desired use D. none of the above ✔✔ C. the best overall usage of the water based on stream flow, quality, and desired use
The __________ prohibits the discharge of pollutants into U.S. waters without a permit issued by EPA or the states. A. NRCS B. SWCS C. NPDES D. USGS ✔✔ C. NPDES The natural aging process of lakes and reservoirs is called: A. eutrophication B. oligotrophication C. mesotrophication D. autotrophication ✔✔ A. eutrophication Nutrients associated with eutrophication include all of the following EXCEPT: A. organic carbon B. potassium C. nitrogen D. phosphates ✔✔ B. potassium Aerobic bacteria require all of the following nutrients for their life processes EXCEPT: A. carbon B. magnesium C. phosphorus D. nitrogen ✔✔ B. magnesium
Primary treatment of wastewater is primarily a __________ process. A. physical B. biological C. chemical ✔✔ A. physical Secondary treatment of wastewater is primarily a __________ process. A. physical B. biological C. chemical ✔✔ B. biological Tertiary treatment of wastewater is primarily a ___________ process. A. physical B. biological C. chemical ✔✔ C. chemical During primary treatment at a municipal wastewater treatment facility, wastewater enters the treatment plant and flows through: A. effluent filters B. rotating biological contactors C. geo-textile filters D. bar screens ✔✔ D. bar screens
Which of the following is a type of secondary treatment system at municipal wastewater treatment facilities which consists of a bed of stones through which sewage is passed? A. biological contactor B. activated sludge C. suspended-growth system D. trickling filter ✔✔ D. trickling filter Secondary treatment of wastewater is accomplished by: A. removal of solids and large objects B. microorganisms consuming the dissolved organic matter C. disinfection D. coagulation ✔✔ B. microorganisms consuming the dissolved organic matter Which of the following is a type of secondary treatment system at municipal wastewater treatment facilities where large amounts of air under pressure is injected into special aeration tanks? A. biological contactor B. activated sludge C. sand filter D. open-cell foam ✔✔ B. activated sludge Which of the following is NOT a very common method of disinfection at wastewater treatment facilities? A. ozone
B. chlorine C. xenon D. UV light ✔✔ C. xenon All of the following are TRUE about ozone as a disinfectant EXCEPT: A. nontoxic to aquatic organisms B. source of dissolved oxygen C. effective against Cryptosporidium parvum D. long-lasting residuals ✔✔ D. long-lasting residuals Alum, lime, or iron salts are added to effluent during which stage of municipal wastewater treatment? A. primary treatment B. secondary treatment C. tertiary treatment ✔✔ C. tertiary treatment Just like municipal wastewater treatment systems, onsite wastewater treatment systems treat wastewater through natural physical, biological, and chemical processes. True False ✔✔ True The wastewater from the flushing of a water closet, latrine, or privy is referred to as: A. gray water B. black water
C. green water D. brown water ✔✔ B. black water Two functions of a septic tank are to settle solids and to provide for anaerobic digestion. True False ✔✔ True Fats, oils, and greases floating on the surface inside a septic tank collectively form the _________ layer. A. sludge B. scum C. crud D. residual ✔✔ B. scum A biomat: A. is made up of microbes feeding on the solids and wastes found at the gravel-soil interface in a soil absorption field B. is a specially crafted geo-textile to assist in biological treatment C. can be minimized if solids are allowed to enter the soil absorption field D. will not clog in a tight clay soil ✔✔ A. is made up of microbes feeding on the solids and wastes found at the gravel- soil interface in a soil absorption field
Protozoa, fungi, nematodes, and rotifers are simple organisms and thus are NOT capable of reducing the complex organic matter found in wastewater to simpler forms. True False ✔✔ False In a conventional onsite treatment and disposal system consisting of a septic tank and drain field, most of the biological treatment occurs in the: A. septic tank B. effluent filter C. soil D. geo-textile biomat ✔✔ C. soil Because septic tanks are so effective at treating wastewater, pumping of the tank only needs to be performed once every 10 years. True False ✔✔ False Soil permeability is closely related to the openings or pore spaces in the soil. The size and amount of these pore spaces in a soil are MOST influenced by: A. soil depth B. soil texture C. soil color D. soil thickness ✔✔ B. soil texture
The color that most always indicates the point at which the soil is saturated during wetter parts of the year is: A. red B. yellow C. brown D. gray ✔✔ D. gray The soil particle that is sticky and plastic when wet is: A. sand B. silt C. clay ✔✔ C. clay The soil particle that is the smallest in size and has the slowest percolation rates is: A. sand B. silt C. clay ✔✔ C. clay Identifying the type of vegetation (i.e trees and shrubs) found in a particular soil can be very helpful in determining that soil's suitability for onsite systems. True False ✔✔ True Which of the following is NOT a common method for evaluating soils for onsite systems?
A. in-situ soil pits B. spectrometry test C. borings D. percolation test ✔✔ B. spectrometry test Identifying the type of structures built in a particular soil can be very helpful in determining that soil's suitability for onsite systems. True False ✔✔ False All of the following are good sources of information about soils and landscape features for particular parcels of land EXCEPT: A. Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) B. soil survey maps C. Resource Conservation and Development Councils (RC&D) D. geological maps ✔✔ C. Resource Conservation and Development Councils (RC&D) In general, soils are made up of minerals, gases, liquids and organic matter. True False ✔✔ True Alternative (advanced) secondary treatment filters are considered for use with onsite wastewater treatment systems UNLESS:
A. impervious formations are found at a deep depth in the native soil B. space is limited and surface water supplies are inadequate C. highly porous, sandy soils exist D. high groundwater exists ✔✔ A. impervious formations are found at a deep depth in the native soil Which of the following is NOT an attached-growth treatment system? A. open-cell foam bio-filter B. geo-textile filter C. activated sludge system ✔✔ C. activated sludge system Secondary treatment systems for onsite applications are designed to: A. be less performance-based B. treat water to drinking quality C. provide treatment that normally occurs in the soil column D. remove heavy metals and biological contaminants ✔✔ C. provide treatment that normally occurs in the soil column