Wastewater Treatment Processes - Water Management - Lecture Slide, Slides of Water and Wastewater Engineering

Download Wastewater Treatment Processes - Water Management - Lecture Slide and more Slides Water and Wastewater Engineering in PDF only on Docsity!

Lecture 1

Introduction to water and

wastewater treatment processes

Significant dates in public water supply

Inhabitants in ancient Rome use about 38 gpcd

New River Company first to supply each homedirectly with its own water for a few hours per day

John Snow establishes source of choleraepidemic in London as a contaminated supply well – first understanding of water and health

Continuous supplies in general use in London

Most cities have a water supply with service pipes to homes

Source: Environment Canada, 2004. Water availability versus population.

http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/images/info/facts/e-Water_availability.jpg. Accessed December 10,

Docsity.com

0

(

)

)

)

U.S. total water use over time

excluding Middle Asia

East

Central America &

Caribbean

Europe

Middle East & North

Africa

North America

Oceania

South America

Sub-Saharan Africa

Developed Countries

Developing Countries

High Income

Countries

Middle Income

Countries

Low Income Countries

United States

Domestic water use (l/cap/day

Domestic water use (gal/cap/day

Per capita use (l/d/cap)

AL

AK

AZ

AR

CA

CO

CT

DE

FL

GA

HI

ID

IL

IN

IA

KS

KY

LA

ME

MD

MA

MI

MN

MS

MO

MT

NE

NV

NH

NJ

NM

NY

NC

ND

OH

OK

OR

PA

PR

RI

SC

SD

TN

TX

UT

VT

VI

VA

WA

WV

WI

WY

US total

Average

US

VI

Domestic water use by state

NEVADA

UTAH

MAINE

IDAHO

Per capita use (gpd/cap)

0

0

0

)

)

Baltimore, MD

Berkeley, CA

Boston, MA

Grand Rapids, MI

Greenville County, SC

Hagerstown, MD

Jefferson County, AL

Jefferson County, KS

Lancaster County, NE

Las Vegas, NV

Little Rock, AR

Los Angeles, CA

LA County, CA

Greater Peoria, IL

Memphis, TN

Orlando, FL

Rapid City, SD

Santa Monica, CA

Wyoming, MI

US average

Water Consumption (l/d/cap

Water Consumption (gpd/cap

) (

0

) (

0

o o

A.M

A.M

& Minimum Day

Water Use gpd per dwelling unit

P.M

Time of Day

Daily Water Use Patterns,

Maximum Day & Winter Day

Typical Maximum DayTypical Winter Day

Water Use gpd per dwelling unit

P.M

Time of Day

Daily Water Use Patterns in

R-6 Area: Maximum Day

90 F Day without Rain90 F Day with Rain

Figure by MIT OCW.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Viessman, W., Jr., and M. J. Hammer.

Water Supply and Pollution Control

. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson

Education, Inc., 2005.

0

i

it) li l (

1890

1895

1900

1905

1910

1915

1920

90 80 70 130120 100

90 70 50 30 10

Gallons per capita

Percentage of services metered

Consumption & use of meters, Boston metropolitan district.

Leakage

Dom estic

Spr nkling

Total

Water usage

ng un gal ons per day per dwel

MeteredFlat-rate

110

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Turneaure, F. E., H. L. Russell, and M. S. Nichols.

Public Water

Supplies: Requirements, Resources, and the Construction of Works

.

New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1940.

Docsity.com

0

1

(

) (

0

0

1

)

(^

)

3 2 1

(n) ) (

80604020 120100

32

53

94

125

156

187

218

248

280

342

18001600140012001000

31

52

93

124

155

186

217

248

279

310

341

372

403

32

53

94

125

156

187

218

248

280

342

Daily min-max temperature, precipitation & water use in new york city for 1982. Precipitation

311

Time day of year)

Min & Max temperature oF

311

Time (day of year

Time day of year

Total water use mgd

0

0 0

0

(^

)

(^

)

) (

) (

-

600400 -200-

Deviations from annual average water use versus average daily temperature for 1982 & 1983

Avg Temperature oF Avg Temperature oF

Diff from year avg water use mgd

Diff from year avg water use mgd

Figure by MIT OCW.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Protopapas, A., S. Katchamart, and A. Platonova. "Weather effects on daily water use in New York City."^ Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE

5, no. 3 (July 2000): 332-338.

0

(^

)

?

0

) / (

i

12

12

10

10

2

2

4

4

6

6

8

8

0 8060 8060 80604020 160140120100 160140120100 180160140120100

40 40 200180 180

ROCKFORD, III

Maximum Day Maximum Day Maximum Day

NOON

A.M

Hourly rates of consumption.

8070605040302010

Precipitation

60 50 40 30 20 10

YEAR

Thousands

Daily water use -

MONTHLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE & PRECIPITATION 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991

Temperature oF

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

Water use mga month

Monthly average temperature, Precipitation, & water use in new York c ty for 1982 to 1991

MONTHLY WATER USE

Average Temperature & Precipitation

Average DayMaximum = 181% of Av.Max. Hr.=188 x 181 = 340% Av.Average per cap = 67.5 Gal.

MADISON, WIS.

Average DayMaximum = 196% of Av.Max.Hr.=175 x 196 = 343% Av.Average per cap = 117 Gal.

MILWAUKEE, WIS.

Average DayMaximum = 171% of Av.Max.Hr.= 185 x 171 = 317% Av.Average per cap = 138 Gal.

PERCENTAGES

P.M

Figure by MIT OCW.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Protopapas, A., S. Katchamart, and A. Platonova.

Adapted from: Turneaure, F. E., H. L. Russell, and M. S. Nichols.

"Weather effects on daily water use in New York City."

Public Water Supplies: Requirements, Resources, and the

Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE

5, no. 3 (July 2000): 332-338.

Construction of Works

. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1940.

0

) /d/

)

0%

90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%

Per capita use of municipal water in United States

cap Per capita use (l

Per capita use (gal/d/cap

Percent U.S. population served by municipal water supply

100%

0

/d/cap)

/cap)

Surface-water drinking water plant

Surface-water

supply

Coagulant addition

and rapid mix

Flocculation

Settling tank

Filtration

Chlorine and

fluoride

Activated carbon

Baltimore, MD

Berkeley, CA

Boston, MA

Grand Rapids, MI

Greenville County, SC

Hagerstown, MD

Jefferson County, AL

Jefferson County, KS

Lancaster County, NE

Las Vegas, NV

Little Rock, AR

Los Angeles, CA

LA County, CA

Greater Peoria, IL

Memphis, TN

Orlando, FL

Rapid City, SD

Santa Monica, CA

Wyoming, MI

Wastewater Generation (l

Wastewater Generation (gpd

Intake Structure

Chemical Addition / Disinfection

Alum: Promote flocculation

Chattahoochee Water Treatment Plant –

River Flow

Sodium Hypochlorite: Disinfection

Courtesy of Joe Lin. Used with permission.

Courtesy of Joe Lin. Used with permission.

Chemical mixing

Flocculation / Sedimentation

Flocculation

Sedimentation

Courtesy of Joe Lin. Used with permission.

Courtesy of Joe Lin. Used with permission.

Flocculation tank

Sedimentation tank (clarifier)

Sludge scraper

Courtesy of Joe Lin. Used with permission.

Courtesy of Joe Lin. Used with permission.

Filtration

Sedimentation tank collection troughs

Flow from sedimentation tanks

Courtesy of Joe Lin. Used with permission.

Courtesy of Joe Lin. Used with permission.

Post-Treatment Chemical Addition

Fluoride: To prevent tooth decayLime: To raise the pHPhosphoric acid: To prevent corrosion of piping in the distribution systemSodium hypochlorite: To maintain disinfection residual in distribution system

Ground-water drinking water treatment plants

Disinfection and fluoridation

Iron and manganese removal

Chlorine

Fluoride

Chlorine

Fluoride

Chlorine or

permanganate

Aerator

Filter

Contact

tank

Ground-water drinking water treatment plants

Softening

Aerator

Flocculation

Mixer

Lime

Soda ash

Chlorine

Fluoride

Filter

Settling tank

Recarbonation

CO

2

West Bridgewater, MA

water distribution

system

Image removed due to copyright reasons.

0

)

)

l/ i

(l/d/

Wastewater generated vs water used

Baltimore, MD

Berkeley, CA

Boston, MA

Grand Rapids, MI

Greenville County, SC

Hagerstown, MD

Jefferson County, AL

Jefferson County, KS

Lancaster County, NE

Las Vegas, NV

Little Rock, AR

Los Angeles, CA

LA County, CA

Greater Peoria, IL

Memphis, TN

Orlando, FL

Rapid City, SD

Santa Monica, CA

Wyoming, MI

Rate (l/d/cap

Rate (gpd/cap

Water Consumption ( d/cap)Wastewater Generat on

cap)

4

8

8

4

0

) (

(

)

(

)

12

600 400 200

AM

PM

NOON

occurred.

Time of Day June 23,

Water use and wastewater flow gpd per service

Comparison of water use solid line & wastewater flow dashed lines on days when little sprinkling

WATERWASTEWATER

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Viessman, W., Jr., and M. J. Hammer.

Water Supply

and Pollution Control

. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson

Education, Inc., 2005.

Toil

fl

Bathi

5%

Typical Domestic Water Use

et

ushing

40%

ng

30%

Laundry

15%

Kitchen

10%

Other

C C

D C

A

B

C

D D

C

D

D

E

D

B

0

0000

5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.

Peak Demand

Duration-min

Gal

Demand rates calculated over 4-min intervals were used.

Total Daily Use: 245 Gal.

A - Home LaundryB - DishwasherC - Foodwaste DisposerD - ShowerE- Bath

Water Demand - gpm

Water Use

TYPICAL DAILY HYDROGRAPH FROM TEST HOME II

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Anderson, J. S., and K. S. Watson. "Patterns of householdusage."

Journal American Water Works Association

59, no. 10 (October

1967): 1228-1237.