Western Civilization 1 CLEP Exam Questions and Complete Solutions, Exams of History

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Western Civilization 1

CLEP Exam Questions

and Complete Solutions

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paleolithic - Answer: second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years BC neolithic - Answer: latest part of the Stone Age beginning about 10,000 BC in the middle east (but later elsewhere) bronze age - Answer: (archeology) a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons sumer - Answer: A group of ancient city-states in southern Mesopotamia; the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia. gilgamesh - Answer: the epic story of the king, Gilgamesh, who searched for immortality. This is a Sumerian legend and is believed to be the first story cuneiform - Answer: an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia and Persia sexagesimal - Answer: Is a numeral system the people of Sumer used that has a numeral base of 60 Akkadians - Answer: this civilization included Semitic people living north of Sumeria; united city-states of Mesopotamia; first empire in history; established by Sargon the Great

Ur - Answer: A city of ancient Sumer in southern Mesopotamia on a site in present-day southeast Iraq. One of the oldest cities in Mesopotamia, it was an important center of Sumerian culture after c. 3000 B.C. and the birthplace of Abraham. Amorites - Answer: the Sumerian civilization fell to this civilization Hittites - Answer: Groups like the ______ in Anatolia gained control over iron weapons and were able to subjugate their less powerful neighbors. Kassites - Answer: a member of an ancient people who ruled Babylonia between 1520 and 1170 BC Egyptians - Answer: we are the people who built great pyramids and were ruled by monarchs called pharaohs Giza - Answer: An ancient city capital of Upper Egypt; site of the Great Pyramids Hyksos - Answer: The people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the ______ ( a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes. Ra - Answer: ancient hawk-headed Egyptian sun god Akhenaton - Answer: early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC) Hieroglyphics - Answer: an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds Mycenaeans - Answer: first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy Iliad - Answer: a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the siege of Troy

Phoenicians - Answer: Sailing and trading people who had many colonies on the Mediterranean coast Byblos - Answer: an ancient Mediterranean seaport that was a thriving city state in Phoenicia during the second millenium BC Cyprus - Answer: an island in the eastern Mediterranean Carthage - Answer: City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. Assyria - Answer: a warlike empire who came into power after Hammurabi in 900B.C.E and was known for inventing weapons and war strategies. Chaldeans - Answer: group that overtook the Assyrians in 612 B.C.E. burned capital city of Nineveh, Hebrews were happy because they had been enslaved by the Assyrians. Made Babylon the new capital Persians - Answer: Ethnic group that settled in what is now Iran. They were rivals for control of Mesopotamia with the Greeks, and later the Arabs. xerxes - Answer: Son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C. Alexander the great - Answer: son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world Abraham - Answer: Founder of Judaism who, according to the Bible, led his family from Ur to Canaan in obedience to God's command.

Jacob - Answer: Old Testament) son of Isaac nounEx. brother of Esau; father of the twelve patriarchs of Israel; Jacob wrestled with God and forced God to bless him, so God gave Jacob the new name of Israel (meaning 'one who has been strong against God Moses - Answer: (Old Testament) the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea on a journey known as the Exodus Mosaic - Answer: decorated with small pieces of colored glass or stone fitted together Saul - Answer: (Old Testament) the first king of the Israelites who defended Israel against many enemies (especially the Philistines) David - Answer: (Old Testament) the 2nd king of the Israelites Solomon - Answer: (Old Testament) son of David and king of Israel noted for his wisdom (10th century BC) Elijah - Answer: a Hebrew prophet in the Old Testament who opposed the worship of idols Amos - Answer: an Old Testament book telling Amos's prophecies Israel - Answer: an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea Judah - Answer: an ancient kingdom of southern Palestine with Jerusalem as its center Temple - Answer: (Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation Daispora - Answer: translated the Hebrew bible into Greek, spreading Jewish ideas.

ionia - Answer: area along the central west coast of Asia Minor colonized by settlers from mainland Greece from about 1000 BC. Ionian Greeks, including Homer, played a central role in the early development of Greek history and literature following the Dark Ages. polis - Answer: A city-state in ancient Greece Aegean - Answer: an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey Archiac - Answer: no longer current or applicable; antiquated Phalanxes - Answer: A Macedonian battle formation of infantry standing in close ranks with their shields and long spears overlapping each other. sparta - Answer: Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was run like a military state. It competed with Athens for dominance peloponnesian - Answer: This war, between Athens and Sparta, resulted in the defeat of Athens. Athens - Answer: the capital and largest city of Greece Draco - Answer: Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC) solon - Answer: Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt peisistratus - Answer: Seized power from Solon and exiled nobles who disagreed with him. He also distributed those nobles' land to poor farmers in need. Cleisthenes - Answer: An aristocrat, created a council of 500 and helped from Athenian democracy

ostracism - Answer: the state of being banished or ostracized (excluded from society by general consent) anatolia - Answer: The peninsula between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas that is now occupied by most of Turkey; also called Asia Minor marathon - Answer: Site of the famous battle fought between the armies of Persia and the outnumbered Athenians. Athens was victorious and a messenger was sent to run the 26 miles back to the city with the news. Salamis - Answer: naval battle where the Greek forces defeated the Persians, shortly after the battle at Thermopylae delian - Answer: alliance of Greek city-states formed after the Persian War to protect Greece from future attacks by the Persians. Thasos - Answer: City besieged by Athens; Thasos turns to Sparta for help. pericles - Answer: Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece parthenon - Answer: the main temple of the goddess Athena syracuse - Answer: the Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse extensive - Answer: large in spatial extent or range Homer - Answer: ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC) odyssey - Answer: a Greek epic poem (attributed to Homer) describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy

hesiod - Answer: Greek poet whose existing works describe rural life and the genealogies of the gods and the beginning of the world (eighth century BC) archilochus - Answer: A soldier and poet living in the first half of the 7th century BCE, an example of how poetry began challenging traditional values and expressing personal views pindar - Answer: Greek lyric poet remembered for his odes (518?-438? BC) sophocles - Answer: Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex Euripides - Answer: one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece (480-406 BC) aristophanes - Answer: an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC) Herodotus - Answer: the ancient Greek known as the father of history thucydides - Answer: ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC) thales - Answer: a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science democritus - Answer: Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC) pythagoras - Answer: Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem Heraclitus - Answer: a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC) hippocrates - Answer: medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine

socrates - Answer: philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds. academy - Answer: a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge aristotle - Answer: Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. democracy - Answer: a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them Phillip II - Answer: 336 BC, was an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in

336. He was the father of Alexander the Great. Hellenistic - Answer: Greek-like Chaeronea - Answer: a battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated the Athenians and Thebans ( BC) and also Sulla defeated Mithridates (86 BC) Corinth - Answer: a leading city of ancient Greece famous for its architecture, pottery, and shipbuilding Seleucid - Answer: one of the three regions of Alexander's empire; contained Bactria and Anatolia antigonid - Answer: one of the three regions of Alexander's empire; contained Greece and Macedon ptolemaic - Answer: one of the three regions of Alexander's empire; contained Egypt

achean - Answer: trojan war was during the ____ rule aristarchus - Answer: an ancient Greek grammarian remembered for his commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey (circa 217-145 BC) mithraism - Answer: ancient Persian religion stoicism - Answer: indifference to pleasure or pain Epicureanism - Answer: a doctrine of hedonism that was defended by several ancient Greek philosophers skepticism - Answer: the disbelief in any claims of ultimate knowledge Etruscan - Answer: a native or inhabitant of ancient Etruria consuls - Answer: Two officials from the patrician class were appointed each year of the Roman Republic to supervise the government and command the armies pyrrhic - Answer: an ancient Greek dance imitating the motions of warfare fabian - Answer: using cautious slow strategy to wear down opposition spartacus - Answer: slave, trained as a gladiator, who led a rebellion against the roman army for slave freedom- he was killed after two years gracchi - Answer: refers to two brothers (Tiberius and Gaius); they promoted giving land and voting reforms to the poor. Both were killed because they advocated these reforms. marius - Answer: a Roman general who was elected consul seven times- he is known for the big changes he made to the Roman army, making it easier for men to be Roman soldiers

sulla - Answer: Roman general and dictator (138-78 BC) julius ceasar - Answer: Roman general and dictator. He was murdered by a group of senators and his former friend Brutus who hoped to restore the normal running of the republic actium - Answer: the naval battle in which Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian's fleet under Agrippa in 31 BC augustus - Answer: Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC pax romana - Answer: A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. circuses - Answer: the site of chariot races in ancient Rome annales - Answer: Written by Quintius Ennius; Story of Rome from Aenied to present day. Thought to be national epic until Vergil's Aeneid. catullus - Answer: He said, "let us live and let us love". He also wrote about the death of his brother. virgil - Answer: greatest poet of the Golden Age, called the "Homer of Rome" because the Iliad and the Odyssey served as models for his epic, the Aeneid; focus on Patriotism; it took 10 years to write ovid - Answer: Roman poet remembered for his elegiac verses on love (43 BC - AD 17) tacitus - Answer: A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories. ptolemy - Answer: an ancient dynasty of Macedonian kings who ruled Egypt from 323 BC to 30 BC

apuleius - Answer: author of the Golden Ass justinian - Answer: Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code etruscan - Answer: These people ruled Rome, using a monarchy, during the very beginning of Rome. Despite not liking them, they learned a lot from the Etruscans. The Etruscan people taught them an alphabet, how to drain swamps, how to build roads, how to build arches, and how to build aqueducts. titus - Answer: General (and later Emperor) who destroys the 2nd Temple in 70 AD pantheon - Answer: a temple to all the gods vesta - Answer: (Roman mythology) goddess of the hearth and its fire whose flame was tended by vestal virgins neoplatonism - Answer: Views based on the ideas of Plato that one should search beyond appearances for true knowledge zealots - Answer: Jews that rose up in armed rebellion against Rome in 66ce; unsuccessful, and Jewish Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed talmud - Answer: the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism nazareth - Answer: a historic town in northern Israel that is mentioned in the Gospels as the home of Joseph and Mary