Western Civilization Exam 1 Questions with Complete Solutions Graded A+, Exams of History

Download Western Civilization Exam 1 Questions with Complete Solutions Graded A+ and more Exams History in PDF only on Docsity!

Western Civilization

Exam 1 Questions and

Complete Solutions

Graded A+

civilization - Answer: advanced/refined way of life especially connected with life in urban societies hierarchy - Answer: ranking people as as superiors or inferiors hunter-gatherers - Answer: human beings who roam to hunt and gather food in the wild and do not live in permanent, settle communities city-state - Answer: an urban center exercising political and economic control over the surrounding countryside patriarchy - Answer: domination by men in political, social, and economic life redistributive economy - Answer: kings and priests regulated most o the economy in their kingdoms by controlling the exchange of food and goods between farmers and craft procures in a system polytheism - Answer: worshipping many gods thought to control different aspects of life, including the weather, fertility, and war cuneiform - Answer: A system of wedge-shaped marks pressed into clay tablets to represent the sounds of syllables and entire words; from cuneus, latin for wedge

empire - Answer: a political state in which a single power rules formerly independent peoples hammurabi - Answer: King of Babylon; most famous lawgiver in Mesopotamia hieroglyphic - Answer: pictographic script maat - Answer: goddess of the divine force of justice wisdom literature - Answer: texts giving instructions for appropriate behavior palace society - Answer: a name pointing to its sprawling multi chambered buildings housing not only the rulers, their families, and their servants, but also the political, economic, and religious administrative offices of the state. mediterranean polyculture - Answer: The cultivation of olives, grapes, and grains in a single, interrelated agricultural system-- greatly increased the health and wealth of the Minoan society linear B - Answer: a pictographic script based on Linear A; used to write Greek, NOT Minoan sea peoples - Answer: different groups operating separately how did life change for people in and nearby Mesopotamia, first after the neolithic revolution and then when they began to live in cities? - Answer: after: they started sewing seeds for annual harvests and the positions of authority were allowed to supervise the irrigation system that supported the agricultural surpluses, there was more hierarchy. cities: foreign trade and the invention of the wheel (transportation and strong economy). how did religion guide the lives of both rulers and ordinary people in ancient Egypt? - Answer: Rulers: 1. they are divine. 2. they will have an afterlife with the gods. If there was a flood that meant the gods likes what the ruler was doing. Ordinary people: 1. they didnt go to an afterlife with the gods. 2. because they believed that the gods would cause the floods, their lives depended on it.

How did war determine the fate of early Western civilization in Anatolia, Crete, and Greece? - Answer: ... Cyrus - Answer: founded the Persian empire in what is today Iran, conquered Babylon, and won support by proclaiming himself the restorer of traditional religion moral dulaism - Answer: most important doctrine of Zoroastrinaism which saw the world as a battlefield between the divine forces of good and evil torah - Answer: First five books of the Hebrew Bible, called the Pentateuch by Christinas, recorded laws for righteous living diaspora - Answer: dispersion of population arete - Answer: excellence homer - Answer: A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey polis - Answer: Greek city-state, an independent community of citizens inhabiting a city and the countryside around it cult - Answer: a set of publicly funded religious activities overseen by citizens serving as priests and priestesses hoplite - Answer: infantryman who wore metal body armor and attacked with a thrusting spear helot - Answer: a slave owned by the Spartan city-state; Greeks captured in neighboring parts of Greece that the Spartans defeated in war. solon - Answer: war hero; shaking off of obligations demes - Answer: villages and urban neighborhoods units

sappho - Answer: A lyric poet from Lesbos and famous for her poems on love, wrote, "some would say the most beautiful thing on our dark earth is an army of cavalry, others of infantry, others of ships, but I sati's whatever a person loves." rationalism - Answer: belief in logic in what ways was religion important in the near east rom c. 1000 B. to 500 B.C.E.? - Answer: Religious beliefs reflected cultural values and provided ethical codes.ex. zoro... what factors proved most important in the Greek recovery from the troubles of the Dark Age? - Answer: Trade with other civilizations never fully cut off. The use of smelt iron ore was a useful skill which led to the improvement of the food supply allowing significant growth; Trade and innovation seaborne trade cultural interaction learned to write again agricultural surpluses allowed them to trade for gold and jewels. new metal technology made for better weapons and food production. How did the physical, social, and intellectual conditions of life in the Archaic Age promote the emergence of the Greek city-state? - Answer: Physically the mountainous geography of Greece tended to isolate its communities. Socially all men rich or poor were equal in Government. Intellectually they began to focus on art and poetry. They were also the first to separate scientific thinking from myths and religion. What were the main differences among the various forms of government in the Greek city-states? - Answer: democracy, oligarchies, and tyrannies Themistocles - Answer: athenian who convinced the assembly to spend the windfall to double the size of the navy instead of dividing it among the citizens

delian league - Answer: Athens alliance with city-states in northern Greece, on the islands of the Aegean Sea, and along the Ionian coast, the places most threatened by Persia triremes - Answer: warships propelled by 170 rowers on three levels and equipped with a battering ram at the bow -- complete with trained crews and their pay pericles - Answer: Golden Age Athen's dominant politician by spearheading reforms to democratize its judicial system and provide pay for most public offices radical democracy - Answer: wide participation by as many male citizens as possible through attendance at the assembly and service in official position filled by letter and effective political and military leadership in elective positions by citizens with education and international experience. ostracism - Answer: all male citizens could cast a ballot on which they scratched the name of one man they thought should be exiled for ten years agora - Answer: central market square parthenon - Answer: "virgin goddess's house" ; a mammoth gateway and also a enormous marble temple of Athena mystery cults - Answer: members initiated into "secret knowledge" about the divine and human worlds metic - Answer: foreigners granted permanent residence statues in return for taxes and military service hetaira - Answer: companion sophists - Answer: professional teachers; men of wisdom socratic method - Answer: drawing conclusions in response to in response to proving questions and refutations of their unexamined beliefs

hubris - Answer: violent arrogance that transformed one's competitive spirit into a self-destructive force how did the greeks overcome the dangers of the Persian invasions? - Answer: Military alliances combined with the promotions of the ideals of political freedom spurned on the defeat of the Persian Empire. What factors produced political change in fifth century Athens? - Answer: rivalry among city-states, Athen's naval force, voter influence; Athens formed the Delian League which was built on Naval power and consisted of roughly 300 city-states. Required each state to pay dues in the form of cash or Triremes. how did new ways of thinking in the golden age change traditional ways of life? - Answer: Religious cults began Women could acquire property Education was set in place. Socrates presented ideas of moral realism. Birth of scientific medicine. Greek tragedy Greek comedy what factors determined the course of the Peloponnesian war? - Answer: Spartans lacked base in Athenian land and couldn't support long invasions. A plague ravaged Athens for four years. Athens finally abandoned their hiding strategy and developed a more aggressive approach. Sparta captured their timber and metal supplies giving them advantage. Both generals were killed and peace was stuck due to pure exhaustion. Plato - Answer: Greece's most famous philosopher of all time; hated democracy; established a school in Athens called Academy metaphysics - Answer: ideas about the ultimate nature of reality beyond the reach of the human senses

dualism - Answer: a separation between soul (or mind) and body aristotle - Answer: scientists and philosopher lyceum - Answer: school founded by Aristotle Alexander the great - Answer: aggressive and charismatic Macedonian king ; King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia hellenistic - Answer: Greek-like, greek-is, greek which was Hellen; a story of controversy about historians' judgements on cultures of the past epigrams - Answer: short poems in the style of those originally used on tombstones to remember the dead materialism - Answer: the doctrine that only things made of matter truly exist epicureanism - Answer: hellenistic philosophy, named after Epicurus stoicism - Answer: hellenistic philosophy which prohibited an isolationist life; derives from the Painted Stoa in Athens, where Stoic philosophers discussed their ideas koine - Answer: common; greek language; reflected the emergence of an international culture employing a common language; reason the Egyptian camel trader stranded in syria was at a disadvantage because he did not speak greek ruler cults - Answer: Cults that involved worship of a Hellenistic ruler as a savior god how did daily life, philosophy, and the political situation change in Greece during the period 400-350? - Answer: daily life was a struggle; more workers barely made enough money to clothe & feed their families; two meals a day with bread as main course;

political- Greek city-states in constant state of war; endless fighting weakened morale & finances philosophy- Aristotle & Plato; astronomy, mathematics, political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics; dualism idea (separation of mind & body) what were the accomplishments of Alexander the great, and what were their effects both for the ancient world and for later western civilization? - Answer: great military leading Macedonia & Greek army against Persian empire; military technology emerged how did the political and social organization of the new hellenistic kingdoms compare with that of the earlier greek city-states? - Answer: brought back monarchy; system of MUTUAL REWARDS- kings became partners in government & finances; wealthy collected taxes; king wrote "requests" to city council; wealthy to contribute financially to common good how did the political changes of the hellenistic period affect art, science, and religion? - Answer: -art: kings became supporters of the arts; funded artists to have art created about/of them; art based on personal feelings -science: "Golden Age of Science", greatest advances in geometry & math; Archimedes- approx. value of pi; studies of solar system emerged -religion: diversity of religion; new cults formed; ruler cults mos maiorum - Answer: the way of elders res publica - Answer: body politic, the state giving at least some political rights to all (male) citizens that they created in 509 b.c patron-client system - Answer: interlocking network of personal relationships that obligated people to one another patria potstas - Answer: father's power over his children, no matter how old, and his slaves

orders: patricians and plebeians - Answer: patricians- small group of the most aristocratic families plebeians- the rest of citizens twelve tables - Answer: earliest roman law code, guaranteed greater equality and social mobility; prevented patrician judges from giving judgments in legal cases only according to their own wishes ladder of officers - Answer: cursus honoris; has to win this in order to be elected consul Plebiscites - Answer: resolutions, became legally binding on all Romans cicero - Answer: orator and politician who wrote speeches, letters, and treatises on political science, philosophy, ethics, and theology; he adapted Greek philosophy to Roman life and stressed the need to appreciate each person's uniqueness humanitas - Answer: humaneness; the quality of humanity equites - Answer: "equestrians" or "knights"; wealthy Roman businessmen who chose not to pursue a government career populares - Answer: supporters of the people optimates - Answer: supporters of "the best" proletarians - Answer: men who had no property and could not afford weapons first triumvirate - Answer: group of three what common themes underlay roman values and how did romans' behavior reflect those values? - Answer: came from the way elders

how and why did the romans republic develop its complicated political and judicial systems? - Answer: ... what advantages and disadvantages did Rome's victories over foreign peoples create for both rich and poor Romans? - Answer: Advantages: larger buffer states in case of invasion, more raw materials, greater frontier access by roads. Disadvantage: wealth exported to new lands eventually stripped central Rome of precious metals, especially gold. Rome's armed forces were stretched more thinly as frontier circumference increased. what factors generated the conflict that caused the roman republic's destruction? - Answer: influx of wealth and the resulting corruption and the inability of the ruling classes to share power and resources with the rest of the citizenry.